by 20′ 5.7"; and the anomalistic year is 26 longer than the tropical, and is the time required by the sun to complete a revolution with regard to its apogee. The year of the Jews consisted of twelve months, which were divided alternately into twenty-nine and thirty days. A whole month was inserted in their leap year, between the sixth and seventh month. Their new-year's day was the day of the first new moon after the autumnal equinox. In the period of nineteen years, by which they reckoned, they had seven leap years, namely, the third, sixth, eighth, eleventh, fourteenth, seventeenth, and nineteenth. Among the Persians, the sultan Gelal (A. D. 1079), introduced a year which more nearly agrees with the astronomical than the Gregorian year does. According to his arrangement, a leap year occurs once in four years seven times in succession; the eighth leap year, however, does not take place till after a lapse of five years. During the time of the French republic, a year was invented also more exact than the Gregorian. A period of 86,400 years requires 20,929 leap years; therefore a day was to be inserted at the end of the year as often as the autumnal equinox would fall on the second day of the new year. (For further information, see Calendar.)

YEAST is the barm or froth which rises in beer and other malt liquors during a state of fermentation. When thrown up by a quantity of malt or vinous liquid, it may be preserved to be put into another at a future period, on which it will exert a similar fermentative action. Yeast is likewise used in the making of bread, which, without such an addition, would be heavy and unwholesome.

YEDDO. (See Jeddo.)

YELLOW BIRD, or AMERICAN GOLDPINCH (fringilla tristis, L.), is not less than five inches in length; of a rich lemon-yellow; the crown, wings and tail black; bills and legs pale reddish-yellow; tail handsomely forked. The female and young are of a brown-olive color; beneath, yellowish-white. In September, the dress of the male becomes nearly similar to that of the female. This common, active and gregarious goldfinch is a very general inhabitant of the U. States. In summer, it is also to be met with in Canada, as far north as lake Winnipec, in Cat. 49°. It is also met with in Mexico, and even in Guiana and Surinam. Its migrations are very desultory, and probably do not proceed very far, its progress being apparently governed principally by

the scarcity or abundance of food. As the fine weather of spring approaches, the males put off their humble winterdress, and now, appearing in their temporary golden livery, are heard tuning their lively songs as if in concert, several sitting on the same tree. In cages, to which they soon become reconciled, their song is nearly as animated and sonorous as that of the Canary. They raise sometimes two broods in the season. The nests are often built in tall young foresttrees, or lofty bushes. (See Nuttall's Ornithology of the United States and of Canada.)

YELLOW, NAPLES. (See Naples Yellow.) YELLOWSTONE, one of the largest branches of the Missouri river, rises from lake Eustis, in the Rocky mountains, near the source of Lewis's river, which flows into the Oregon. Lake Eustis is about lat. 43° 20′ N. The Yellowstone runs east-north-east 1100 miles, and joins the Missouri 1880 miles from the Mississippi; lon. 104° W.; lat. 47° 50′ N. This river is nearly or quite as large as the other branch, which retains the name Missouri. The Big Horn, its great southern branch, and the Del Norte and Lewis's river, are all said to have their sources near the

same spot, in about lat. 43°. Captain Clarke, the associate of captain Lewis, descended this river while returning from the Pacific ocean. During its whole course from the point at which he reached it to the Missouri, a distance which he computed at 837 miles, it is navigable for batteaux. Its navigation is impeded by only one ledge of rocks; and this may be passed without difficulty. The banks of the river are low, but not subject to be overflowed, except at a short distance below the mountains. The color of the river is a yellowish-brown, and its bed is chiefly composed of loose pebbles. The river flows with a velocity gradually diminishing in proportion to its distance from the mountains. The first part of its course, it moves four or five miles an hour; the latter part not more than two. In the upper part of its course, the country consists of high, waving plains, bordered by stony hills, partially supplied with pine: towards the Missouri, the country contains less timber, and spreads into extensive plains. Much of the land bordering on it is fertile. It abounds with beaver and otter, and along its banks are immense herds of elks, buffaloes and deer. The width of its bed, at its confluence with the Missouri, is 850 feet. When measured by Lewis and Clarke, the stream was 297 yards wide, and the deepest part

of the channel was twelve feet. The river had then fallen to its summer level. YELLOW FEVER. (See Appendix end of this volume.)

