Dexter, NY, Dec. 17th, 1835.

From the London Mechanics' Magazine. SELECT COMMITTEE OF THE HOUSE

and by these means to acquire a motion the cranks HH. FF, are two pipes sub- ave hit upon my plan, I have published and power as effectual and universal in its joined to the bottom of the cylinders, nd his, and shall claim the priority of invenapplication as steam, without its danger continuing perpendicularly upwards, to any ion, as I exhibited drawings of this nearly of explosion. The question naturally oc- height not exceeding 32 feet. AA, are two five years ago. It is a fact worthy of nocurs to a person examining the p'an, "How air-tight chambers, attached to the top of ce, that many important inventions of is the press to be worked?" Undoubtedly the vertical pipes. There are slides or American origin have been brought out in by some auxiliary power, as steam, or by valves in the chambers, by which they can England as original. Your talented corhand. If such is the case, (and that it is be made air-tight, or opened at the proper respondent, RUFUS PORTER, makes mention the article implies,) it should be recollected time. Also pipes for the conveyance of of one case, in the Rifle with a revolving "that whatever force is applied at one point carburetted hydrogen gas, communicating breech-and there are many others. can only be exerted at another, diminished by with an iron retort or generator of gas. The Aeranautical Steam Car published friction and other incidental causes;" and The slides for admitting and excluding the by your correspondent, Rufus Porter, is inalso, "that whatever is gained by the rapid-air, and apparatus for admitting and ignit-deed very similar to the one proposed by ity of execution, is compensated by the neces-ing the gas, and also the parallel motion, me, and the coincidence is somewhat rcsity of exerting additional force." The pow-are not represented in the drawing. The markable: it appears that both communier, then, of the Engine is just equal to the drawing and description above is though ations were received at the same time force necessary to actuate the press, "dimin-sutficiently simple to be well understood. But it was unnecessary for Mr. Porter to ished by friction and other incidentul causes.' without any additional trouble to your en-have supposed that the public would have Hence, if the power of one man is suffi- graver, as the machinery for effecting the thought he had taken any thing from mine, cient to work the press, and consequently changes in different stages of the action is as his communications to this Magazine the Engine, it will be found that (suppos- so simple as to suggest itself very naturally are of such a nature as to convince any ing it applied to navigation) the man would to any one. person that he is a man of different stamp. move the boat with a greater velocity if he We come now to the manner of putting : BUTLER G. NOBLE. worked directly upon the oais or paddles. it in operation. Water, or any other fluid. Now it will be seen that in the "American may be employed. The pipes and cylinHydro-pneumatic Engine" the necessity of ders being filled, let the jet of gas in one of a press is superseded, by continuing a pipe the chambers be fired, and the valves of the subjoined to the bottom of the cylinder per-chamber closed, rendering it air-tight. The pendicularly upwards, and substituting the combustion of the gas produces a vacuum, pressure of a coluian of water for the piston raises the fluid in the pipes from beneath of the press. This pressure is, in its turn, the piston, and allows the other piston to suspended for a time by a pre-existent cause, raise by the pressure of the column of fluid which is put in action without a direct ap-in the other pipe. The vacuum is now deplication of force. An engine might be stroyed by opening a communication with worked with water by means of vertical the external air, and the vacuum being pipes subjoined to a cylinder containing a produced in the other chamber, the water piston, and the piston would be elevated returns to its original position, elevating with a force proportionable to its perpendi- the piston. Thus, a regular reciprocating cular height of pipe. If the water be now motion is obtained, with a force equally apdischarged from below the piston, and the plicable to driving all kinds of machinery supply obstructed, it will descend by its with steam, with none of its danger. And own gravity and the pressure of the atmos- the expense of working is comparatively phere above-a vacuum being formed be- small, nothing being requisite but a small low by the discharge of the water. But fire for heating the retort. the upward motion of the piston will be the most powerful. Now if a cylinder and piston be attached to each extremity of a working beam, the one will be exerting its maximum, while the other is exerting it minimum force, and the motion will be equalized. It is probable this method of using water where the fall is great and the supply small, is the most advania.

References.-BB are two strong cast-iron cylinders, similar to those of a steam engine, but open at the top, containing pis. tons, fitted and packed in the usual manner with piston-rods. C, a working-beam. attached by fixtures for preserving a parallel motion to the pisto -rods at each ex tremity. G, gallows-frame, for the support of the working-beam. DD, two balance wheels, moved by the shackle-bars EE, by

OF COMMONS ON ARTS AND MAN

UFACTURLS.

