ACOUSTIC TELEGRAPH. 3. Operation. Ear Spoon. Ear Syringe. Eustachian Tube Instrument. Meatus Knife. Organic Vibrator. II. Instruments for making or conveying audible sounds. (Not including those of a prosthetic nature cited in Class I.) Acoustic Telegraph. Air pipe. Alarms. (Varieties; see ALARMS.) Ac-tin'o-graph. An instrument for registering the variation of the chemical intensity of the sun's rays. As contrived by Mr. Hunt, it consists of a fixed cylinder on which is placed a prepared photographic paper covered by a revolving cylinder having a triangular opening divided by bars through which the direct rays of the sun pass; their effect upon the paper indicates their chemical intensity at different times. Ac'ti-nom'e-ter. An instrument for measuring the power of the sun's rays, invented by Sir J. F. W. Herschel about 1825. A hollow cylinder of glass filled with a colored liquid is soldered to a Musical Instruments. (Varieties, see MUSICAL thermometer-tube blown into a ball at the upper INSTRUMENTS.) Speaking Trumpet. Steam Whistle. (See the above in their alphabetical order.) A-coustic Tel'e-graph. A telegraph making audible instead of visual signals. In this sense- - the most general-every sounder may be included in the class, for it is capable of being, and is, used to convey information by an arrangement of repetitive blows and intervals. The present common use of the Morse instrument brings it within this category, the signals being read by ear rather than by consulting the paper ribbon. The speaking-tube may be considered another form, conducting a puff of air to the other end, where it operates a whistle, or the sound is recognizable as an audible expression. Bright's (English Patent) is adapted to communicate phonetic signals. It consists of an axle having a magnet and double arm; the magnet, when acted upon by electro-magnetic coils, causes the axle to vibrate or deflect in one direction, thus sounding a bell by means of a hammer-head on one arm; the subsequent reversal of the electric current causes a muffler on the other arm to stop the sound. In a more perfect form, Bright's Acoustic Telegraph consists of a hammer in connection with a lever, which is acted upon by every polarization of a set of electro-magnets by the local current, and thereupon strikes a small bell. A pair of these bells are connected to each wire; one bell is struck by the passage of the positive, and the other of the negative current, the alphabet being readily formed by the difference in their tones and the number of beats. Another form of audible telegraph consists of a wire which is tapped and conducts the sound to a resonant diaphragm. Wilson's Patents, 1866, refer to the production of a musical note by the action of a valve governed by the electro-magnetic current. The sound is continuous or intermittent, and variable in tone or pitch, as may be required. Ac'ro-ter. A small pedestal placed on a pediment and serving to support a statue end; being exposed alternately to the sun's rays and removed to the shade, a comparison of the differences of expansion of the liquid indicates the relative intensity of the solar radiation. The discovery of the presence of another principle, associated with the light and heat derived from the sun, seems to have been made some years ago by Mr. R. Hunt in England. Sir J. Herschel proposed to establish, as a unit for the intensity of solar heat, that value which would, in a minute of time, dissolve a thickness equal to one-millionth part of a meter of a horizontal sheet of ice, when the sun's light falls vertically upon it. This he calls an actine, and from experiments made by him at the Cape of Good Hope he determined the value of a degree on the scale of one of his actinometers to be equivalent to 6.093 actines. The actinometer is useful in determining the quantity of solar heat which is absorbed in passing through the different strata of the atmosphere, for which purpose the observations must be made at stations differently elevated above the level of the earth or sea. It may also be employed to deterinine the diminution of heat which takes place during eclipses of the sun. See Manual of Scientific Inquiry, published by the English Board of Admiralty. One form of actinometer is sometimes called a photometer. The former name indicates that its purpose is to determine the actinic power of the solar rays, while the latter name indicates a measurer of the intensity of the light. One use of the actinometer is to ascertain the proper time for exposing a plate in the camera, or a sensitized paper in the printing-frame. The box has a spring bottom and a glass and wooden cover. On the under side of the glass are secured a series of thin strips of paper arranged in layers so that each layer projects over the edge of the strip above it, thus producing a graduated semi-transparent medium. The number of layers of any particular point is indicated by