stockade on top of the motte, with the wooden tower or towers which would certainly be added to it. Wace states that this wooden castle was brought over in pieces in the ships of the Count of Eu.1 2 The masonry now existing at the castle is probably none of it older than the reign of Henry II. at the earliest, and most of it is certainly much later. The Pipe Rolls show that Henry II. spent £235 on the castle of Hastings between the years 1160 and 1181, and it is indicated that some of this money was for stone, and some was for a keep (turrim). There is no tower large enough for a keep at Hastings now, nor have any stone foundations been found on the motte, and Mr Harold Sands, who has paid particular attention to this castle, concludes that Henry II.'s keep has been carried away by the sea, which has probably torn away at least 2 acres from the area of the castle.* The beautiful Bello, p. 3, ed. 1846. There is also the evidence of Ordericus, who says that Humphrey de Tilleul received the custody of Hastings Castle "from the first day it was built." _iv., 4. 1 Par conseil firent esgarder Boen lieu a fort chastel fermer. A la terre l'ont traine, Que le quens d'Ou i out porte Si i ont fait grant fermete.—Andresen's edition, p. 289. 2 The north curtain is of ruder work than the other masonry. 3 In attractu petre et calcis ad faciendam turrim de Hasting 67. Idem 13. 125. Vol. xviii., p. 130. The work must have been extensive, as it is spoken of as "operatio castelli novi Hasting." 1181-1182. Though the sum given is not sufficient for a great stone keep, it may have been supplemented from other sources. 4 See Mr Sands' paper on Hasting's Castle, in Trans. of the SouthEastern Union of Scientific Societies, 1908. fragment of the Chapel of St Mary is probably of Henry II.'s reign; the walls and towers on the east side of the castle appear to be of the 13th century. The ditch does not run round the motte, but is cut through the peninsular rock on which the castle stands, the motte and its ward being thus isolated. The form of this bailey is now triangular, but it may have been square originally. Beyond the ditch is another bailey, defended by earthen banks and by a second ditch cut through the peninsula. No exact estimate can be given of the original area of the castle, as so much of the cliff has been carried away by the sea. Hastings itself had been a fortified town before the Norman Conquest, and is one of those mentioned in the Burghal Hidage. The name Hæstingaceaster, given to it in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (1050), is a proof that the Saxons used the name chester for constructions of their own, as no Roman remains have been found at Hastings. But the Norman castle is outside the town, on a cliff which overlooks it. As in the case of the other ports of Sussex, the castle was committed to an important noble, in this case the Count of Eu. The manor of Bexley, in which Hastings Castle stood, had been laid waste at the Conquest; at the date of the Survey it was again rising in value, though it had not reached the figure of King Edward's days.' 1 This bailey has been supposed to be a British or Roman earthwork, but no evidence has been brought forward to prove it, except the fact that discoveries made in one of the banks point to a flint workshop on the site 2 Totum manerium valebat T. R. E. 20 libras, et postea wastum fuit. Modo 18 libras 10 solidos. D. B., i., 18a, 2. Since the above was written, Mr Chas. Dawson's large and important work on Hastings Castle has appeared, and to this the reader is referred for many important particulars, especially the passages from the Pipe Rolls, i, 56, and the repeated destructions by the sea, ii., 498-9. The reproduction of 2 HEREFORD.-There can be little doubt that the castle of Hereford was built by the Norman Ralph, Earl of Hereford, Edward the Confessor's nephew, about the year 1048. It was burnt by the Welsh in 1055, after which Harold fortified the town with a dyke and ditch; but as Mr Freeman remarks, it is not said that he restored the castle. The motte of Earl Ralph is now completely levelled, but it is mentioned several times in documents of the 12th century, and is described in a survey of 1652, from which it appears that it had a stone keep tower, as well as a stone breastwork enclosing a small ward." It stood outside the N.W. corner of the bailey, surrounded by its own ditch; the site is still called Castle Hill. If the castle was not restored before the Norman Conquest it was certainly restored afterwards, as in 1067 we find the "men of the castle fighting with Edric Child and the Welsh. The castle appears to have had stone walls by the time of Henry II., as the mention of a kiln for their repair proves." But these walls had wooden towers. The timber ordered in 1213 "ad hordiandum castellum nostrum de Hereford "7 Herbert's plan of 1824 (ii., 512) seems to show more than one bailey outside the inner ward. The evidence for a great outer ditch, enclosing all these works, and supposed to be prehistoric, is given on p. 515, vol. ii. 6 1 See Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 1048 (Peterborough) and 1052 (Worcester), and compare with Florence of Worcester. 2 N. C., ii., 394. 3 Pipe Rolls, 11 Henry II., p. 100, and 15 Henry II., p. 140. Stephen granted to Miles of Gloucester "motam Hereford cum toto castello." Charter cited by Mr Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, Appendix O, p. 329. 4 Cited by Grose, Antiquities, ii., 18. mentions the well in it lined with stone. Duncombe's History of Hereford, i., 229. Stukeley saw the motte, and Itin. Curiosum, i., 71. See also 5 In custamento prosternandi partem muri castri nostri de Hereford, et preparatione rogi ad reficiendum predictum murum, 26s. 6d. Pipe Rolls, 1181-1182. 6 In operatione 5 bretaschiarum in castro de Hereford, £15, 3s. 9d. Pipe Rolls, 1173-1174. 7 Close Rolls, i., 134a. Ꮮ |