MINUTES OF EVIDENCE.

Mr. John Jobson Emith, of the firm of Steward, Smith, and Company, Iron Founders, Sheffield, examined:

What branch of manufacture do you par ticularly pursue ?—Iron foundry, applied to

ornaments.

Have you occasion to have models made 1,500 a year in the production of nodels a great extent ?-We expend about of this kind for stoves and fenders alone.

[The witness produced a model of a stove front.]

Are your models, some of them, very beautiful?-They are very beautiful.

Has Sir Francis Chantrey expressed any opinion upon them ?-Sir Francis Chantey has seen some of them, which he said were the finest specimens of iron manufacture which he had seen in the kingdom.

In those works of art, how far is the inventor protected ?-There is no protection at all; we have sent out such a thing as that on Monday morning, and it has len to Manchester, back again to Sheffield, and copied and returned to Manchester before Saturday night. The model which I am now speaking of cost us 501, for men's labor.

It will also be seen that there is a limit to the size, and consequently power, of this Engine, as the pipe for raising the fluid employed cannot exceed 32 feet in height where water is used, and so in proportion to the density of the fluid mercury, oils, and other fluids may be made use of. And a gain, considerable difference may be made in the motion of this Engine by the comparative size of the pipe and cylinder. Where the pipe is small with reference to the area of the piston, the motion will be slow, with a great effective force, and the velocity will be greater where the pipe is larger, with less force. In the fast motion a greater quantity of the gas is con- This, of course, is great injustice, and sesumed in a short time, and it is probable rious loss to the persons that invent the dethe same quantity is consumed in a longer signs?-It is so great a loss, that we shall time in a slow motion. Thus far I have give up continuing it; I suppose that more endeavored to show, in my humble way, and fenders used in England have origithan one-half of the patterns for stove-grates the principle upon which my "Hydro-pneu-nated with us, but the piracy has come to matic Engine" depends for its action. As such an extent, that unless there is sorA before stated, I know not what Mr. G It protection we must give it up altogether. proposes, any more than is contained in the article in your last. But lest he should

Is the copy as good as your original work ?-It is not; but they sell them so much cheaper, because they pay nothing for the production.

What would you suggest as a protec tion ?—I should suggest some place, such

Are there several artists in Sheffield ca-that kind of art to which you allude ?—I pable of producing such models as these? am not aware that there are any except at very great expense.

as the National Gallery or Somerset House,
where those things should be registered and
some mark put upon it, such as the royal-There are several.
cipher or crown, denoting the registry, and
a protection given for a certain time, three
years, perhaps.

Are you aware of the system by which patterns are protected in France?-I am

not aware.

Have the parties who draw those patterns been instructed at all in drawing?

Have they increased of late years ?-No.
Do they get tolerable wages ?—They do
not get very good wages, because the ma-Not at all.
nufacturers in the neighborhood so depend
upon piracy, that they do not employ them;
but if protection were afforded them, each
manufacturer would be forced to employ
an artist.

And the state of the law is such that there is little encouragement to artists ?— A capitalist will not purchase the higher order of talent, because no sooner does he produce it than it is stolen from him. What can an artist obtain per week by devoting his time to the production of moin Sheffield ?-About 31. or 47. if he is a clever man.

You think that if art were better pro-
tected in this country, there would be a
greater demand for beautiful designs?-dels,
There would, because the general taste is
so much better than it was, that very supe-
rior things are now in demand.

To what do you attribute the improve

It is then the best paid labor ?-It is. How many artists do you suppose in Sheffield are solely employed in producing

In the manufacturing towns of France there is a body consisting of one-half workmen and one half masters, and to them the preservation of the patterns is confided by the law; the pattern is examined by this body, whose knowledge of the manufacture is sufficient to ascertain that it is original; the right of the presenter of it is recorded, with a given date, a small sum is paid for a protection for a certain number of years,ment in the public taste ?-I have some-models ?-Not above four. and that record and the preservation of the pattern which is deposited in the hands of this body, enables him at once to enter legal proceedings against any pirater of the patent; do you think any such system of protection could be brought to bear in Eng- Do not you think that the opening of our land, or can you suggest any better system intercourse with the continent has led to a of protection than that?—I should almost great improvement in the national taste? fancy that it would be impracticable in this It has. French ornaments and French country, because there is not such a loca-style have become introduced into this tion of the casting of iron. country, and become ingrafted into our own

times attributed it to the fact of there being
so many fine models in plaster for the ex-
ternal and internal decorations of rooms, by
which means they have become better
spread.

