CONTENTS.

I. THE RACES OF BRITAIN.

THE TAURANIAN THEORY.-WELSH

PRETENTIONS.-GAEL.-KYMRY.-GALLI.-

BELGE. TRACES OF EARLY GERMANIC SETTLEMENTS ON THE EAST COAST.-

CIVILIZATION OF THE NATIVES.-DRUIDICAL RELIGION

1

II. THE ROMAN CONQUEST.

CÆSAR'S INVASION.-BRITISH INDEPENDENCE AND CYMBELINE. THE CLAUDIAN

CONQUEST.-CARACTACUS.-THE REVOLT OF BOADICEA.-WARS AND PUBLIC

POLICY OF AGRICOLA.-SEVERUS

11

CAUSES OF WEAKNESS IN THE EMPIRE.-REVOLT OF CARAUSIUS.-CONSTANTIUS

ROMAN WALL.-REVOLTS

CONSTANTINE.-BRITAIN LEFT TO ITSELF.

OF

MAXIMUS

AND

30

DOUBTFUL

V. THE EARLY BRITISH CHURCH.

HISTORY OF

AGAINST ITS EXISTENCE.-CHRISTIANITY

EARLY

THE

NOT

FOR AND

BRITISH CHURCH. REASONS

IN

ROMAN

ITS ORIGIN.

BARBAROUS AND SEMI-PAGAN CHARACTER OF EARLY BRITISH CHRISTIANITY.

-NEO-DRUIDISM

37

A

X

CONTENTS.

VI. THE SAXON CONQUEST.

THE SAXON INVASION UNHISTORICAL.-BRITISH AND ANGLO-SAXON LEGENDS.-

THEIR MYTHICAL CHARACTER. DISINTEGRATION OF THE ROMAN POWER IN

BRITAIN. THE CITIES AND THE NATIVE PRINCES.-SEPARATE CONQUESTS

OF KENT, SUSSEX, THE WESTERN COUNTIES, AND NORTHUMBRIA.—REASONS

OF THE ANGLO-SAXON SUCCESS.-BRITONS NOT EXTERMINATED.-PROOFS OF

THEIR CONTINUANCE IN ENGLAND

50

VII.-THE ANGLO-SAXON TYPE.

DISTINCTION OF ANGLES, SAXONS, AND JUTES.-ANGLO-SAXON PHYSIQUE AND

CHARACTER.-POSITION OF WOMEN.-ABSENCE OF THE FAMILY FEELING.-

CIVILIZATION.-RANKS AND THEIR PRIVILEGES.-BRITISH

ODINISM OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS

POPULATION.-

64

VIII. THE ROMAN MISSION.

THE KINGDOM OF KENT.-GREGORY THE GREAT. AUGUSTINE'S MISSION.-

DIFFICULTY OF CHANGING OLD HABITS.-GREGORY'S TOLERANCE.-FRUIT-

LESS ATTEMPT AT UNION WITH THE BRITISH CHURCH.-RE-ACTIONS.-

NORTHUMBRIA.-PAULINUS, EDWIN, AND COIFI.-THE GAELIC PARTY OVER-

COME. CONSTITUTION OF ENGLISH DIOCESES.-CONNECTION WITH ROME.-

ARISTOCRATIC CHARACTER OF ENGLISH RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS

.

76

IX.-FEDERAL MONARCHIES.

STRUGGLE OF ANGLES AND

SAXONS FOR SUPREMACY.-KENT, NORTHUMBRIA,

AND MERCIA. GROWTH OF THE WEST-SAXON NATIONALITY.-OFFA'S CHA-

RACTER AND CRIMES.-HIS POLICY PROVINCIAL RATHER THAN NATIONAL.

-CHARLEMAGNE'S RELATIONS WITH

OF OFFA'S

ENGLAND.-FORTUNES

FAMILY

X.-THE DANES.

88

EGBERT'S SUZERAINTY.-ÆTHELWULF.-FIRST APPEARANCE OF THE DANES.-

CONLICT OF PAGANISM AND CHRISTIANITY.-INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIAN

IDEAS UPON ODINISM.-LEADING FEATURES OF NORSE CHARACTER.-EUROPE

SAVED FROM IMPERIALISM AND ROTTENNESS BY THE DANES.-SAGAS OF

ALFRED'S YOUTH.-WARS WITH THE DANES UNDER ÆTHELRED.-CHARACTER OF

ALFRED'S GOVERNMENT. THE DANES OCCUPY MERCIA, AND ENTER WESSEX

FROM THE SOUTH.-ALFRED'S EXILE.-DEFEAT OF THE DANES AT EDINGTON,

AND TREATY OF WEDMOR.-LATER INVASIONS AND REPULSES OF THE DANES.