YELLOW WEED. (See Wold.)
YEMEN. (See Arabia.)

YENITE (lievrite) occurs in prismatic crystals, whose primary form is a right rhombic prism of about 111° 30. Cleavage takes place parallel to the longer diagonal of this prism. Color black, or greenish-black; lustre submetallic, brilliant, or dull; opaque; hardness nearly equal to feldspar; specific gravity 3.8 to 4.1. The crystals are sometimes terminated, at one or both extremities, by foursided pyramids, and vary from one inch in diameter to acicular. They are often much interlaced. It also occurs columnar and massive. On charcoal it fuses, before the blow-pipe, into a black, shining globule, attractable by the magnet. With borax it readily forins a dark and almost opaque glass. It consists of

It is a rare mineral, having been found only, in good specimens, at Rio la Marina and cape Calmite, in Elba, where it occurs dispersed in crystals and rounded massive balls, in a thick bed of a blackishgreen augite. It has also been found in the U. States, at Cumberland in Rhode Island.

YEOMEN OF THE GUARD; a sort of foot-guards, who attend at the palace of the king of England. The yeomen were uniformly required to be six feet high. They are in number one hundred on constant duty, and seventy off duty. The one half carry arquebuses, and the other partisans. Their attendance is confined to the sovereign's person, both at home and abroad. They are clad after the manner of king Henry VIII.

YERMOLOFF. (See Jermoloff.)

YESD, or YEZD, or YEYD; a town in Persia, in Irak, on the borders of Segestan and Kerman, 190 miles east of Ispahan, 210 north-east of Schiras; lon. 56° E.; lat. 31° 57′ N. It contains, according to Malte-Brun and Hassel, 4500 houses, according to the Edinburgh Gazetteer, 24,000 houses, of which 4000 are occupied by Guebres. It is situated on the borders of a sandy desert, contiguous to a range of lofty mountains. It is a great

emporium of the trade between Hindoostan, Bukharia and Persia. The en virons produce excellent pomegranates and grapes. The chief manufactures are silk stuffs and carpets. In 1396, this town was taken by Timur Bec, after a siege in which it is said 30,000 persons died of famine.

YEW (taxus baccata); an evergreen tree, belonging to the family of the pines, which is common in many parts of the north of Europe. The foliage somewhat resembles that of the hemlock-spruce, except that the leaves are larger: the fruit, however, is not a cone, but a small red berry, in the hollow part of the extremity of which a green seed appears. The yew was formerly extensively cultivated in Great Britain, and, on account of its gloomy and funereal aspect, was usually planted in church-yards. The wood, which is peculiarly hard, smooth and tough, was manufactured into bows; but, since the introduction of fire-arms, the tree is no longer planted except for ornament. In the formal style of gardening which was once prevalent, few trees were more the subject of admiration, from its bearing to be clipped, without injury, into almost any form. Yews were cut into the shape of men, quadrupeds, birds, ships, &c. The wood is hard, beautifully veined, and susceptible of a very high polish; hence it is valuable for veneering and other cabinet work, and is in frequent use. From its hardness and durability, it may be made into cogs for mill-wheels, axletrees, and flood-gates, which scarcely ever decay. The leaves are extremely poisonous, both to men and cattle.-Å species of yew (T. Canadensis) is found in Canada and the extreme northern parts of the U. States. It is a low, prostrate shrub, commonly called the ground hemlock, and, indeed, is not distinguished by many from that tree.

Yezdegird, ErA OF. (See Epoch.)
YNCA. (See Inca.)

YONNE; a department of France, about seventy miles in length, and from thirty to forty in breadth. (See Department.)