Have you been able, notwithstanding the heavy duties upon this species of article, to export any to France ?-No; we can send none to France; there have been some smuggled to France.

Do you think a central board would an-style. swer the purpose ?-I should think the object might be effected by a central board, where an actual cast of the original model might be deposited and registered, and left there a certain time for examination as to its originality, and the fact of its being registered might be proof of its originality after a certain time.

Have they been all successful?—One of them has not been very successful.

Do not you think the public taste is 80 much improved that encouragement would be found for the production of articles more and more beautiful?-We find that we cannot produce articles too expensive for the public taste of the present day. Could we employ artists of a higher character, I am satisfied that the public would buy whatever was produced.

You think that cost would be no barrier to the sale of beautiful articles of art ?—No; I should not myself hesitate in expending 2001. or 3001. in the production of a model for a grate to-morrow, if I had protection for it; but now it is certain that every Do you think that the foreign models thing worth pirating is pirated in three are superior or inferior to the English-months; many things that are very good In this branch of manufacture I think they are pirated in fourteen days after the time of are inferior. their production.

Would not the great difficulty be, that the persons who purloined patterns are orAre you aware that grates are not used dinarily very inferior men, who could hard- in France ?-They are used in France, I ly repay the damage they have done?-believe; they are porcelain grates very geIt is not the case in articles of this kind, because there must be a considerable capital invested in the manufacture to produce it.

You think if you could verify the fact of your being the inventor, there would not be much difficulty in inflicting the penalty?I think not.

nerally.

Are there persons employed at Sheffield to form those designs on paper ?—No. Have you attended to fenders as well as grates?—Yes.

Are the artists employed at Sheffield generally uneducated, or do they undergo some previous education in art?-They You think it would not be worth the have had no education at all; it is a few while of the inventor to go to the trouble men of natural talent, who have been acciand expense of registering unless the inven-dentally directed to drawing very early, tion was worth protection ?—No. who have followed it up in this way.

Have you a Mechanics' Institution at
Sheffield ?-We have.

What are the class of artists that you Do you know any place in this country employ for the production of patterns?-where a young man could obtain such Some artists in London have been employed knowledge ?-No. to make patterns for this description of goods. The young man that made this which I have produced has had no education in the art; he has studied from nature altogether, and this is a specimen of his production; he has risen so as to have the reputation of being the first in the trade.

Do not they instruct young men gratuitously in design?-They have got several works of design, but there is no instruction given; those works, however, have been of great service.

Is he a person of considerable natural
talent? So much so that we have given
him a share in the business on account of
his natural talent.
Are those models drawn upon paper?-best specimens ?—Yes.
Yes; and if we were to confine ourselves
to publishing them on paper, the law would
give us a title to protection for them, but
as soon as we bring them out in the form
of a manufactured article we lose all right
and title.

Do you think it would be a good thing
to extend the means of instruction in de-
sign among the people ?-Certainly.
And especially to open collections of the

As the taste is perpetually varying, how long would you conceive a sufficient protection to a pattern?--I think three years

would be the least. The custom of the manufacturers of those things is to visit their correspondents once in six months, and it frequently happens that there is some reason for not having a new thing at the time, and it is frequently a twelvemonth before a pattern comes fairly before the public. I think we should have a fair protection for three years.

Unless you give rather a long period to the protection of a design, is not the effect of it to allow only a man of large capital to reap the advantage from the protection, because he only can put out a sufficint quantity of the pattern to remunerate himself?-Yes; every person to produce things of this kind must keep an extensive establishment about him. Besides the payment of the designer and the modeller, there must be workmen who get high wages after they have been designed and modelled.

Would the amount of capital employed in your business depend upon whether you had a protection for two years or three years? No.

Does what you state apply, not only to your own line, but to all other lines in Sheffield ?—Yes.

Have you often heard among artists a wish expressed that the knowledge of art And more especially to steel and plated should become more accessible to them ?-goods ?-All the articles of plated goods Yes. that are stamped.