-ALFRED'S PUBLIC WORKS.-ALFRED AS LAWGIVER.-OLD AND NEW INSTI-

TUTIONS.-FORMATION OF A FLEET.-REVIVAL OF LEARNING. THE KING'S

PRIVATE LIFE.-RELIGIOUS AND ARISTOCRATIC TENDENCIES OF ALFRED'S

MIND
109

ACCESSION

XII. THE SAXON SOVEREIGNTY.

AND REIGN OF EDWARD. ATHELSTANE'S PARENTAGE. SUBJUGA-

TION OF NORTHUMBRIA.-RELATIONS OF ENGLAND WITH THE CONTINENT.

-ATHELSTANE'S LAWS.-EDMUND.-EDRED.-REVIVAL OF THE MILITARY

123

SPIRIT

XIII.-DUNSTAN.

EARLY LIFE OF DUNSTAN.-STATE OF THE CHURCH.-REASONS FOR CLERICAL

CELIBACY. QUARREL WITH EDWI.-EDWI'S CONDUCT AND DEPOSITION.-

CHARACTER OF EDGAR AND HIS REIGN. EDWARD THE MARTYR.-RE-

ACTION AGAINST THE MONASTIC MOVEMENT.-DUNSTAN'S TRIUMPH.-MUR-

DER OF EDWARD

132

XIV. THE DANISH CONQUEST.

EFFECTS

OF DUNSTAN'S POLICY.-RENEWED DANISH INVASIONS.-WORTHLESS

CHARACTER OF ETHELRED. THE DANISH MASSACRE.-MARTYRDOM OF

ALFEG.-SWEYN OVERRUNS THE COUNTRY.-EADRIC STREONA.-REIGN OF

EDMUND IRONSIDES.-ACCESSION OF CANUTE.-POLITICAL REVIEW OF THE

REIGN
145

XV. THE ANGLO-DANISH EPOCH.

CHARACTER OF CANUTE.-FAVOUR SHOWN TO THE CHURCH.-FEUDALISM AND

GAME LAWS.-HAROLD HAREFOOT.-MURDER OF ALFRED, AND QUESTION

OF GODWIN'S COMPLICITY.-HARDICANUTE'S REIGN.-ACCESSION OF EDWARD

THE CONFESSOR.-GODWIN'S ASCENDANCY THREATENED BY NORMAN INFLU-

ENCES. BANISHMENT AND RETURN TO POWER OF GODWIN.-RIVALRY OF

HAROLD AND TOSTIG.-EDWARD'S DEATH AND CHARACTER

155

xii

CONTENTS.

XVI. ANGLO-SAXON POLICE.

BRITAIN DIVIDED ANEW.-HUNDREDS

AND TITHINGS.-THE EALDORMAN AND

COUNTY COURTS.-MUTUAL POLICE, OR FRANK-PLEDGE SYSTEM.—FEUDAL

JURISDICTIONS.-A CASE OF CRIMINAL LAW.-NATURE OF THE EVIDENCE RE-

QUIRED IN DOUBTFUL CASES.-TRIAL OF THURKILL AND HIS WIFE.-BINARY

JURISDICTION OF STATE AND CHURCH: THE STATE ASSESSING DAMAGE, THE

CHURCH PUNISHING SIN

171

XVII.-ANGLO-SAXON CIVIL LAW.

ROMANO-BRITISH CHARACTER OF THE CITIES.-MUNICIPAL ORGANIZATION AND

LAWS DERIVED FROM THE ROMANS.-TENURES OF LAND AND RIGHTS OF

BEQUEST.-ACTIONS FOR LAND.-SALES OF CHATTELS REGULATED AS

PUBLIC CONTRACTS.-PROPERTY INSURED BY THE STATE.-PRINCIPLE OF

MUTUAL INSURANCE IN THE PRIVATE GUILDS.-ANGLO-SAXON AND WELSH

CONTRASTS

183

XVIII.-THE ANGNO-SAXON COMMONWEALTH.

GROWTH, RIGHTS, AND REVENUES OF ROYALTY.-FUNCTIONS OF THE WITAN.-

GROWTH OF FEUDALISM.-THE ROMAN AND ANGLO-SAXON FAMILY.-GROWTH

VILLENAGE.-LOCAL TENURES.-NATURE OF ANGLO-SAXON LIBERTY.-

SOCIETY, FOOD, AMUSEMENTS, AND DRESS IN THE ANGLO-SAXON TIMES.

OF

194

XIX.-ANGLO-SAXON LITERATURE.