YORK (anciently Eboracum); a city of England, capital of Yorkshire, in the West Riding, on the Ouse and Foss, 198 miles north-west of London; lon. 1° W.; lat. 54° N.; population in 1821, 20,787, in 1831, 25,359. It is regarded as the capital of the north of England, and the second city in rank in the kingdom, though far surpassed, in wealth and population, by many of the more modern trading

towns. It is an ancient city, and was successively the seat of Adrian, Severus, and other Roman emperors. It is entered by four principal gates or bars, has six bridges, one over the Ouse, and five over the Foss, a cathedral, twentythree churches (twenty within and three without the walls), houses of worship for Catholics, Methodists, Presbyterians, Independents and Quakers; a guildhall, county hospital, lunatic asylum, and various other public buildings and institutions. The cathedral, commonly called York minster, is a splendid specimen of Gothic architecture. Its whole length from east to west is 5244 feet; breadth of the east end, 105, of the west, 109; length of the cross aisles from north to south, 222 feet; height of the grand lantern tower, 213, of the two western towers, 196, of the nave or body of the church, 99; height of the eastern window, 75; breadth, 32 feet. It was a century and a half in building, from 1227 to 1377. The cathedral is remarkable for the simplicity of its plan, which is in the form of a Latin cross, the arms of which are all rectângular; and the transept is in the middle of the length of the building. (See Architecture.) The great eastern window consists of upwards of 200 compartments, containing representations of the Supreme Being, saints and events recorded in Scripture. The chapter-house is a magnificent structure, of an octagonal form, 63 feet in diameter, and 68 feet in height. In 1829, the minster was set on fire by a maniac, and suffered considerable but not irreparable damage: 231 feet of the roof fell in, but the exterior aspect of the structure was not defaced, and measures have been taken for repairing it. York is the see of an archbishop, who is styled "primate of England;" the archbishop of Canterbury being styled "primate of all England." The chapter of York, in addition to the archbishop, includes a dean, four archdeacons, a precentor, a chancellor, a subdean, twenty-nine prebendaries, a succentor, five vicars choral, &c. The province of the archbishop of York includes three dioceses, or sees of suffragan bishops, together with the bishopric of the Isle of Man. York castle, though on the site of an ancient building, is a modern structure, having been erected in 1701. In the reign of Henry V, York contained fortyfour parish churches and seventeen chapels, and, before the reformation, the famous and wealthy abbey of St. Mary, of which only a small part remains. Besides

the lunatic asylum, there is another 'institution, called the Retreat, one mile from the city, for the same class of patients, belonging to the society of Friends. It has accommodations for about sixty patients, and is under excellent management. About three miles from the city stands Bishopthorpe, the magnificent palace of the archbishop. Although the foreign commerce of York has been totally annihilated, it still retains considerable river trade; and vessels of 120 tons come up the Ouse as far as the bridge. There is some trade in gloves, linens, livery lace, glass and drugs; and printing and bookselling are conducted on a large scale. It derives a great part of its support from its fairs, assizes and races, and the winter residence of many of the provincial gentry. It sends two members to parliament.

YORK (formerly called Toronto); the capital of Upper Canada, on the northwest side of lake Ontario; lon. 79° 20' W.; lat. 43° 33′ N. The population is about 3000. It is handsomely built. The public buildings are a government-house, a house of assembly for the provincial parliament, a court-house, a jail, various buildings for public stores, and houses of worship. About a mile from the town are the barracks for the troops usually stationed here, and other buildings properly appertaining to such an establishment. The harbor is nearly circular, formed by a very narrow peninsula, which encloses a beautiful basin about one mile and a half in circuit, and capable of containing, in security, a great number of vessels. The town is delightfully situated, the climate is mild, and the town and harbor are sheltered by high lands. In 1793, this town contained only a solitary Indian wigwam.

YORK; a short and navigable river of Virginia, formed by the union of the Pamunky and Mattapony. It flows into the Chesapeake opposite to cape Charles.

YORK AND LANCASTER. (See England.)

