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يُمِينًا وَيَسارًا وَهُوَ خَائِفٌ مَرْعَوبُ فَنَظَرَهُ التَّعْلَمُ فَتَضُ عَكَ عَلَيْهِ فَقَالَ لَهُ الأَسَدُ نَبْس من الحردوب خَوْفِي إِنَّمَا أَكَبِّرُ عَلَي احْتِقَارِي *

هذا معناه و

أَنَّ الهَوَادَ عَلَي الْعَاقِلِ أَشَدُّ مِنَ الْمَوْتِ *

أَسَدَّ مَرَّة أرَادَ يفترس نُورًا فَلَمْ يَجْسُرْ قَلْبِهِ لِسُدَّدَة الَيْهِ البَحْنَالَ عَلَيْهِ قَائِلاً أَعْلَمْ أَنَّني قَدْ نَبَحْتُ حروفا سَبِينَا أَشْتَهِي أَن تَأْكُل عِنْدِي فِي هَذِهِ اللَّيْلَة

NOTE AD FAB. IV.

In fpeluncam quandam ] Arabice in quandam fpe. luncarum. Obfervent autem ftudiofi, vocem, que collective paffim accipitur, & quosdam, nonnullos, partem fignificat, etiam fingulariter interdum

.fine allo tamen generis احدي فرع احد fumi pro

respectu; ut bic & locis aliquot aliis in boc opufcuts.

Iron-Works, near Glasgow, and, as might have been expected, attracted a good deal of interest and public attention; its weight is nearly 2 tons 12 cwt., and the precision with which the patentee can direct, or control, at will, the power necessary for making a slab of half a ton of iron, or cracking a nut of an inch circumference, of shingling a bloom of iron, or shutting the lid of a snuff box-in short, of simply touching, or actually crushing, anything "from a needle to an anchor"-is the most convincing proof that need be adduced of the adaptation and consequent importance of this patent steam hammer. There are upwards of thirty now in action in various parts of Europe, all of which are giving the highest satisfaction, and more than realizing the most sanguine hopes entertained of its practical value in facilitating the working of masses of wrought iron, as well as materially improving its quality. In respect to this subject, it may be interesting to some of our readers to know, that "puddled balls," hammered under this machine, have the cinder so entirely driven out, as to yield at once a quality of iron at least advanced an entire process-that is to say, the result, as to quality, of this first stage in the manufacture of wrought iron, is equal to that of the second-a fact that will be duly appreciated by those practically conversant with the manufacture of wrought iron. The facilities of "up ending," as it is termed—that is, of turning a mass of iron on

its end, so that the ends of the mass may be hammered compact and flat, as well as the sides-is rendered so simple and easy a process under this hammer, by reason of the great range of fall which can be commanded at pleasure, that it is an advantage which appears to be highly valued by the iron manufacturers, as the entire material of the mass is in this way rendered available, when rolled out into a bar or boiler-plate. In the process of piling

or welding the slabs of iron which go to form large boiler-plates, the most important facilities are obtained from the use of the steam hammer, not only from the vast energy of the blows serving to knock out, in the welding, all cinder and scoriæ by a few masterly and truly ef fective blows, but also by enabling the mass so produced to be turned upside ways, edge ways, and end ways, so as to be made into one compact rectangular mass-this being the natural result of the wide. range of height of fall of the hammer, as well as the important fact of the hammer and anvil face being at all times parallel to each other. It is amusing to see the kindly way in which it pats a tender, spongy, puddled ball, and then, when it is ready and fit to receive a blow, to see the hammer "walk into it," in such style as to send the cinder squirting from its most inward recesses-the whole resulting in one compact neat mass of almost perfectly pure iron. But, when it is known, that Mr. Nasmyth has now in hand forty-eight steam hammers for various parts of Europe and America, such a fact speaks sufficiently well for its merits being appreciated.

Mining Journal.

Improvements in Coating Iron with other Metals.

We copy from the Civil Engineer the following notice of the patent recently obtained by Messrs. Morewood and Rodgers, for improvements in coating iron with other metals:-The first part of these improvements relates to a mode of coating articles of cast iron with tin or other metal. This part of the invention is confined to the combined process of casting iron in metal moulds, and then coating such articles with molten metal, the process being conducted by first cleansing the surfaces in the ordinary manner, and then coating them in a manner hereinafter to be described.