NATURE AND PREVALENCE OF EARLY POETRY.-CÆDMON'S LIFE AND POEMS.-

CÆDMON AND MILTON. THE DESCENT INTO HELL.-BEDE'S LIFE AND WORKS.

-BEDE'S THEORY OF THE KOSMOS.-ALCUIN'S LIFE AND SCIENTIFIC TEACHING.

-SPURIOUS WORKS ASCRIBED TO GREAT WRITERS.-DECLINE OF LEARNING

IN THE NINTH AND TENTH CENTURIES.-LIBRARIES AND LETTERS

208

XX. THE ANGLO-SAXON CHURCH.

RELATIONS

OF CHURCH AND

STATE.-POSITION

OF THE CLERGY.-CHURCH

DISCIPLINE AND INQUISITIONAL POWERS.-IDEALIZATIONS OF PEACE AND

WAR.-INFLUENCE OF THE CHURCH ON PURITY OF LIFE. CHRISTIAN

CHARITY.-KOSMICAL THEORIES OF A FUTURE LIFE. MYTHOLOGICAL

PHASE OF INTELLECT.-MIRACLES.-RESULTS OF A BELIEF IN THE SUPER-

NATURAL.-COMPULSORY PROFESSION OF CHRISTIANITY

221

CONTENTS.

XXI. THE LAST SAXON KING.

HAROLD'S OATH OF FEALTY TO WILLIAM.-REFUSAL TO PERFORM THE COMPACT.

---CONTINENTAL FEELING IN FAVOUR OF WILLIAM'S CLAIM.-TOSTIG'S INVA-

SION AND DEFEAT.-NORMAN INVASION OF ENGLAND.-BATTLE OF HASTINGS.

-CHARACTER OF HAROLD.

236

XXII. THE NORMAN CONQUEST.

SUBMISSION OF KENT AND LONDON. THE

CORONATION.-WILLIAM'S FIRST

MEASURES.-EXETER REVOLTS AND OBTAINS TERMS.-WAR IN THE MID-

LAND AND NORTHERN COUNTIES.-STORM OF YORK AND DEVASTATION OF

POSITION OF THE GOVERNMENT.-RELATIONS

ENGLISH.-HEREWARD

NORTHUMBRIA.-CHANGED

OF NORMANS AND

AND THE CAMP OF ELY.-

FEUDAL REVOLT UNDER RAOUL DE GAEL.-EXECUTION OF WALTHEOF.-

EMEUTE AT DURHAM

248

XXIII. RESULTS OF THE CONQUEST.

COMPILATION OF DOMESDAY BOOK.-ITS USE.-OMISSIONS.-NUMBERS AND CON-

DITION OF THE POPULATION.-SOCIAL AND MATERIAL ADVANCE UNDER

WILLIAM'S GOVERNMENT. SMALL AMOUNT OF THE FOREIGN ELEMENT

INTRODUCED.-LEGAL CHARACTER OF THE CHANGES MADE.-THE CHURCH

HIERARCHY AND RITUAL NORMANIZED.-THURSTAN.—GUITMUND.-LIMITA

TION OF THE POWERS OF THE CHURCH.-NORMAN INFLUENCES ON POLICE

AND LAW.-CONTRASTS OF NORMAN AND SAXON CHARACTER
265

XXIV.-LAST YEARS OF THE CONQUEROR.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A FEUDAL ARISTOCRACY.-PRINCE ROBERT'S REBELLION.

-IMPRISONMENT OF EUDES OF BAYEUX.—WILLIAM'S DEATH AND TESTA-

MENT. SCENE AT THE BURIAL.-PERSON AND CHARACTER OF THE CON-

QUEROR
284

XXV.-WILLIAM RUFUS.

ACCESSION OF WILLIAM II.-REVOLT AND DEFEAT OF THE NOBLES.-MINISTRY OF

RANULF FLAMBARD.-CHARACTER OF WILLIAM AND HIS GOVERNMENT.-

PETTY WARS.-THE FIRST CRUSADE. OPPRESSION OF THE PEOPLE.-CIR-

CUMSTANCES OF WILLIAM'S DEATH

293

XXVI.-HENRY BEAUCLERK.

HENRY'S ACCESSION AND MARRIAGE.-HIS CHARACTER AND TRAINING.-COM-

PROMISES WITH ROBERT.-CONQUEST OF NORMANDY.-PETTY WARS WITH

FRANCE AND ANJOU.-FLEMISH COLONY IN WALES.-NATIONAL DISTRESS.

-POLICE AND JUSTICE.SHIPWRECK OF PRINCE WILLIAM.-SUCCESSION TO

THE CROWN.-HENRY'S DEATH.
304