Do you know any class of persons in this country who are capable of teaching

Have you conversed with persons whom you think most capable of judging of the

propriety of legislative measures to protect such inventions ?—I have.

only a variation from a previous pattern ?|| as Mr. Bone's " Eminent characters of the
-There is the greatest difficulty there: Elizabethan age," should not long ere this
but I think persons would not be willing have been lodged in the British Museum or
to produce a pattern that was doubtful as National Gallery.
to its originality.

Have you turned your attention to the difference or the relative state of china painting in France and England ?--I have seen some French painting on china, and upon the whole I think the finish is much higher.

Is the plan you have suggested of a cen tral board the result of your inquiries among them ?--It was my own opinion. I have not spoken to others respecting the details Do not a great number of ornaments conof the protection, but only generally; and sist of a combination of old materials, and I have the authority of Sir Francis Chan-is it not like'y that any other individual tery to say, that he decidedly coinc.des in might combine these materials in a manner my views, and he thinks that it is most de- so similar as to make it difficult to know sirable that something should be done for whether he had the object of piracy in view,| Do they draw better?--Yes; the French the protection of arts of design. or whether the similarity was not casual? are better draughtsmen, almost in every -There would be so much of the particu- thing; I suppose they have a better opporlar mind and style of the artist, as to fair-tunity of learning; besides it is patronised ly constitute an original. by Government.

Do you consider that the suggestion you have made would be practicable without interfering with the general convenience of manufacturers throughout the kingdom? Is not this particular grate now before -There is a certain class of manufacturers the Committee a combination of common whose convenience it would most materi-ornament --There has never been any ally interfere with, in the same way that thing approaching this before. the police interfere with the practices of certain men.

Unless it were so distinct, would it be worth your while to pay so much to your designer for it ?-Certainly not.

Mr. John Martin examined:

You think for china-painting that instruction in correctness of design is very mnch wanted by our artists ?—Yes.

For instance, you mean in anatomy, ferspective and proportion?--Yes, every branch of art might be obtained in a museum where every one is permitted to go; but there are no professors in the British Museum, and the students can only learn by seeing others draw on the spot from things which are worth drawing; the Elgin marbles, for instance.

You are well known as the painter of many eminent works: in your early professional education, had you occasion to acquire a knowledge of those manufactures Do you not think it desirable that an that depend somewhat on the arts ?--Yes. State what branch you becaine acquaint-artist should possess a knowledge of anatomy ?-Certainly, for the drawing of the hu Inan figure or animals.

You say that you think you ought to have it for three years; by what means could the numerous manufacturers of similar articles throughout the kingdom know when the period had expired-I would say, that upon each article registered there should be a royal cypher and a crown cast, and a penalty should be attached to the casting that without a register, and there should be a penalty attached to casting ited with ?--That of coach-painting. after the period of protection had expired, so that the public would know what arti cles were under the protection.

Suppose you put a crown upon an article on the 27th of July, how could a man that makes similar articles in Scotland, upon seeing one of those grates, discover from it whether your protection commenced in 1835 or 1837-There would be the central register here, which should be open to the public, and he night obtain a drawing of any particular design by applying to the Register-office, and if it was worth his while to make it, it would certrinly be worth his while to apply for a drawing of it; but if it was necessary, the date might be put upon most things; upon a large article it might be done with the greatest facility, but there are many things o small, that we could hardly put the date upon it; for instance, an ornament that would have to be cast in the sand.

What information can you give us on

this portion of the subject ?--I fear very little; only with regard to art there is great deficiency in drawing and coloring, as we know by the works on coach panels, but there is capability of a great deal of improvement, with the assistance of schools,

or rather museums.

ums,

Might it not be desirable to give them. opportunities of understanding ab initio, beginning with the skeleton, and going on to the whole proportion ?—Yes,

And the study of the muscles?-Yes, and proportion, which has never been at

tended to.

It would give, you think, a greater de Would a young man learn all these, acvelopment to art?--Supposing, at muse-cording to this division of labor in the art, such as the British Museum, there merely by a museum ?—I think so, by prc. were professors capable of instructing; I per masters. mean for the study of the human figure, lanscape painting, architecture, and every other useful branch.

