in comparison with those of our best navigators. Its arrangement is admirable, its details are interesting, its descriptions clear and precise. They do not occupy more than thirty pages in the collection of Ramusio, where they are reprinted. "They are said," observes Mr. Hallam, "to have first appeared at Vicenza, in 1507, with the title, Prima Navigazione per l'Oceano alle Terre de' Negri della bassa Ethiopia di Luigi Cadamosto. It is supposed, however, by Brunet, that no separate account of Cadamosto's voyage exists earlier than 1519, and that this of 1507 is a confusion with the next book. This was a still more important production, announcing the great discoveries that Americo Vespucci was suffered to wrest, at least in name, from a more illustrious though ill-requited Italian: Mondo nuovo, e Paesi nuovamente ritrovati da Alberico Vesputio Florentino intitolati Vicenza, 1507. But this includes the voyage of Cadamosto.

CADAMOSTO, (Marco Antonio,) an eminent Italian mathematician and astronomer, born at Lodi, about the middle of the fifteenth century. Only one of his writings has been published, entitled, Compendium in Usum et Operationes Astrolabii Messahalæ, cum Declarationibus et Additionibus, Milan, 1507, 4to. The date of his death is not known.

CADDAH, (the Oculist,) the appellation of Abdallah, son of Maimon, also surnamed Caddah, a celebrated moslem heresiarch in the third century of Islam. The father and son were both natives of Isfahan, whence they migrated successively to Ahwaz, to Basra, and to Hems, or Emessa; everywhere sedulously disseminating the doctrines of the Ismaili sect, which differed from the other sheahs in holding the legitimate succession to the khalifate to be vested in the descendants of Ismail, the eldest son of the sixth Fatimite imam Jaafar, who had died before his father; the generality considering the right to have been transferred to the younger, but surviving son, Musa-Cazem, and his heirs. (See ASKERI.) For the more successful propagation of these tenets, Abdallah-Caddah organized, by means of his emissaries or dais, numerous secret societies or lodges, overspreading Syria, Persia, and Northern Africa; the members of which corresponded with each other by private symbols, and were admitted, after certain probation, to successively higher grades. The ostensible object in all cases was the establishment of the race of Ismail in the khalifate;

but the hidden doctrines, which were revealed only to the most thoroughly initiated of these oriental illuminati, were contained, according to Abulfeda, in a work, entitled, Meizan, or the Balance; which inculcated an atheistic indifference to all rules of virtue or vice in action, and all creeds of religion or morality, except so far as the profession of them tended to promote the interests and views of the association. Few particulars are preserved relative to the personal adventures of Abdallah-Caddah, who died some time in the reign of the khalif Mamoon, son of Haroon-al-Rashîd (A.D. 814-833, A.H. 198-213); but the fruits of his atrocious doctrines developed themselves in the successive appearance of the sanguinary sect of the Carmathians (see CARMATH); of the Ismaili khalifs of Egypt and Africa; and of the Assassins of Persia, by whom the hidden tenets of irreligion were at length openly professed in all their deformity. The first Fatimite or Ismaili khalif, Obeido'llah-Mahdi, (who ascended the throne of Cairwan, A.D. 909, A.H. 296,) is even generally considered to have been the grandson of Abdallah-Caddah, and to have personated the representative of the sacred line of Ismail: the validity of the pedigree of his descendants was denied even by the chiefs of the Fatimite house (see CADER B'ILLAH); and the sacred books of the Druses, lately discovered, admit that the Egyptian monarchs derived their origin from Maimun-Caddah. (Abulfeda, in Ann. Hej. 296. Von Hammer's History of the Assassins, book i. Elmabin. Mabrizi. Kholasat-al-Akhbar, &c.)

CADE, (John,) made familiar to us by Shakspeare under the name of “Jack Cade, was a native of Ireland, who, from a supposed relationship to the duke of York, assumed the name of Mortimer, and headed an insurgent body composed of 20,000 Kentish men, in the beginning of June 1450. The cause of this commotion was the general dissatisfaction occasioned by the oppressive conduct of the duke of Suffolk, the favourite and chief minister of Henry VI. On the 17th of June, Cade and his followers encamped at Blackheath, unfurling a standard, on which was an inscription sufficiently indicative of the levelling doctrines of the malcontents—

"When Adam delv'd and Eve span,

Who was then a gentleman?"