black figures on the lowest strips of paper. Upon this false bottom is spread a series of strips of paper rendered sensitive by saturating with alkaline chromate. The apparatus is then exposed to the light, and the strips of sensitive paper will be successively darkened according to the depth of over-lying paper. See PHOTOMETER. Ac'tion. An exertion, applied in machinery to an effective motion; as, A single action; illustrated in the ordinary liftpump, the atmospheric engine, etc. A double action, in which the go and return motions are each made effective or are positively effected by the motor: as the double-acting pump, throwing a stream at each course of the piston; the ordinary high-pressure steam-engine, in which the piston is driven each way by the force of stream. (Music.) The movements or working parts of a stringed or wind instrument, which is operated by A is the key; B, the hammer which falls back upon the check, and a bar mid length of the stock, called the hammer-rail. Cis an adjustable bar on which is mounted the jack, whereby the hammer is actuated. E is the rail to which the hammer is hinged. Ac'u-punct'u-ra'tor. Derived from acus (Lat.), a needle. An acicular instrument for treating certain complaints, such as headaches, lethargies, etc. It is of great antiquity in the East, and of late years it has been introduced somewhat extensively into Europe and the United States. The essential apparatus employed is simply a set of needles set in a handle, or detached needles, which by a slight rotary movement are passed to the required depth beneath the tissues and allowed to remain for a length of time varying from a few minutes to an hour. In the sixteenth century, according to Jerome Cardan, the practitioners of this art travelled from place to place, and rubbed their needles with a magnet or substance which they pretended rendered their insertion painless. Without any such application, however, the punctures are so minute that pain is not felt after the first insertion of the needle. The needles are sometimes used for conducting the galvanic current to parts at some distance beneath the surface of the skin, and are sometimes made hollow for the injection of a sedative into the tissues, for the relief of neuralgic affections. This latter mode of application was suggested by Dr. Alexander Wood of Edinburgh, Scotland. ANESTHETIC APPARATUS. Fig. 27. B c g See It is sometimes called a Dermopathic or Irritation Instrument, and is used to introduce a vesicatory liquid beneath the epidermis. FIRMENICH'S instrument, March 18, 1862, may be considered a type of its class. The piston containing the needles is adjustable in its cylinder, which holds the medicinal preparation. The needles A project through the diaphragm to the required extent, and the epispastic liquid insinuates itself along with the needles into the punctures. KLEE'S acupuncturator, June 19, 1866, has a regulating nut g, to adjust the depth of penetration of the needles which Klee's Acu- project through the diaphragm to conpuncturator. duct the liquid from the cylinder A and 12 ADDRESSING MACHINE. | introduce it through the skin. The needles b are stocked in the piston B, whose stem d is sleeved in the stem-screw cf. In Oriental countries the needles are made of gold or silver. In China their manufacture is regulated by law. They are of different sizes, some about four inches in length and having spiral handles to facilitate their rotation after insertion. They are driven in by a small, lead-loaded hammer with a leathern face. Their use is very common in China and Japan, and was communicated to Europe by the physician to the Dutch Embassy in the seventeenth century. It was revived in France in 1810. The English needles are long, made of steel, and have knobbed heads to facilitate turning after introduction. The tendency here, judging by the patents, is to have the needles in clusters. The operation is well performed by a tubular needle connected with a syringe, by which a weak solution of morphia is injected into a diseased tissue, producing local anesthesia. See ANESTHETIC INSTRUMENTS; HYPODERMIC SYRINGE. For the reverse use of hollow needles, see TROCAR. - A'cus. A needle. As, Acus Cannulata; a trocar, or tubular needle for discharging liquids. Acus Interpunctoria; a couching-needle used in operations for cataract. Acus Ophthalmica; one used in operations for ophthalmia or cataract. Acus Triquetra; a trocar, or three-sided needle. Ac'u-ten-ac/u-lum. A needle-holder or forceps; a needle-handle; a porte-aiguille. A-dapt/er. 1. A glass-tube open at both ends, and used to connect a retort with its receiver. 2. A receiver with two opposite necks, one of which admits the neck of the retort while the other is joined to another receiver. It is used in distillations to give more space to elastic vapors or to increase the length of the neck of a retort. See ALUDEL. 