You would have masters ?—Yes; masters are necessary to give the proper direction to the pursuits of the student; but one Have you pursued any other branch of master might teach two or three branches manufacture connected with the arts ?-- of the art, as follows: one master should China-painting; when I first came to Lon-teach anatomy and proportion; another, don it was just going out of fashion, for it architecture, isometrical perspective and depends on fashion when not sufficiently perspective; a third, landscape and nature advanced by the assistance of art. in general; indeed, professors might be appointed to teach every branch of art, soience, and literature; as in the British Museum every thing requisite is on the spot, and few alterations in the establishment would be needed. The National Gallery, and the National Gallery of Practical Science, might become branches of the British Museum. The grand object of a student Do you suppose that instruction is re- should be to divide his time so as not to quired for the artist in china-painting? lose any, and not to give too much study Yes, a knowledge of drawing is decidedly to one pursuit or branch of the art. I firmnecessary; it was their knowledge of draw-ly believe that the arts are useful to every ing, &c. that made Mr. Muss and Mr. branch of manufacture in the land; there Marsh so superior to others; but owing to is hardly a branch one can name that is the decline of china-painting they were not useful, from the lowest to the highest compelled to leave it; and it has since en- state of society; even to our legislature, tirely gone to the ground. drawing is useful, for they are not capable When you speak of painting in china, of judging of a plan without a knowdo you include in that enamel-painting? ledge of it; and they are consequentPainting on china is a sort of enamel-paint-ly compelled to apply to practical men, and sometimes to dull-headed practical men, who are likewise often unacquainted with drawing, to have their opinion on any new principle in plans that may be laid before them.

What do you think of the state of art in
regard to china-painting?--It is very low
Do not you think, that if there was not indeed, in consequence of the deficient
the facility of copying that now exists, any knowledge in drawing and the arts in ge-
new invention would be more slowly pro-eral; I believe it has gone down considera-
mulgated through the people ?--We visi
every town in England twice a year, and
therefore the whole country has an oppor-
tunity of having those things if they please.
The fact is, that instead of each house
making designs for itself, or each employ
ing an artist competing with the artist of
another house, there are not above two or
three now producing models for the whole
of the kingdom.

bly since Mr. Muss and Mr. Marsh (who
was a very eminent flower-painter at that
time) left it.

Do you think it would be possible to ef
fect the object in this way, by allowing the
inventor to permit other persons to use the
invention upon payment of a certain sum to
himself?I do not think that could be
done. I think men would be more dis-ing, but that which is generally under-
posed to produce their own, than to live stood by enamel-painting is the style in
upon the reputation of their neighbors. which Mr. Bone and Mr. Muss attained
Is not there great difficulty in discover- such pre-eminence; that it is strange that
ing what is a distinct pattern, and what is so splendid and truly national a collection

Have you any other observations to offer || painting ?-Glass-painting has fallen al-lieve the principal glass-painters remain* as to china-painting ?-No more. nost to the same level as china-painting; ing.

ion, as it did when it was merely a passing thing, except that it would pass into other countries, and the beauty of design and workmanship would be admired in foreign countries, and be valuable in the commerce of that article.

You conceive, that were the artists in but it might be greatly superior now to At the present time you think the cause structed better in the principles of drawing, what it was in ancient times. There is of the badness of execution is owing to by improving the beauty of their produc- in ignorant opinion among people that the want of education in drawing ?tions, you would extend their sale ?-Yes the ancient art of glass-painting is com- Partly so; I should have painted some of and it would not depend too much on fashpletely lost; it is totally void of founda. my own subjects, as the effect produced ion, for we can carry it to a much high-on glass would be particularly adapted to er pitch than the ancients, except in one them, if the experiments, &c. had been particular color, which is that of ruby, less expensive. I have always regretted and we come very near to that. We can the cost of the experiments, as works exblend the colors and produce the effects ecuted on plate-glass on a very large of light and shadow, which they could scale would have been most magnificent At present, in china-painting, do we in-not do, by harmonising and mixing the in cathedrals or great public buildings; vent designs, or simply copy old ones al colors in such a way, and fixing by pro- the knowledge and experience we had ready existing ?-When I commenced, I per enamelling and burning them, that gained from our various experiments invented my own designs, but that was pe-they shall afterwards become just as per- would have enabled us to produce grander culiar, perhaps, to me; Mr. Muss and Mr. nauent as those of the ancients, with the works than had ever yet been seen in Marsh used occasionally to design their additional advantage of throwing in supe. public buildings. I did not leave this branch of art without establishing a mode as long as glass-painting is an art. which has been, and will remain in use

own.

rior art.

artist wants instruction in corretness of
Do you think that the glass-painting
design as much as the china-painter ?—
Yes, more, as it is a higher branch of art;
but one of the greatest drawbacks of glass.
painting, and the great cause of its be.

