Zosta Luis-Jem of the Seats and Royalist- འ་ Dr. S Preston Pans Bayan Seacland).-Defest of George * Jew set a Lung stender, 1745. Stat - Jame French by Wellington. Quatre Sras Pence Suth Brabant, Belgium).—De: Quedee Bere box is-Defeat of the Sampurger Derest of the Sikhs Svedelle Recrement Charente terreure, France)- St. Albans Ferrisare-Taraded and burnt ċ Casin x2 A Dear of the Sanstans by the York. Defear of the Yorksts by the Lancastrians, 1451. st. Quentin Jepartment Assue, France-Defeat of t by the English, 1557. St. Vincent, Cape (SE of Portuga"-Defeat of th feet by Jervis, 1797. Salamancs (Province Salamanca, Spain)-Defeat of th by Wellington, 1812. Saratoga (State of New York, United States)-Capit the royal troops under Burgoyne during the American war, Sebastopol (Crimea, Russia)-Taken by the English and Sardinians, 1856. Sedgemoor (Somersetshire).-D by the king's troops, 1685. Sheriffmuir (near Dumble battle between George I.'s tro for the Young Pretender,' 1 Shrewsbury (Salop).dower by Henry IV., 140 Walcheren (Zealand, Netherlands).—Unsuccessful expedition to attack Antwerp, under the Earl of Chatham, 1809. Waterloo (Province South Brabant, Belgium).-Defeat of the French by Wellington, 1815. Worcester (Worcestershire).-Defeat of Prince Charles by Cromwell, 1651. Wye (Wales).-Defeat of Llewellyn by Edward L., 1283. York-Town (State Virginia, United States).-Defeat of the English by the French and Americans, 1781. Zutphen (Guelderland, Netherlands).-Defeat of the Spanish by the Dutch and English, 1586. APPENDIX VIII. ENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES. A LIST OF SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL INVENTIONS, DISCOVERIES, IMPROVEMENTS, ETC., INTENDED TO ILLUSTRATE THE PROGRESS OF THE ENGLISH NATION,* The British and Roman Periods.-426.-Before the Roman invasions the staple exports of the inhabitants of Britain appear to have been lead and tin, which they cast into ingots and blocks, and exchanged with Phoenician merchants or traders from Narbonne and Marseilles for brass, salt, and earthenware. Skins, also, together with slaves and hunting dogs (principally bulldogs and mastiffs), formed a considerable object of barter. Under the Romans the commerce of the country was greatly extended, and important progress was made in agriculture and manufactures. Besides lead and tin, corn, cheese, pearls, oysters, and chalk were largely exported. Jet, or Kimmeridge coal, was eagerly sought for, to be converted into personal ornaments. There were numerous manufactures of pottery and glass-ware, and the art of working in bronze was carried to great perfection. The principal imports appear to have been chains, bridles, brass, articles in amber, and jewellery. The Anglo-Saxon Period.-449-1066.-During the AngloSaxon rule wool was the chief article of export, and returned to the country in a manufactured state. Horses also seem to have been exported. The chief articles of import were furs, skins, silk, gems, silver, gold, wine, oil, glass, &c. Of the precious metals articles of jewellery were manufactured with great skill by the Saxons. The most notable advances of this period belong to the reign of Alfred. By his orders manufactures were introduced and encouraged, the laws were revised, cities, castles, and churches were rebuilt, the roads were repaired, schools were opened at Oxford and * As these inventions, &c., are to be found in the General Index of the Book, It has not been considered necessary to employ any distinctions of type, elsewhere, a militia was organised, and a fleet equipped. To Alfred, also, is ascribed the device of measuring time by candles, and of contriving lanterns of horn to protect them. The Norman Period.-1066-1154.-Under Stephen, sugar, then largely imported into Europe, is said to have been brought into England. Westminster Hall, designed by William Rufus as a banqueting house, was begun in 1097 and completed in 1099. It was subsequently used for the sessions of the Curia Regis, or King's Court. (See p. 77.) The first stone bridge was erected across the river Lea at Bow, by Matilda, queen of Henry I., in the beginning of that monarch's reign; and, in 1125, the first park-that of Woodstockwas laid out by him. The Plantagenet Period.-1154-1399.-The encouragement of textile manufactures in wool and flax, and the growth of our coal trade, constitute the most important features of the Plantagenet era. In 1253 a number of Flemish settlers, protected by Henry III., began to weave linen in this country; and in 1331 John Kempe and certain cloth-workers from the Netherlands, at the invitation of Edward III., introduced the weaving of wool. Long before this time woollen fabrics had been made in England; but the process of manufacture was imperfectly known, and only small quantities were produced. About 1340 a species of blanket is said to have been made, but the Thomas Blanket, from whom the article derives its name, belongs to the eighteenth century. In 1234 or 1239 a licence to dig for coal was granted by Henry III. to the inhabitants of Newcastle. A Newcastle coal trade begins to be heard of in the succeeding reign; but coal, as fuel, gained at first so little popularity that in 1306 it was petitioned against as a public nuisance. By the conclusion of the century, however, its use in London had become nearly general. Glass windows, already common in France and Italy, were first used in private houses under Henry II. In the reign of Richard I. coats of arms came into fashion, being borrowed by that monarch from his colleagues of the Crusades, who used them to distinguish nobles in battle. To the reign of Richard belongs, also, the appointment of the first Lord Mayor of London, Henry Fitz Alwhy (1189); as also standards of weights and measures (1197). Under , by an ordinance of Pope Innocent III., marriages were colemnised in churches, and the publication of banns appears to |