While the king, who was at Leicester with his parliament, was preparing to march against the rebels, Cade sent two

memorials to him, one of which was entitled, The Complaint of the Commons of Kent; the other, more directly from himself, was entitled, The Requests by the Captain of the Great Assembly in Kent, and prayed the king "to take about his person his true lords, and to avoid all the false progeny and affinity of Suffolk;" affirming that "the realm of France, the duchies of Normandy, Gascony, Guienne, Anjou, and Maine, were delivered and lost by means of the said traitors." The king's forces were rapidly advancing, when Cade hastily retreated to Sevenoaks. Henry, supposing that the insurgents were dismayed, sent a detachment in pursuit of them, upon which the rebels rallied, attacked the royal party, and routed it, slaying Sir Humphry Stafford and his brother. Cade now resumed his encampment at Blackheath. The royalists were distrustful of their followers, and, as a popular concession, the king's council committed to the Tower lord Say and some others, who were disliked by the people on account of their connexion with the obnoxious ministry. The king's army then returned to London and dispersed. The archbishop of Canterbury and the duke of Buckingham were sent to negotiate with Cade, but he refused to lay down his arms until his demands were acceded to. On the 1st of July he marched from Blackheath for London. Some of the common council advised the admission of the rebels; and an alderman who opposed it was taken into custody. It was resolved that a neutral part should be taken, and the gates were opened to the insurgents. Cade rode through the streets, and struck the old London stone with his sword, exclaiming, "Now is Mortymer lord of this city.' He issued proclamations forbidding plunder, and each day withdrew his followers into the Borough to prevent disorder. On the 3d of July, Cade sent for lord Say, and had him arraigned at Guildhall. This nobleman claimed to be judged by his peers, on which he was taken by force to the Standard in Cheapside, and there beheaded. The mob soon began to exhibit the usual characteristics of an undisci

plined multitude. On the third day of their being in possession of the city some houses were plundered: Cade himself plundered the house where he had dined. This conduct decided the citizens, who concerted measures with lord Scales, the governor of the Tower, and it was determined to defend the bridge and prevent the entry of the rebels. The struggle

lasted during the night, but the bridge was eventually taken by the royalists, and a short truce was agreed upon. In this interval the bishop of Winchester was sent by the archbishops of Canterbury and York, who were in the Tower, with a pardon under the great seal to all the rebels who were disposed to return to their homes. The offer was accepted by the mass of them, including Cade. Two days afterwards he again invited his followers to his standard, but they flocked around it in diminished numbers, and to attack the city was now hopeless. He therefore retired from Southwark to Rochester, where tumults and quarrels arose among the insurgents respecting the division of booty. On this Cade left them, and fled on horseback to Lewes, in Sussex. A reward of 1000 marks being set upon his head, he was taken by an esquire named Alexander Iden, and killed, after a desperate resistance, July 11. His head was placed on London-bridge.

CADELL, (Thomas,) an eminent bookseller, born in Bristol, in 1742. After being educated in his native city, he was apprenticed, in 1758, to Mr. Andrew Millar, at that time at the head of his profession in London, and the steady patron of Thomson, Fielding, and many other celebrated writers. Mr. Millar, being now advanced in life, readily admitted Mr. Cadell into partnership in 1765, and in 1767, a year before his death, relinquished the whole concern to him. By associating with himself Mr. William Strahan, Mr. Cadell secured the advice and assistance of a printer of corresponding liberality and taste. He was introduced at the same time by Mr. Millar to writers of the first rank in literature, to Johnson, Hume, Robertson, Warburton, Hurd, Blackstone, Burn, Henry, Gibbon, and others. In 1794 Mr. Cadell retired from business with an ample fortune. In 1799 he was elected master of the company of Stationers, whose hall he decorated with a magnificent window in stained and painted glass. He died in 1802.

CADENET, a French troubadour, born about the middle of the thirteenth century, at the castle of Cadenet, on the Durance. He was slain in an engagement with the Saracens, in 1280. Nine pieces by Cadenet are to be found among the MSS. in the royal library at Paris.