At present do we invent as much, or copy more?—It has fallen so low, that wha is done is not worthy of being called invention; the French are beating us hollow. Independently of extending the sale of works of art, you would think you would confer on then a permanently intellectual interest, were the artists well instructed?ng neglected, is this: it is so liable to beings which were purchased by Lord En

Yes; when we understand drawing, we cannot bear to look at a thing ill drawn; it affects the feelings in an unconfortable

manner.

broken, that no person can venture to
pay the artist sufficintly for his labor, on
account of the thin and brittle material
on which he is obliged to work.

You think there is a want of encour

Why did you discontinue it ?—I could not get a sufficient price for a highlyfinished work to pay for the hazard; I painted some very highly-finished paintnismore, who was very fond of glasspainting, and I finished Mr. Charles Muss's works, when he died in 1824.

After you left glass-painting you be came historical painter and engraver, and have executed your own designs?—

Yes.

Do you not think that the Wedgwood ware, which is made from the cheapest agement ?-Yes, or else glass-painting and commonest materiais, by being made must have surpassed all other branches of of beautiful forms and being covered by art in splendor, as it is capable of pro those original compositions?-Not the Is there any protection for copyright in beautiful designs, has attained a rank inducing the most splendid and beautiful otherwise could not have obtained ?—Yes, effects, far superior to oil-painting or waleast; for the expense is so great, that certainly; they are beautiful works of art,ter-colors; for, by the transparency, we even if we gain our action we sustain and though of the commonest materials, we have the means of bringing in real light, great loss, and can only recover so much are delighted with the forms. Painting and have the full scale of nature as to as we can prove has been sold; and it is will only interfere with the beauty of the light and as to shadow, as well as to the no easy matter to prove more than the form when it is very excellent; it is a rule richness of color, which we have not in sale of one or two prints, although we may know a thousand have been sold; we are in composition never to put an ugly object oil-painting nor in water-color. before a graceful one. When you were employed painting on my own person experienced great therefore ruined if we go to law. I have You mean that genuine beauty becomes glass, did you find the Excise laws pre-losses from the system, as the French copermanent, and independent of fashion?-sent any great obstacle to the improve-pies of my works are brought over from Yes, accidental circumstances can never ment ?--Yes, that was the greatest obsta- France and sold in every part of the counaffect real beauty; I have seen beautiful cle. We intended to make experiments try. I was told that various shops in pieces of china in form disfigured by bad on plate-glass; I did, and succeeded with Windsor had got my works lithographed painting; in consequeuce of that, I have it, but the expense of plate at that time, and selling at very low prices, to my com. my china generally without any painting, in consequence of the heavy duty, finally plete ruin; and if I am not protected by as I like the form undisturbed; and though put an end to those experiments, as we the other cost more, I would rather have could neither afford to purchase such ex-tirely to leave that branch of the professome new law, I shall be compelled engiven the larger price for the plain china, pensive glass, nor to erect larger anneal- sion by which I live; for my pictures are than for that which was painted, unlessing-kilns, for if not properly annealed,| so extensive and cost me so much labor the painting was good. the glass is liable to fly. I believe I was that I cannot subsist by painting, as very Do you think china-painting might be the only person who made experiments few can pay me 1,000l. or 2,000l., and I come an extensive means of developing de- on plate-glass; they were supposed to signs? Yes, it is perpetually before us; be successful, only 1 could not afford every day we see china; at all our meals to carry them on, for the reason before the elegant and beautiful china is always given. This is the principal cause of the before us; we are delighted with a piece fall of painting on glass, but if I could of beautiful workmanship, and it might be have made my experiments duty-free, I rendered very cheap if there were a great should have succeeded, for the plate number of clever draughtsmen as chinapainters, but you could not find them now. Few things come so constantly under the eye as china ?-No, very few.

Can you give any information as to the state of glass-painting ?-Yes, I was more occupied by glass-painting than any other branch before I became an artist.

Have the goodness to give the Com. mittee such information as you have been induced to collect on the subject of glass.

cannot execute them for less.