3. A tube to adapt or fit an accessory apparatus to the body of the microscope, as the adapter which carries the analyzer of the polarizing apparatus, etc. Ad'a-tis. A species of fine cotton cloth made in India. Ad-den'dum. (Gearing.) The difference between the real and the geometrical radius of a circular cog-wheel; that is, between the radius of the pitch circle and the outer circle which touches the crests of the teeth. see. Ad'dice. The obsolete name of an adze; which Add'ing Ma-chine'. An instrument or machine by which adding of numbers is effected. See ABACUS; ARITHMOMETER. Ad-dress'ing Ma-chine'. A machine for addressing newspapers and magazines in which the same series of names is repeated from time to time as the day of issue recurs. There are two modes. One is to print the addresses consecutively upon slips which are gummed on the back and fed intermittingly to the cutter which cuts off each address. This is then pressed upon the folded paper or pamphlet, which is placed in position to receive its direction. The other mode is to set up the type of each address in a form, and so arrange the forms that they are successively presented at a spot to which the enveloped papers are consecu tively fed. Over twenty patents have been granted in the United States on machines for this purpose. One of the earlier forms of this device is that de ADDRESSING MACHINE. 13 ADDRESSING MACHINE. scribed in MOESER'S patent, June 24, 1851. The different addresses are set up in columns in a galley, and are brought under the action of a stamp, being moved intermittingly by means of a slide; the addresses are exposed seriatim at a slit in a plate, allowing the paper or object to be printed to be pressed down upon the address beneath the slit of the plate, and shielding the paper from the adjoining lines. This series of addresses forms a mechanical record on which changes may be made as they become necessary. This patent was reissued January 30, 1866, and was extended to the year 1872. CAMPBELL, January 20, 1863. The addresses are set up in parallel columns, and are secured in a common chase. The machine is supported over the chase by end-pieces, and is automatically advanced after each depression of the platen. Resting upon SCHUH, April 26, 1859. The hopper C contains ways which span the chase is a traversing bed-piece the documents, which are discharged consecutively with an upright, affording a pivotal attachment for a lever which alternately elevates and depresses a platen on the guide-rod. The elevation of the lever, by means of the toggle, actuates the wheel, which, mashing into a rack, advances the platen to deliver another impression on an advanced point. After exhausting all the addresses in a given column, the bed-piece is moved laterally to bring the platen into correspondence with the next column. A paper is fed beneath the platen just previous to the down stroke of the lever. form is previously inked so that each address is ready to deliver its impression when called on. The H E TIFFANY AND SOULE, March 20, 1860. The type addresses are contained in a partitional galley or chase, which is moved by a pawl dependent from the platen lever, as the latter is raised. A pinion on the shaft, whose ratchet is thus actuated by the lever-pawl, is the means of forwarding the galley, a cog at a time, and each line of type as it comes to the wide pinion is separated from the rest by elevation so as to expose it at the slit in the plate above, in contact with the paper which is placed upon it below the deFig. 28. Tiffany and Soule's Addressing Machine. scending platen. A sheet metal plate depresses the type after the impression is delivered. SOULE, October 2, 1860. The forms of the addresses are arranged in columns in the chase F, and the plate moves intermittingly above it. The oscillating platen C is pivoted to bearings D, on the plate A, which has a slit brought into correspondence with each address in turn. The plate is advanced intermittingly, after each impression, by the contact of the descending lever with an oblique end to one arm of the bell-crank which is pivoted to the plate, the other end of the lever engaging a rack on the bed-plate. Fig. 30. C Schuh's Addressing Machine. by the movements of a sliding gate which is provided with a heel or step which drives the document before it from beneath the pile. The type addresses are fed down an inclined board H, and thence are forwarded along a level channel E, to the point beneath the platen P. On arriving at this point they are successively r raised by the action of a piston L, which is raised by a cam on a horizontal shaft beneath. The address is elevated to meet the descending platen P, and the paper introduced between them receives the pressure from one and the impression from the other. The type is then forwarded by the type-shifter G, along the elevated channel g, from whence the addresses are removed in gangs. The notice-bell R is actuated by the type at intervals to announce that a certain galley is exhausted. Fig. 31. Davis's Addressing Machine. ADDRESSING MACHINE. 