CADER B'ILLAH, (Abu'l Abbas Ahmed,) the twenty-fifth of the Abbasside khalifs, son of Emir Ishak, and grandson of the khalif Moktader, was raised

to the throne of Bagdad, A.D. 991 (A.H. 381), on the deposition of Tayi L'illah, by Baha ed-Dowlah, the Bouiyan. (See BAHA-ED-DOWLAH.) Like several of his predecessors, he enjoyed only the shadow of sovereignty, the whole of the real power being vested in the Bouiyan monarch, who bore the title of Emir-al-Omerah; but after the death of Baha-ed-Dowlah he availed himself of the discord of his sons to recover some degree of authority in Bagdad and the surrounding district. The political history of his long reign is comprised in that of the Bouiyans; but it is memorable in the ecclesiastical annals of Islam from the manifesto which he published, A.D. 1011 (A.H. 402), against the authenticity of the descent from Ali of the Ismaili, or Fatimite khalifs of Egypt, and which was signed by many chiefs of the genuine Fatimite family. He was celebrated as a patron and protector of learning; but the asylum which he afforded to Ferdousi when he fled from the court of Mahmood of Ghizneh, had nearly embroiled him with that potent monarch, who threatened, if the fugitive were not given up, to trample Bagdad under the feet of his elephants-a menace to which the khalif replied by a laconic quotation from the 105th chapter of the Koran, "Hast thou not heard what God did to the companions of the elephant?" in allusion to the fate of Abraham and his army in their attack on Mecca. Cader died at the age of 86, A.D. 1031 (A.H. 422), after a reign of more than forty-one years, and was succeeded by his son Cayem. (Abulfeda. Abul-Faraj. Kholasat-al-Akhbar. D'Herbelot, &c.)

CADERD, son of Daoud, or Jafar-Beg, and great-grandson of Seljook, was invested by his uncle Tegrul, the first sultan of Persia, of that dynasty, with the government of Kerman, A.D. 1041 (A.H. 433). In 1063 he made himself master of the province of Fars, or Persia Proper, overthrowing the Dilemites, who had till then retained possession of it; but, intoxicated with prosperity, he attempted, on the death of his cousin, the sultan Alp-Arslan, to dispute the succession to the throne of Persia against his son, the famous Malek-Shah, by whom he was overthrown in a bloody battle, and shortly afterwards put to death, A.D. 1072 (A.H. 465.)—His son, Sultan-Shah, was, however, suffered to succeed to his possessions, and his descendants ruled in Kerman till the latter part of the twelfth century (see ARSLAN-SHAH); though apparently under the suzerainte of the Seljookian

monarch of Persia as head of the family. (Abulfeda. D'Herbelot. Deguignes.)

CADET DE GASSICOURT, (Charles Louis,) a French advocate and apothecary, born at Paris, in 1769. He studied at the colleges of Navarre and Mazarin, and early distinguished himself by his learning and his eloquence. He was received as an advocate in 1787. He possessed taste for the physical sciences and natural history, and a Memoir composed at the age of fifteen obtained for him the approbation of the count de Buffon. He, however, practised the law, and gained great reputation for many acts of generosity, humanity, and firmness. He pleaded the cause of those whose history has been given by Marmontel under the names of Annette and Lubin. He manifested great patriotism at the time of the Revolution, and a price was set upon his head for the opposition he offered to the anarchists. He enrolled himself in the National Guard, and marched with his battalion against the brigands, who pillaged the house of St. Lazarre. He took an active part in public affairs, and pronounced against the Convention. He was compelled to fly from Paris, was absent some months, then boldly returned, presented himself before the judges, and was acquitted by a jury. He published several political pieces under the intitials C.D.V. (Condamné de Vendémiaire.) Upon the death of his father, he abandoned the practice of the law, submitted himself to various examinations, and was admitted by the college as an apothecary. By his exertions principally the establishment of the Council of Health was created, and for fifteen years he acted as secretary to that body. Buonaparte made him his chief apothecary, and he accompanied him in the campaign of 1809, and assisted to dress the wounded on the field of battle. He was made a member of the Legion of Honour. In 1812, although advanced in years, he took the degree of doctor in the sciences at the university of Paris, and on that occasion maintained two theses with distinction. He was apothecary to the royal household in 1814, and subsequently one of the secretaries of the Royal Society of Medicine. He was attached to many literary and scientific institutions, and one of the founders of the Lycæum, now Royal Athenæum. He died November 21, 1821. His works are numerous and varied in their character, being poetical, dramatic, political, literary, and scientific.

