CHAPTER XVIII

COMMERCE AND WAR IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH

CENTURIES

SECTION

172. England a Commercial Power

173. The Beginnings of the Struggle with Spain

174. Cromwell's Commercial Wars and the Navigation Acts.

175. The Wars of William III. and of Anne

176. English Colonies .

177. Further Wars with France and Spain

178. The Struggle for India

179. The Conquest of Canada.

180. Survey of Commercial Progress during these Wars

181. Commercial Events of the Seventeenth Century (Banking—the

Bank of England, National Debt, Restoration of the Currency)

182. Other Important Commercial Events (Darien Scheme, Union of

England and Scotland, Methuen Treaty, Speculation and the

South Sea Bubble)

CHAPTER XIX

MANUFACTURES AND MINING

PAGE

284

285

286

288

290

291

293

295

296

299

301

185. Other Influences Favourable to England. The Huguenot Im-

SECTION

197. Two Examples of Village Life

198. Condition of the Agricultural Population

199. Growth of Population

200. England still mainly Agricultural

201. The Domestic System of Manufacture

CHAPTER XXI

THE EPOCH OF THE GREAT INVENTIONS

202. The Suddenness of the Revolution and its Importance

PAGE

328

331

332

334

336

341

203. The Great Inventors

343

204. The Revolution in Manufactures and the Factories

347

205. The Growth of Population and the Development of the Northern

219. The Results of the Introduction of the Factory System.

220. Machinery and Hand Labour

381

383

227. Factory Agitation in Yorkshire. For and Against

228. Ten Hours' Day and Mr Sadler

229. The Evidence of Facts

230. English Slavery

231. The Various Factory Acts

232. How these Acts were Passed

392

393

SECTION

CHAPTER XXIV

THE CONDITION OF THE WORKING CLASSES

233. Disastrous Effects of the New Industrial System

234. The Allowance System of Relief.

PAGE

407

408

235. The Growth of Pauperism and the Old Poor Law

236. The Poor Law and the Allowance System

410

412

248. The Causes of the Depression (lack of capital, rents, lack of

264. The Power of Labour. Trades Unions and Co-operation. Labour

Politics.

471

265. The Necessity of Studying Economic Factors in History

473

LIST OF MAPS

A 1. PHYSICAL ASPECT OF ENGLAND IN SAXON AND NORMAN

TIMES

To face page 65

A 2. PLAN OF A TYPICAL VILLAGE

Оп

page 84

3. THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN ENGLAND IN 1503 To face page 196 4. THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN ENGLAND IN 1636

263

5. INDUSTRIAL ENGLAND, 1700-1750 (SHOWING POPULATION AND MANUFACTURES)

6. INDUSTRIAL ENGLAND IN 1895 (SHOWING POPULATION AND MANUFACTURES)

PERIOD I

EARLY HISTORY, FROM PRE-HISTORIC TIMES TO THE NORMAN CONQUEST

A