The second improvement relates to a mode of treating articles of iron before submitting them to the melted metal to be coated. In carrying out this part of the invention, the patentees provide an iron box, or trough, about seven feet long, and of sufficient width to contain the plates of metal to be coated; this box is provided with a number of ribs, or bars, so as to prevent the plates from touching one another; in the bottom of this box is placed sal ammoniac. to the depth of three or four inches; a fire is then lighted under the box, the heat of which causes the sal ammoniac to give off vapor to such a degree as to exclude all atmospheric air; after this process the sheets, or articles of iron, may be immersed in melted metal, for the purpose of coating them in any convenient manner.

The third part relates to a mode of treating tin which has become injured in the process of tinning. In coating iron with tin by the ordinary process there is considerable waste, owing to its passing through the oil or tallow employed in the tin bath; this part of the invention, therefore, consists in submitting the waste, or spoiled, tin to a red heat, and then allowing it to cool; after which it is to be placed in an earthenware vessel and covered with muriatic acid of commerce, which, in an ordinary temperature, must remain about two days, at which time the acid will have become sufficiently neutralised, and may then be drawn off; by this means the inventors obtain chloride of tin, which they employ in the process of tinning metal.

The fourth improvement relates to a mode of coating sheets of iron with lead, or alloys of lead and tin, the latter being in the proportion of (not exceeding) 15 per cent., by means of a flux, containing sal ammoniac and chloride of zinc without the aid of tallow. In carrying out this part of the invention, the patentees prefer to use a flux composed of three-parts of chloride of zinc, without any oil or other fatty inatter; the sheets of iron may be dipped in the bath of molten metal in the ordinary manner.

The last part of these improvements relates to an after coating of lead or alloy of lead-that is to say, coating articles which may have received a previous coating of zinc or alloy of zinc. In the case of iron which has received a previous coating of tin or some other metal, and afterwards to receive a coating of zinc, the inventor proceeds by melting the metal in an iron pot, and then covering its surface with a suitable flux, which may be composed of two parts of chloride of

zinc, and about one part of oil or tallow; the articles to be coated are then to be immersed in the metal, and allowed to remain until they become of the same heat as the metal, (care being taken that the metal is not too hot, so as to melt the previous coatings,) they are then withdrawn, and shortly afterwards dipped into water, and then brushed with sawdust, to remove the flux.

Improved Manufacture of Cast Steel.

Ibid.

Although it has long been known to chemists, that the only essential difference between cast iron and cast steel consisted in the relative proportions of carbon contained in the two substances, it has yet been found impracticable hitherto to produce the latter substance at a less cost than from four to eight times that of the pig iron from which it is made. For instance, if pig iron, made with charcoal and the relative materials suitable for the manufacture of steel, cost 67., it will be found, that according to the processes now universally used, cast steel cannot be made from such iron at a cost of less than 291. per ton, in the ingot; and for the superior descriptions, the raw material of which bears a monopoly price, the cost of cast steel in the ingot, comes to nearly double this price. The cause of this cost arises from the great waste and labour necessary to deprive the pig iron, in the first instance, of the whole of its carbon, amounting to about 5 per cent., and to reduce it into malleable iron; this iron is then recombined with about 1 per cent. of carbon, in the process of cementation, forming blistered steel, and to produce cast steel it is necessary to melt the blistered steel in crucibles of fire clay and run it into moulds. If the cost of pig iron of medium quality, fit for making steel-iron, be 67. a ton, the loss on converting it into bars is one-third, or 27. more; the average cost of labor, fuel, and other charges, on making a ton of charcoal bars, will be 57. more; the foreign merchant's profit, freight, insurance, import duty, and other charges, will be 47. a ton more; the profit of the importers in this country will be 27. a ton more; making the cost of bar iron, of medium quality, fit for making steel, 197. a ton to the steel manufacturer here; in making this iron into steel, he incurs a further expense of 17. 10s. for conversion into blistered steel, and about 77. 10s. for making the blistered into double shear or cast steel in ingots; making the cost of these two articles of medium quality about 297. a ton; and all this cost of 237. a ton is necessary to get rid of the 4 per cent. of carbon in the cast iron, beyond the proportion required to form cast steel. It may be observed, that, by a recent improvement, cast steel can be made capable of welding to iron with. the same facility as shear steel, and the manufacture of the latter article is rapidly giving place to the increased use of cast steel. Before this improvement, it was calculated that the quantity of cast steel annually made in England was about half the whole quantity of steel manufactured; at present it probably exceeds two-thirds of the whole quantity. The solution of the problem of producing cast steel direct from cast iron without incurring the enormous expense hitherto inseparable

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