CADET DE GASSICOURT, (Louis Claude,) a celebrated apothecary, the son of a physician, and father of the preceding, was born at Paris, July 24, 1731. Having lost his parents in early life he found a protector in M. St. Laurent, the receiver-general for the colonies, under whose care his education was conducted, and by whose interest he was appointed, at the age of twenty-two years, apothecary-major of the Hôtel des Invalides, having studied chemistry under Geoffroy. In 1757 he held the appointment of inspector of the French hospitals in Germany, and afterwards that of apothecaryin-chief to the French army in Portugal. He was an excellent chemist, and elected, in 1766, into the Royal Academy of Sciences of Paris. He was also a member of the academies of Lyons, Toulouse, and Brussels, and was admitted into the Imperial Academy of the Curious in Nature, under the name of Avicenna. He undertook, as commissary of the king, Louis XV. the direction of the chemical department of the manufacture of Sèvres, when he generously assigned to a poor but able chemist, well versed in all that related to metallurgy in connexion with the manufactory, the profits arising from his appointment. He was also engaged by the government to detect the adulteration of wines, spirits, and tobacco. His health, however, began to fail, as he suffered from stone, for which he was operated upon, but died five days afterwards, Oct. 17, 1799. He was a most amiable and benevolent man, spending the principal part of his fortune in the relief of the indigent and in the encouragement of art and science. He published, Analyse Chymique des Eaux de Passy, Paris, 1757, Svo. Catalogue des Remèdes, Paris, 1765, 12mo. He also furnished various papers on the Cream of Tartar, on the Diamond, &c. in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences, in the Journal de Physique, the Journal des Savans, and in the Encyclopédie, to which he supplied the articles Bile and Borax.

CADET DE VAUX, (Anthony Alexis,) a celebrated apothecary, brother of the preceding, born at Paris, September 13, 1743. He succeeded his brother in 1759, at the Hôtel des Invalides, where he remained six years. He was afterwards appointed to the hospital of the Val de Grace, and delivered lectures on chemistry and pharmacy in the Royal Veterinary School in 1771 and 1772. He was admitted into the Imperial Academy of the Curious in Nature, and directed

his attention to subjects connected with the public health, domestic economy, and agriculture. He was one of the editors of the Bibliothèque des Propriétaires Ruraux, and of the Cours complet d'Agriculture Pratique. M. Lenoir appointed him inspector-general of police, the inspector of health, a place specially created for him, and which he occupied until the Revolution. He established, in conjunction with Suard and Corancez, the Journal de Paris. In his duties he was most honourable, resisted the offers of bribes to a very great amount whilst in the service of government, and in his old age suffered from poverty. He died of an attack of apoplexy in 1828.

CADHY ABD-ERRAHMAN, pacha of Caramania, and generalissimo of the Nizam-Djedid, a force then recently established upon the European model in Turkey, was one of the ablest officers of the sultan Selim III. The reforms which that monarch had sought to introduce into his dominions were extremely disagreeable to the Janizaries, and other partizans of the old order of things. To carry out his measures, and control the insolence of the Janizaries, Selim directed the pachas of the several provinces to raise and discipline a certain number of regiments of Ñizam- Djedid, in the pachalics under their government. Cadhi alone of all the pachas, by extraordinary exertions and at a very considerable private expense, completed the prescribed quota. In three years he was at the head of eight regiments, whose perfect discipline and efficiency were displayed in the destruction of those hordes of banditti which had hitherto infested Bulgaria and Roumelia, and had proved too powerful for the ordinary troops sent to oppose them. On the first demonstration of discontent, Cadhi Pacha, by order of the sultan, repaired to Constantinople, at the head of the Nizam-Djedid of Ânatolia, consisting of about 15,000 infantry and 1,500 cavalry; but Selim, instead of at once marching them to Adrianople, or to effect a junction with Mustapha Bairaktar, retained them for three weeks in the vicinity of the capital, for the idle gratification of beholding their evolutions. The Janizaries availed themselves of this fatal delay to organize an effectual resistance, from which Cadhi's troops suffered severely; a temporary tranquillity being, however, restored, the sultan sent them back to Caramania, and thus deprived himself of the aid which he might have derived from them and their faithful and