YORK, Frederic, duke of, second son of George III, was born at Buckingham house, in 1763. In the following year, he was elected prince-bishop of Osnabrück, in Hanover; in 1767, was invested with the insignia of the order of the Bath, and chosen a companion of the most noble order of the Garter in 1771. In the literary part of his education, he was associated with his elder brother, to whom he always continued to be much attached; and the direction of the studies of the two princes was successively confided to doc

tor Markham, afterwards archbishop of York, assisted by doctor Jackson, and to doctor Hurd, bishop of Lichfield. Prince Frederic was destined for the military profession, and, in 1780, having been appointed a brevet-colonel in the British service, he set off for the continent, and, after visiting Hanover, proceeded to Berlin, to study the tactics of his profession in the school of the great Frederic. During his absence, he was appointed colonel of the Coldstream guards, with the rank of lieutenant-general, and, in 1784, was created duke of York and Albany in Great Britain, and earl of Ulster in Ireland. In 1787, he took his seat in the house of peers, and in the debates on the regency, at the close of the following year, made his first speech in parliament. In 1789, a duel took place between the duke and colonel Lenox, afterwards duke of Richmond, who had required from his royal highness an explanation or retractation of an observation made by the latter. The duke not complying with the requisition, but expressing his willingness to waive the privileges of his rank, a meeting took place on Wimbledon common. The word being given to fire, colonel Lenox obeyed, and his ball grazed the hair of the duke, who fired his pistol in the air; and the affair terminated without any personal injury to the combatants. In 1791, the duke of York married the eldest daughter of Frederic William, king of Prussia. This union was the result of political arrangements; and, after a few years, a separation took place, arising from circumstances which did not imply any impropriety of conduct on the part of the duchess, whose death occurred in 1820. On his marriage, the duke of York received an augmentation of his income, which raised it to £35,000 a year, exclusive of the revenue of the bishopric of Osnabrück. In 1793, his royal highness was sent to Flanders at the head of a British army, to oppose the French. Valenciennes surrendered to the troops under his command, July 26; and, on the 22d of August, he sat down before Dunkirk, but was speedily obliged, by the French, to retire. In the campaign of 1794, Pichegru having taken the command of the French army, that of the duke, with his German allies, after experiencing various reverses, retreated into Westphalia; and in April, 1795, the remnant of the British army returned to England. In February of the same year, the duke of York was appointed commander-in-chief. In 1799, he was again employed against

the French in Holland; but the expedition terminated with a truce, one condition of which was the liberation of 8000 French and Dutch prisoners of war in England. This expedition terminated the services of the duke of York in the field, in the course of which he proved himself wholly unequal to his station. In 1809, colonel Wardle, in the house of commons, charged the duke with having suffered a female favorite, named Mary Anne Clarke, to influence him in the disposal of commissions in the army. The evidence brought forward showed that promotion had been extended to persons recommended by this woman, who made a traffic of such transactions; but as nothing occurred to implicate the duke of York directly in the corrupt transactions between Mrs. Clarke and the persons to whom she sold her services, he was acquitted by a majority of eightytwo, who voted against the proposed general inquiry into his official conduct as commander-in-chief. His royal highness, however, thought proper to resign his post, in which, about two years after, he was reinstated by the prince-regent, with little or no objection on the part of the public. This circumstance produced in the duke a redoubled attention to his duties. From that time he exercised the most rigid impartiality in the distribution of promotion, and the humblest petition was sure of attention; the rights and comforts of the soldier were studiously attended to; and, without relaxing necessary discipline, some of its more odious and dispensable rigors were discountenanced. Upon the whole, both in a moral and a social, as well as in a military sense, the British army owes much to the exertions of this prince, whose rank and influence enabled him to effect improvements which equally good intentions, without such advantages, might have failed to secure. Among the future circumstances of his public life was his appointment to the post of keeper of the person of his father, in 1818, to which post was annexed a salary of £10,000 per annum. The last speech of the duke of York, in parlia ment, was against Catholic emancipation, and amounted to this, that he would never consent to that measure, should he be called on to reign. Not long after this event, he was attacked with a dropsy in the chest, which, after long and protracted suffering, ultimately proved fatal on the 5th of January, 1827.

YORK (Henry Stuart), CARDINAL OF. (See Stuart, Henry.)

