SLATES. Thin stones with which houses are covered. SLEEPER. The oblique rafter that lies in the gutter of a roof. SLUICE. A water-gate; a flood-gate; a vent for water. SOFFIT. In great edifices, it signifies the ceiling or wainscot of any apartment, formed by cross beams or flying cornices, and having the square panels of its compartments enriched with sculpture, painting, gilding, &c. In common buildings, it denotes the board at the top of a window-opening, opposite to the window-board. SOLE. The stone upon which window-jambs are placed. The bottom part of any thing. SPAN. The chord line of an arch, or the direct distance between its extremities. It is particularly applied to bridges and other buildings with arched roofs, to denote the distance that the feet of the arches are from each other. SPAR. A small beam of timber. The inferior rafters are It sometimes called spars. STAIRS OF STAIR-CASE. The passage by which we ascend and descend from one story of a house to another. generally consists of steps, landing-places, and a balustrade. STATUES. Embossed figures or images, either of wood, stone, or metal, representing some person distinguished by his birth, merits, or achievements, &c. They serve to perpetuate the memory of the person they represent. STILES. The upright pieces that extend from the bottom to the top in wainscot. A set of steps or rails to pass from one inclosure to another, is also called a stile. STONE. A hard substance generated in the earth; and much used in building. See page 181. STOVE. A hot-house, for preserving exotic plants. A close place in which fire is made. STRIKE. To form by a sweep,- -as "to strike a circle." To put in motion; to stamp ; to impress. STRINGS. Pieces of timber which support the steps of wooden stairs. STRUT. A piece of timber framed into the king-post and principal rafters. See brace. STUFF. A general term for all kinds of timber upon which Joiners work. SUMMER-TREE. A large piece of timber, in the internal part of a building, having a row of mortise-holes on each side, into which the ends of the girders are framed. Brest-summers are laid adjoining the walls of a building, and consequently have mortise-holes only on one side. See Brest-summer. SWEEP. The compass of any continued motion. The direction of motion in compassing any thing. SYSTYLE. That manner of placing columns, so that the space between them consists of two diameters. T. TABLING. Flat stones laid upon the gable-ends of a house, from the eaves to the ridge, to keep the slates fast. TALON. A moulding consisting of square fillets, which sometimes terminates the ornaments of Joiners' Work. A heel. TASSELS. Pieces of timber that lie under the ends of mantle-trees, beams, &c. TENON. That part of a piece of timber which is put into a mortise-hole. TERRACE. An open walk or gallery; a flat roof of a house; also a kind of strong mortar, chiefly used in making basins, cisterns, wells, and other reservoirs for water. THOROUGH-LIGHTED. Having windows at both sides, or both ends. THRESHOLD. The stone or step under a door, upon which the door-posts are placed. The bottom part of a doorframe. TIE-BEAM. The beam into which the feet of the principal rafters are framed. TILES. Thin plates of burnt clay, used in covering houses. TIMBER. All kinds of wood used by Carpenters, Joiners, Turners, &c. &c. For a description of Timber Trees, see page 166. TOOLED-WORK. Implies the manner of finishing; hence any stone struck with parallel strokes, by either a broad or narrow chisel, is so called. The door-posts, window-jambs, chimney-jambs, &c. of common buildings, are always tooled; but those of elegant buildings are most commonly polished. In &c. are frequently tooled; and the chimney-jambs, coves, slabs, &c. polished. See polished-work. TOP-RAIL. The upper part of a window-frame. TORUS. A large round moulding in the base of a column, between the plinth and the list. TRANSOM. A piece that is framed across a double light window. TRAVERSE. To plane a board, &c. across the grain. TREAD. The upper or horizontal part of a step. TRIGLYPH. A member of the Doric frieze, placed between the metopes. TRIM. When workmen fit a piece of timber, stone, &c. into some other work, they say, they trim in a piece. TRIMMERS. Pieces of timber framed into the bindingjoists, against well-holes, and chimney-ways. TRUNK. The shaft or a fust of a column. The body of a tree. TRUSS. That part of a roof which supports the purlins and inferior rafters. It generally consists of the tiebeam, principal rafters, king-posts, braces, and punchins. See page 187. TUSK. A bevil shoulder, made to strengthen the tenon of a joist, where it is let into the girder. V. d VALLEYS. The gutters over the sleepers, in the roof, of a building. VAULT. A cellar; a cave; a cavern; a continued arch. See page 187. VESTIBULE. A large, open space before the door, or at the entry of a house. A porch. VOLUTE. A kind of scroll, wreath, or spiral contortion, used in the Ionic and Composite capitals, of which it is the chief ornament. It is supposed, by some, to represent the bark of trees, twisted into spiral bines; and by others, the headdresses of virgins in their long hair. The volute is also used in the Corinthian capital; and as it is an ornament that contributes very greatly to the beauty of columns, Architects have invented various ways of delineating it. Consoles, modillions, and other ornaments, have like wise their volutes. URN, or VASE. A vessel with a mouth narrower than the body; and serving as an ornament or crowning over balustrades, chimney-pieces, columns, pyramids, funeral monuments, the tops of buildings, &c. It is also considered as an attribute to rivers, fountains, cascades, jets, &c. W. WAINSCOTT, or WAINSCOTTING. The inner wooden covering of a wall. It commonly consists of panels, stiles, rails, and a cornice. WATER-BOARD. A board nailed over the bottom of an outer-door, to carry off the water. WATER-SPOUT. A trough placed immediately under the eaves of a house, to receive the water that falls upon the roof. It always has a communication with the water-trunk, or conductor. WATER-TABLE. A kind of ledge left in a stone or brick wall, about 18 or 20 inches from the ground, at which place the wall is decreased in thickness. WATER-TRUNK. A pipe by which water is conveyed from the top or eaves of a building. It is sometimes called a conductor. WEATHER-BOARDING. The boards nailed against the quarters, in making timber partitions. WELL-HOLE. The space left in a floor for a stair-case. WREATH. An ornament resembling branches, leaves, fruits, and flowers, interwoven and entwined one into another. It is frequently called a garland. QUESTIONS FOR THE EXAMINATION OF THE PUPIL, TO BE ANSWERED VERBALLY. The figures refer to the pages which contain the answers; and diagrams must be drawn by the pupil, when the questions cannot be properly explained without them. PART I. GEOMETRICAL DEFINITIONS. a line?— WHAT is Geometry ?-What is a point, What is an equilateral triangle, - an isosceles triangle, a scalene triangle, a right-angled triangle, an acute-angled triangle? What is an obtuse-angled triangle?-Which is the base, and which the perpendicular, of any figure? -What is a figure of four sides denominated? What is a parallelogram,—a square,-a rectangle? - What is a rhombus ? What is a rhomboid or rhomboides,-a trapezium, - a diagonal, a trapezoid? Page 1 Ι 2 3 3 4 4 5 By what names are plane figures of more than four sides generally called?-Name the polygons? What is a regular polygon, an irregular polygon? |
