unworthily.1 Holy books command that water be mixed with the wine used for communion, because water is typical of the people, even as wine is of the blood of Christ, and therefore neither should be offered without the other at holy mass, that Christ may be with us, and we with Christ, the Head with the members, and the members with the Head.

11 THE TRUE SHEPHERD AND THE HIRELING

Hom. 1. 238-42

Every bishop and every teacher is placed as a shepherd over God's people, to protect that people against the wolf. The wolf is the devil, who lies in wait about God's Church, and plots how to destroy the souls of Christian men with sins. Then must the shepherd, that is, the bishop or other teacher, resist the fierce wolf with doctrine and with prayers. With doctrine he shall instruct them, so that they may know what the devil teaches for men's perdition, and what God commands them to observe for the attainment of everlasting life. He must intercede for them, praying that God will protect the strong and heal the weak. He is considered strong who withstands the instigation of the devil; he is weak who falls into sin. But the teacher shall be guiltless if he guides the people with doctrine, and intercedes for them with God. These two things shall he do for the people, and also help others with his own possessions, and, if it so happen, give his own life for the salvation of the people.

The hireling fleeth when he seeth the wolf.'2 He is a hireling, and not a shepherd, who is entangled in the things of the world, who loves honor and perishable rewards, and has no inward love for God's sheep. He seeks after

1 Cf. 1 Cor. 11. 29.

2 Cf. John 10. 12.

treasures, and rejoices in honor, and has his reward during this life, but shall be deprived of everlasting reward. Thou knowest not who is a hireling, nor who a shepherd, until the wolf comes; but the wolf shows how he cared for the sheep. . . . He flees not in body, but in mind. He flees because he has seen iniquity, and kept silence. He flees because he is a hireling, and not a shepherd, as if it were said, 'He cannot withstand the dangers that beset the sheep if he does not watch over the sheep with love, but looks out for himself, that is, loves worldly gain and not God's people.'

The unrighteous ruler, who robs Christians, and oppresses the humble with his power, is also a wolf; but the hireling, or mercenary, does not dare resist his iniquity, lest he lose favor, and the worldly gain which he loves more than he does Christian men. Concerning this the prophet Ezekiel wrote, saying: 'Ye shepherds, hear the word of the Lord. My sheep are scattered through your carelessness, and are devoured. Ye care for your own sustenance, and not for that of the sheep. Wherefore I will require the sheep at your hands, and will cause you to withdraw from the fold, and I will rescue my flock from you. I myself will collect my sheep that were scattered, and will keep them in an abundant pasture. That which was lost I will seek and bring again; that which was maimed, I will heal; the sick I will strengthen, and will protect the strong; and I will feed them in judgment and in righteousness.'1

...

Jesus said: 'And other sheep I have, which are not of this fold.' . . . This he spake in the land of Judea; in that province there was a fold of those who believed in God. The other sheep are those of all other countries who worship God; and Christ will bring them all into one fold.

1 Ezek. 34. 7 ff., freely rendered and abridged.

12. THE INVENTION OF THE HOLY CROSS

Hom. 2. 302-6

A longer homily on this same subject may be found in Morris, Legends of the Holy Rood (London, 1871), pp. 3-17, and both may be compared with the Old English Elene. See Stevens, The Cross in the Life and Literature of the Anglo-Saxons (New York, 1904), and The Dream of the Rood, ed. Cook (Oxford, 1905).