14 ADDRESSING MACHINE. DAVIS, September 6, 1859. The blocks r on | N, which rotates in the wash-tub O, and in contact which the addresses are cut or placed are attached with the type. in compact column, but independently, to a flexible band which runs over two rollers p t, the lower one, t, being of small diameter so as to cause the outer edges of the blocks to separate at the lowest point of their revolution, as seen in the figure. By this separation the lowest block for the time being is distinctly presented to the paper or envelope which is placed beneath it, and raised to the type by the treadle which raises the table a. Fig. 32. Bowlus's Addressing Machine. BOWLUS, May 1, 1860. The endless chain has type-boxes e, which have spring sides for clasping the forms, each of which constitutes an address. The forms are placed in a column in the feed-box 4, are taken one at a time by the pockets in the feed-wheel B, and are transferred to the type-boxes in the endless chain. They are carried by the latter beneath the inking-rollers I, which are presented consecutively to the forms, having previously received ink from the ink-supply rollers GH. The paper-feeding and printing-roller M has a travelling apron which feeds the strip of paper to the forms, and the latter are DOTY, January 26, 1864. This machine is for cutting off addresses from a strip of paper previously printed and gummed on the respective sides. The strip is fed from a spool 0, and is drawn over the concave bed K by the oscillating arm F, whose finger i engages the paper. The gummed side of the paper being underneath is moistened by the wet sponge a, and passes between the stationary cutter E and the descending cutter D, which is depressed by the spring plunger b, and so actuated by the spring d as to make a shear-cut upon the strip of paper as it removes the address. The feed levers Fare pivoted to the frame, and actuated by projections from the descending plunger. In DICK's machine, October 4, 1859, the addresses are set up in columns in a form, and the printed sheet is cut into strips, each of which has a column of addresses. The reverse side is pasted, and the slip is fed forward one address at a time; the descending stamp-shear removes the address and presses it upon the wrapper or the paper, as the case may be. The pressure of the machine on the pile of wrappers operates the cutter and removes the label. In PECK AND WRIGHT'S machine, January 12, 1864, the wooden blocks upon which the addresses are cut are bevelled upon one side, so that a series of them, when placed in a column galley, forms a continuous ratchet, of which each block is a separate tooth by which they are fed forward, preserving the requisite intervals. In some cases the quads of the forms afford teeth by which the column is advanced. BARRINGTON, June 14, 1859. The cylinder has ing them consecutively at the proper point for delivering an impression. MARSHALL, November 1, 1859. The "forms" constitute links of an endless chain, which unwinds from one drum and winds on to another, being inked on their passage by one set of devices, and the consecutive links depressed by a stamp on reaching a certain point of their progress at which is presented the paper or envelope to be superscribed. NORDYKE, March 1, 1859. The envelopes on an endless conveyer are fed beneath the forms which are fed upon one track and discharged upon another, being subjected at a given point to the action of a pressure-roller. CARPENTER, May 5, 1857. The forms are placed in pockets in the periphery of a wheel. The news ADHESION CAR. paper being held above the form, the platen is depressed by a treadle and the impression obtained. On releasing the treadle the spring raises the platen, and the pawl turns the cylinder one tooth, bringing the next name in series beneath the platen. extracted or water carried off. Its discharging end is at the natural surface. A day-level, or sough. The great adit in Cornwall drains the waters from the Gwennap and Redruth mines, and is nearly thirty miles long. It discharges its waters into the sea, forty feet above high-water mark. Adits may be driven either along the course of a vein or bed or through an unproductive stratum of rock, and are frequently run in a direction transverse to the general bearings of the veins or lodes, with a view to exploration; such an adit is termed CAMPBELL, January 17, 1860, patented a machine for printing addresses on the margins of newspapers, simultaneously with the printing of the newspapers, by means of cells or boxes, containing the addresses set up in type and conveyed to the form by means of an endless apron having an auto-a cross cut. matic, intermittent movement. BATLEY, January 17, 1860. The type are arranged on slats, so connected together as to be moved successively through