intrepid chief, in the insurrections which shortly after deprived him of his throne and life. After the dethronement of Mustapha IV. Cadhi Pacha was again called to the capital to suppress the insurrection of the 14th November, 1808; this was, however, effected before his arrival; but animated with a detestation of the Janizaries, he prevailed upon the sultan (Mahmoud II.) to grant him permission to destroy them as a terror to the populace. At the head of 4,000 of his troops, and preceded by four pieces of artillery, he sallied from the Seraglio, attacked and routed the Janizaries, and carried their barracks by assault, and then dividing his troops, directed them to search for, and put to death, all who were found in arms. The insurrection having been repressed, and the dethroned Mustapha strangled by order of his brother, Mahmoud had nothing further to dread, being then the only remaining descendant of the Ottoman family. Cadhi Pacha and his friends soon experienced ingratitude and neglect; the sultan even refused him protection from the hatred and fury of his enemies. He took refuge for some time at Rudshuk, from which he at length attempted to return in disguise to Caramania, but was recognised at Kinlaych, and put to death 1809. His head was sent to Constantinople, and exposed for a month, to gratify the vengeance of the Janizaries, who regarded him as their most dangerous and implacable enemy.

CADMUS, a native of Miletus, the son of Pandion, flourished about the forty-fifth Olympiad (B.c. 548), in the reign of Halyattes, the father of Croesus. He is said to have been the first Greek writer of prose; at all events, if his contemporary Pherecydes, as Strabo and Pliny relate, also wrote in prose, Cadmus is allowed to have been the first who used it in historical composition. He wrote a history of Miletus, and of the colonization of Ionia, in four books, which was epitomized by Bion of Proconnesus. He is mentioned by Clement of Alexandria, under the appellation of ancient, to distinguish him from another Cadmus, of the same birthplace, son of Archelaus, who wrote a History of Attica, in sixteen books.

CADOCUS, a British abbot, who flourished in the fifth century. He was son of Gunlæus, prince of the Southern Britons, who, during the infancy of Cadocus, had retired from the world to a life of privacy and devotion. Cadocus was educated by Tathai, a man of great learn

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ing and piety, who at that time presided over the academy of Venta Silurum, in Monmouthshire, having been invited by Caradoc, prince of the province, to undertake that office. Cadocus founded the monastery of Llancarvan, in Glamorganshire. Fuller tells us that "he retained part of his paternal principality in his own possession, whereby he fed daily three hundred of the clergy, widows, and poor people, besides guests and visitors daily resorting to him. He is equally commended for his policy in keeping the root (the right of his estate) in his own hands; and for his piety in bestowing the fruit (the profits thereof) in the relieving of others. It seems in that age wilful poverty was not by vow entailed on monastical life. He died in the year 550, at Beneventum.

CADOGAN, (William,) an English physician, born in London, was admitted of Oriel college, Oxford, and took the degrees of M.A. B.M. and M.D. in the same year, (1755.) Five years prior to taking his degree, he had published a work on the Nursing and Rearing of Children, and the rules laid down by him were adopted by the governors of the Foundling Hospital. His work on the Gout was first published in 1764, and became a most popular production. It went through many editions, and brought him into considerable practice. It was violently attacked, but he took no notice of the pamphlets upon the subject. He was a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and delivered the Harveian Oration in 1764, and again in 1793. He died at his residence in George-street, Hanover-square, Feb. 26, 1797, having arrived at the advanced age of 86 years.

CADOGAN, (William,) earl and baron Cadogan, a distinguished British general, the friend and companion in arms of the duke of Marlborough. Having chosen the military profession, he served in the wars in Ireland, under king William III., and was engaged at the battle of the Boyne; and in the campaigns in Flanders until the peace of Ryswick. The king having noticed his superior qualities, he was made quarter-master-general to the forces in 1701; and in 1703, colonel of the 2d regiment of horse. after he joined the army, under the duke of Marlborough, in the Low Countries, and was wounded in the attack upon Schullemberg, 2d July, 1704. He greatly distinguished himself at the memorable battle of Blenheim, 2d August following, and on the 25th of the same month was

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