Dearly beloved, we commemorate to-day the holy cross on which our Lord suffered, for on this day it was manifested unto men. Jerome, the wise priest, wrote in the book which we call Ecclesiastica Historia 1 that there was a Roman emperor named Constantine, who was upright in morals and virtuous in deeds, a supporter of Christians, but not yet baptized. A bloodthirsty general, named Maxentius, warred against him with a great host, wishing to deprive him of his life and kingdom. In great anxiety the Emperor set forth with an army, looking often toward heaven, and earnestly imploring divine aid. Then in a dream he saw in the resplendent east, gloriously shining, the sign of the Lord's cross, and angels, whom he saw, said unto him: 'Emperor Constantine, with this sign do thou overcome thine enemies.' Then he awoke, rejoicing because of the vision and the promised victory, and he marked on his head and on his standard the holy sign of the cross, to the honor of God. He also commanded a little cross of pure gold to be forged, which he carried in his right hand, earnestly beseeching the Almighty Lord that his right hand might never be stained with the red blood of the Roman people, to whom he would grant every favor if Maxentius alone, who held the city with hostile intent, would submit

1 Rather Rufinus' (ca. 345-410) free and interpolated translation of Eusebius' (ca. 260-ca. 340) Ecclesiastical History. This passage is from Book 9, chapter 9.

to him. Then with great treachery Maxentius ordered that the river should be completely bridged over with ships, which were then to be planked like any other bridge, so that the emperor could go on it; but that which he intended for the other happened to himself. The miscreant departed by himself from the city, and commanded the army to ride after him, in his great joy forgetting, at the moment, the false bridge which he had ordered laid, and riding to it alone at tremendous speed. The ships separated and went to the bottom, horse and all, but the army stopped, saved from danger by his sole death. Thus was fulfilled the prayer of the emperor that his hand, which held the cross, might not be stained with the outpoured blood of his own citizens. Then all the people greatly rejoiced that they could return in safety to the city; they then received the emperor according to custom, and he victoriously took possession of his throne, being baptized in Christ, who had protected his people.

His mother was a Christian,' Helena by name, a true believer and extremely devout. With perfect faith she went to Jerusalem, seeking to find the cross upon which Christ had suffered. She went to the place which God had indicated by means of a heavenly sign, and found three crosses, one being that of Jesus, and the others those of the thieves. However, she did not know which was the cross of Christ, until He revealed it by signs Then the queen rejoiced greatly that she was permitted to find this treasure in the earth, and through signs to recognize it. On the place of execution, where the cross lay, she erected a church to the dear Lord; and she enclosed a part of the cross in white silver, taking the rest

1 From Rufinus' own Ecclesiastical History, a continuation of Eusebius, 1. 7. 8.

of it, together with the iron nails which had been driven through Christ's hands when He was made fast, to her son.

Thus did Jerome, the wise expositor, write concerning the way in which the holy cross was found. If any one relates otherwise, we refer to him.

Christian men should certainly bow to the sacred cross in the name of Jesus, for although we have not the one upon which He suffered, yet its image is, nevertheless, holy, and to that we ever bow in prayer to the mighty Lord who suffered for men. And the cross is a memorial of His great passion, holy through Him, although it grew in a forest. We ever honor it to the glory of Christ, who through it redeemed us with love, for which we give thanks unto Him evermore, so long as we live.

13. A COLLOQUY

Wright-Wülker, Vocabularies 1. 88-103

This was a device for teaching English boys Latin. The Latin was first written, and then the English meanings over the Latin words, forming an interlinear gloss. This was a late application of a method practised under the Roman Empire, where it was necessary for officials and important subjects to know something of at least two languages, Greek and Latin-in the case of Orientals besides their own. Sometimes the conversation and its translation would be written in parallel columns, as in the interesting example given in Wilamowitz-Möllendorf, Griechisches Lesebuch, pp. 400-402, from which an extract in Latin is subjoined:

Proficiscor ad scholam; intravi; dixi "Ave, magister"; et ipse me deosculatus est et resalutavit. Tradit mihi puer meus tabellas, thecam, stilum; produco graphium meo loco sedens; deleo; describo ad exemplar, ut scripsi autem, ostendo magistro ; emendavit, induxit; jubet me legere; jussus alii dedi; ediscebam interpretamenta; reddidi. "Sed statim dicta mihi." Dictavit mihi condiscipulus. "Et tu" inquit. Dixi ei "Redde primum.' Et dixit mihi ́Non vidisti cum redderem prius te?"