the machine. The papers are fed into the machine by finger bars and spurs, and the addresses elevated in succession to make the impression. LORD, September 7, 1858. The type forming the addresses are inserted in boxes secured spirally on the periphery of a revolving cylinder. The newspapers or envelopes are successively pressed against the type in the boxes by a horizontally reciprocating platen whose action is in concert with the cylinder. The inking apparatus is caused to follow the spiral arrangement of the form, being gradually moved by a screw similar to a lathe-feed screw. HARRILD'S machine (English) consists of a sliding groove of some length, in which is placed a galley containing as many of the required directions as it will hold set up in type and locked up. A treadle moves it along, one notch at a time, under a parchment frisket, till a direction arrives just under the aperture cut in the frisket, the newspaper envelope is laid over it, and the treadle brings a platen down upon the newspaper. The galley then passes along, notch by notch, till its directions are exhausted, when it is superseded by another. Ad-he'sion Car. A car whose wheels are adapted to grasp a rail or to bear upon it in such a way as to have an adhesive or tractive power greater than that due merely to the weight of imposition. Among the forms may be mentioned: - Another form is a wheel with an angularly grooved periphery, which bites the flanges of a double-headed rail. In the early history of railroad engineering many devices, especially the cogged rail, were employed to give adhesion, or tractive grip upon the rail. These were eventually laid aside as more correct views were attained. In climbing inclined planes, however, devices of this kind are yet found useful, and are noticed under the appropriate heads, cited above. In the early working of a mine, the adit, from motives of economy, is made as short as practicable; but as the operations progress it is often advisable to drive another at a lower level and of greater length, to avoid the difficulty of pumping or lifting the wa ter from a considerable depth. Ad-just'ing Screw. A set-screw of an instrument by which one part is moved upon another, either for focus, level, tension, or otherwise. Ad-just'ing Tool. (Horology.) A tool by which the snail of the fusee is regulated so that its increase of diameter may exactly countervail the decreased strength of the spring as it unwinds in the barrel. The object is to obtain an exactly equal power at all times upon the train. Ad'mi-ral. A leading ship of a squadron. (From Sar. Emir, the Sea.) "To be the mast Mr. Of some great ammiral."- - Paradise Lost, B. I. A-do'be. Adobes, or unburnt bricks, are principally in vogue in the plains of Shinar and Egypt, and in China and certain portions of North America inhabited by the Puebla Indians. If well burned, the clay forever loses its plasticity, and cannot again be reduced to a mortar. If it be merely dried, it will assume its original condition, as it came from the pug-mill. Such has lately (1871) been the experience of the Chinese in the vicinity of the Hoang-ho, whose houses of adobes are reduced to mud-heaps by the overflow of the river. Tomlinson, C. E., of London, has treated this matter more fully than any other author writing in our language, and he says: "The first action of heat is to drive off hygrometric water; the clay then becomes dry, but is not chemically changed, it does not cease to be plastic. On continuing to raise the heat, the chemically combined water is separated, and the clay undergoes a molecular change which prevents it from taking up water again except mechanically. With the loss of this chemically combined water clay ceases to be plastic." In the directions which have been published for building with adobes, it is recommended that they should be guarded, by some material impervious to water, from absorbing moisture from the ground, and also that the roof should be made to project not less than two feet in order to shed the water and prevent its running down the walls. These direc Coefficients of Adhesion of Locomotives per Ton upon the tions seem to indicate the weak point, and the ex Driving-Wheels. Lbs. When the rails are very dry, 670 When the rails are very wet, 600 In misty weather, 350 periences derived from the dry plains of Asia and Africa, and the elevated arid regions of Northern Mexico and Lower California, do not apply so well to our more humid climate. The mold for making adobes resembles the ordinary brick-mold in having four sides and having handles at the ends, but no top or bottom. It is much larger, however, and sometimes a pair are placed in a single frame. It is placed in position on the drying-ground, filled with clay, and when the top is smoothed by a striker, the mold is carefully raised, leaving the adobe to dry for a few days, when it is turned to expose the other side. A few weeks of |