What is the principal defect; this expensiveness of the law ?—Yes, in a great measure; it costs so much money to carry the law into execution, and as it is not exactly clear, we are not sure, after all, that we shall not be beaten, though our proofs are ever so good. The person may come forward with false witnesses, and swear that he did not sell.

glass is so thick that it would be safe
from being broken by ordinary means,
and it has besides another advantage, that
plates can be obtained sufficiently large
But you have obtained an injunction?
to obviate the necessity for those bars-No, I cannot get an injunction; I ap-
which interrupt the present works.
plied for one to prevent a person from
Are the artists who pursue glass-paint-exhibiting a copy of my work in a sort
ing now well educated in drawing ?-No, of diorama of Belshazzar's Feast, in Ox-
the want of that knowledge has helped ford street, and that person contested it
its decline; Mr. Hedgland, the architect, with me. This diorama was a most in.
Mr. Hoadly and Mr. Oldfield, are, I be famous piece of painting, and the public

Is there any remedy that presents itself to your mind for protection ?—Yes; I think I could be protected with regard to the law of copyright of engravings, &c., and take this opportunity of showing how incorrect is any opinion that may prevail

in Meeting, August, 1835, London and Edinburgh Philadelphia Mag., vol. vii., p. 302.]

ON AN ECONOMIC APPLICATION OF ELECTRO

were given to understand that I was the museum about once in the fortnight or painter; this was ruming my reputation, month; say in the following towus, name. and at the same time taking that from me ly, for England, London, Bath, Liver. which ought to be my own, my copyright.pool, Birmingham, Hull, and Newcastle. I ought to have the power of demanding upon-Tyne; for Scotland, Edinburgh and MAGNETIC FORCES TO MANUFACTURING PURso much money for permission, but this Glasgow; and for Ireland, Dublin and Cork,ration of iron from brass and copper filings, BY ROBERT MALLETT.-The sepacopy was made not only without my for the purpose of receiving and register leave, but my name given as the pain-ing impressions of original works, after refusion of them into brass, is commonly &c., in work-shops for the purpose of the ter. I endeavored to stop the cxhibition which the copyright should be considered effected by tedious manual labor. Several by an injunction, but was referred to aas fixed; and all false copies found in bar or horse shoe magnets are fixed in a jury. any part of the United Kingdom, after wooden haudle, and are thrust, in various the copyright has been fixed, should be directions, through a dish or other vessel seized. We should, likewise, have the containing the brass and iron turnings, power of seizing all foreign copies as &c., and when the magnets have become smuggled goods, and treating the posses by frequent strokes of a brush. This is an loaded with iron, it is swept off from them sors accordingly. Thus no print should be protected unless deposited at the Mu-exceedingly troublesome and inefficacious as to the sufficiency of the present protec-seum, or whatever othor place or places It appeared to the author that a temporamight be appointed; I think by that itry magnet of great power, formed by the would be put a stop to. I would have it circulation of an electric current round a bar at the British Museum, certainly; it of iron, might be substituted adventageouswould be desirable also to have them ily. The following is the arrangement which each manufacturing town. he has adopted. Several large round bars of iron are bent into the form of the capital letter U, each leg being about six inches long. They are all coated with coils of silk-covered wire, in the usual way of formfive or six inches from each other. ing electro-magnets of such bars, and are then arranged vertically, at the interval of

(To be continged.)

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES INTO

LAWS

THE

tion; for the plagiarist is not only safe
from prosecution on account of the ex-
pense of such prosecution outweighing all
the advantages that can be derived from
a verdict; but as in my own case, he
even comes into the field with a cheaper
production, supported by all the effect of
the advertisements, and other expensive
means of publicity that my own perferm.
OF THE MOTION OF FLOATING BODIES.
ances had led me to adopt. He not only these inquiries to assist in bringing to per-
By J. S. RUSSELL.-It was the object of
robs me of my ideas, but establishes afection the theory of Hydrodynamics, and as-
lucrative trade on the effects of my pecu-certain the causes of certain anomalous facts
niary outlay; wherefore I have always in the resistance of fluid, so as to reduce
thought, and I still think, that the copy- them under the dominion of known laws.
right should remain in the person of the
The resistance of fluids to the motion of
designer, so long as he lives, and of his floating vessels is found in practice to differ
heirs, so long as they possess the works, widely from the theory, being, in certian ca-
the same as any other property, unless, of ses, double or trible of what theory gives,
course, there be a distinct written agree-less. These deviations have now been as-
and in other and higher velocities, much
ment to the contrary. That it should be certained to folk w two simple and very
so is obvious, but there is not in fact any beautiful laws-1st. A law giving a certain
real protection to copyright, owing to the emersion of the body from the fluid as a
uncertain state of the law on the subject. function of the velocity. 2nd. A law give
Supposing, for example, that in the case ing the resistance of the fluid as a function
of pirated copies of my engravings, I do of the velocity and magnitude of a wave
by chance obtain a verdict from a jury, propagated through the fluid, according t
I can only recover the amount of what I
the law of Lagrange. These two laws
can prove the defendant to have actually to the following
comprehend the anomalous facts, and lead
sold, which is my s le compensation for
the thousands that are known to have been

process.