YORK, DUKE OF. (See James II.) YORK; Count von Wartenburg, Prussian field-marshal, one of the most distinguished German generals in the wars against Napoleon. (See Russian-German War.) He fought in America on the side of the British during the war of the revolution, and here became acquainted with the operations of light troops, which he afterwards introduced, with improvements, into the Prussian army. He was made a colonel in 1806, and distinguished himself by skilful manœuvres during the disastrous state of the Prussian army after the battle of Jena. In 1808, when the Prussian army was reorganized, he was made major-general and inspector of all the light troops. In 1812, he was one of the officers of the Prussian auxiliary corps of 20,000 men, under general Grawert, which, with the Polish, Bavarian and Westphalian troops, formed the tenth corps under the command of Macdonald, and was destined to cover the left wing of the French army, and to operate against Riga. When general Grawert laid down the command, on account of his ill health, general York became commander of the Prussian corps. When Napoleon ordered the retreat of the tenth corps to the Memel, York commanded the third column, which left Mitau Dec. 20, followed by the Russians, under generals Witgenstein and Paulucci, who entered Memel, while their van extended along the Memel. Thus the situation of general York was critical; but it was less for this reason than on account of the political situation of Europe, that he conIcluded the well-known convention of Dec. 30, 1812, according to which the Prussian corps separated from the French army, and assumed a neutral position. See Seydlitz's Journal of the Prussian Forces in the Campaign of 1812 (Berlin, 1823, in German).-The king of Prussia was obliged to express disapprobation of this step; but the attitude which was soon assumed by the whole kingdom showed that it was in reality agreeable to the government. The step was bold, and entirely on the general's responsibility, and became a measure of great consequence. After his corps, which was much diminished in number, had been reenforced in Prussia, general York led it to the Elbe, and obtained a victory at Danigkow, April 5, 1813, over the army of the viceroy of Italy. General York was engaged in the battles of Lützen (q. v.) and Bautzen (q. v.), and distinguished himself on the day before the

latter action, at Weissig, by an obstinate resistance to the forces under Sebastiani, five times more numerous than his own. After the armistice concluded in that memorable year, his troops formed the first corps of the Prussian army, and, being united with the Silesian army under Blücher, shared in the victory on the Katzbach (q. v.), Aug. 26. Oct. 3, he gained a victory over Bertrand, near Wartenburg (q. v.), in consequence of which the Silesian corps was enabled to cross over to the left bank of the Elbe. From this achievement he received the title count York von Wartenburg. In the battle of Leipsic, he defeated Marmont at Möckern (q. v.), Oct. 16. He fought at Montmirail, Feb. 11, 1814. General Sacken had too hastily risked an engagement with Napoleon, which was likely to result in his destruction, when general York appeared, and enabled Sacken to escape, though with great loss. In the battle of Laon, March 9, he did great service, volunteering, with general Kleist, to conduct a nocturnal attack, which destroyed the corps of Marmont and Arrighi, and gave a decisive turn to the battle. After the peace, he received a considerable grant, and was made commanding general in Silesia and the grand-duchy of Posen. His son was wounded several times in the cavalry action near Versailles, July 1, 1815, and died a few days aftera circumstance which affected general York so much as to induce him to retire from service. May 5, 1821, he was made field-marshal-general. He died Oct. 4,

1830.

YORKE, Philip, first earl of Hardwicke, and lord high chancellor of England, was born in 1690, at Dover, in the county of Kent, where his father practised as an attorney, and brought up his son to the higher branch of his own profession. He was placed in the Middle Temple, and, being called to the bar in 1714, soon rose to great eminence as a counsel. In six years' time, the interest of lord chancellor Parker procured him the office of solicitor-general, in which capacity he displayed great professional knowledge and eloquence, as well as unbending integrity. Four years after, he was made attorneygeneral, and, on the resignation of lord King, in 1733, was made lord chief justice of the king's bench, with the barony of Hardwicke. On the decease of lord chancellor Talbot, in 1737, lord Hardwicke was elevated to the woolsack, and, during the long course of twenty years in which he presided in the equity courts,