into one bundle at their respective poles, All the wires from these coils are collected and there joined into one by soldering, a large wire being placed in the midst of them and amalgamated. A galvanic battery is provided, which, if care be taken in making the junctions at the poles, &c, need not exceed four, or, at most, six pairs of plates, of from twenty inches to two feet square.The poles of this terminate in cups of mcrcury, which are so placed that the large terminal wires of all the coils can be dipped into them, or withdrawn easily.

chanical. The required motions are takin The rest of the arrangement is purely me. from any first mover, usually a steam eng n. The previously described arrangement Leg complete, a chain of buckets is so contr as to carry up and dis harge over the top of the magnets a quantity of the mixed metal! e 1. That the resistance of the fluid to the particles: mos of the iron adheres to the motion of a floating body will rapidly in- magnets, while the so far purified brass falls into a dish or tray placed beneath to receive crease as the velocity of the body rises to wards the velocity of the wave, and will be. This latter is also one of a chain of dishcome greatest when they approach nearest to equality.

Results.

so'd, but which it would be impossible to
prove by evidence, since open book ac-
counts of such transactions are never kept.
Or take another case, of a picture being
copied for a dioramic or other exhibition; 2. Thai when the velocity of a body is
suppose that on applying for the injunc- rendered greater than that due to the wave,
tion, his Honor is not able to distinguish the motion of the body is greaily facilita
the difference between a picture of Bel- ted: it remains poised on the summit of the
shazzar's Feast and a piece of lace, and wave in a position which may be one of
leaves it for a jury to decide whether as able equilibrium; and this effect is suc!
diorama is to be considered a painting, that at a velocity of nine miles an hour the
or a copy coming under the meaning of resistance is less than at a velocity of six
the Act; all the satisfaction I obtain is
heavy law expenses, with a certainty of
an enormous increase if I hazard an ac.
tion. The above cases are enough to
4. It is established that there is in every
prove that there is no efficient protec-navigable stream a certain velocity at which
tion; but there are many other ways of will be more easy to ascend the rive
infringing a copyright, one of which is, against the current than 10 descend with
that any unprincipled person may copy the current. Thus, if the current flows at
an early and most imperfect work, and the rate of one mile an hour in a stream
publish it as if just executed, although vith the velocity of eight miles an hour on
our feet deep, it will be easier to ascen
the publication of such a puerile attemp' the wave, than to descend with the same
would never have been sanctioned by the velocity behind the wave.
artist from a regard to his own reputa.
tion. I will venture to suggest a method
of protection; a committee of gentlemen
and artists might be appointed to sit at the

miles behind the wave.

3. The velocity of the wave is independent of the breadth of the fluid, and varies with the square root of the depth.

es, the horizontal motion of which is so regulated that the interval between two dishinterval of time between two successive es is immediately unde the magn ts, in the discharges of the mixed particles on the

bars.

is

At this juncture the communication between the galvanic battery and the magne's interrupted by withdrawing the wires from the cups of mercury, and the result is, that the greatest part of the adhering iron drops off and falls in the space between the two dishes. The next dish now comes under the magnets, the communication is restored, and a fresh discharge from the buckets takes place, and so the process is continued.

Some iron constantly adheres to the magnets but this is found of no inconvenience, is it bears but a small proportion to the tctal quantity separated.

The author has had an imperfect apparatus of the sort above described at work for some time, and has found it to answer; and suggests the application of electro-magnets for somewhat as analagous objects in vari5. That vessels may be propelled on the ous manufactures. He particularly mensummit of waves, at the rate of betwee- tions needle and other dry grinding.[Protwenty and thirty miles an hour.-[Proceedceedings of the British Association: Lond. ings of the British Association at the Dub and Edinb. Phil. Mag., vol, vii.. p. 305.]