210. What is the breadth of the temperate Zones ? A. About 2970 miles each.

211. What are the seasons of the temperate Zones?

A. Four Spring, Summer, Autumn or Fall, and Winter. 212. What climate do the temperate Zones enjoy?

A. They enjoy a more equal and healthy climate than any other parts of the earth.

213. Do the temperate Zones equal the torrid Zone in the number of their vegetable productions?

A. The vegetable productions of the temperate Zones are neither so numerous nor luxuriant as those of the torrid Zone. 214. What are the principal vegetable productions of the temperate Zones ?

A. Corn, wheat, and rice, with apples, peaches, pears, olives, and figs.

215. Are the animals of the temperate Zones like those of the torrid Zone ?

A. No: they are generally of smaller size, and are less numerous and ferocious.

216. Of what kinds are the animals of the temperate Zones ? A. Of the domestic and useful kinds mostly.

217. What are some of the domestic animals?

A. The horse, camel, ox, ass, mule, sheep, hog, and dog. 218. What are some of the wild animals?

A. The bear, wolf, buffalo, elk, deer, and fox.

219. What are the colour and character of the inhabitants of the temperate Zones ?

A. Those of the north temperate Zone in particular have white or fair complexions, and generally more strength of body and mind than the inhabitants of the other Zones. 220. For what are they distinguished?

A. For industry, enterprise, and learning.

221. What do they comprise?

A. The most civilized and improved portion of mankind. 222. What Zone lies south of this country?

223. What Zone separates the north temperate and south temperate Zones from each other?

224. In what Zone do we live?

225. Where are the frigid Zones situated?

A. Between the polar circles and the poles.

226. How are they distinguished?

A. The one north of the equator is called the north frigid Zone, and that south of the equator the south frigid Zone. 227. Where is the north frigid Zone situated?

A. Between the arctic circle and the North Pole.

228. Where is the south frigid Zone situated?

A. Between the antarctic circle and the South Pole.

229. Why are the Zones about the poles called frigid?

A. Because the climate is excessively cold.

230. Why is the climate of these Zones colder than that of other parts of the earth?

A. Because the rays of the sun are less direct, and impart a smaller degree of heat than in countries nearer the Equator. 231. What are the frigid Zones covered with?

A. Chiefly with ice and snow.

232. What are the seasons of the frigid Zones?

A. Two: a long cold winter and a short summer, without spring or autumn.

E

233. What fruits are found in the frigid Zones ?

A. Only a few small berries which grow in those parts nearest to the temperate Zones.

234. What kind of animals live there?

A. None but the most hardy, as the White Bear, MuskOx, Reindeer, &c.

235. What are the number, stature, and colour of the inhabitants? A. They are but few in number, of short stature, and have dark complexions.

236. In what are they deficient?

A. In intelligence, being ignorant of reading and writing, and generally without education.

219

QUESTIONS ON THE DIFFERENT ZONES.

(The first Map of the Atlas before the learner.)

237. On map of the world, No. 1, Western Hemisphere, point out the countries that are in the Torrid Zone.

A. They are part of Mo.,* the whole of C.-Aa., N.-Ga., Ga., Pu., Bl.

238. Point out the Islands in the Torrid Zone, beginning at the lefthand side of the map.

A. They are Sh., Me., Ns., Fy., Fe., N.-Ca., Sy., Gn., Ms., Gs., W.-Is., C.-Ve.

239. Point out the countries in the Torrid Zone, on the Map of the Eastern Hemisphere.

A. They are part of the Gt.-Dt., the whole of Sa., Ga., L.-Ga., Sn., Ea., Zr., part of Aa., part of Hn., Sm., part of Ca.

240. Point out the Islands in the Torrid Zone, in the Eastern Hemisphere, beginning at the left hand.

A. They are S.-Ha., part of Mr., Ma., Cn., Sa., Ja., part of Fa., Hn., Pe., Le., Ce., Bo., Cs., Se., Tr., N.-Ga., N.-Id., N.-Bn., Le., part of Aa.

241. Point out the countries in the North Temperate Zone, of the Western Hemisphere.

A. They are a part of Aa., part of N.-Bn., Lr., part of Gd, the whole of Ca., U.-Ss., part of Mo.

*The letters Mo., C.-Aa., &c., are the first and last letters of the names of those countries that the learner is required to point out on the map.

242. Point out the islands.

A. They are the An., Vs.,* Nd., As.

243. Point out the countries in the North Temperate Zone of the Eastern Hemisphere.

A. They are a part of Sa., Fe., Sn., By., part of the Gt.Dt., Et., Aa., Iy., Ty., Pa., part of Aa., Ty., part of Hn., Tt., part of Ca.

244. Point out the islands.

A. They are Id., Bh.-Is., Sn., Jo., Nn., Ku., Lo., part of Fa.

245. Point out the countries in the South Temperate Zone of the Western Hemisphere.

A. They are Ci., Bs.-As., Pa.

246. Point out the islands.

A. They are N.-Zd., Ce., Fd., Ta.-Fo., S.-Sd., S.-Oy., S.Ld., part of Gs.-Ld.

247. Point out the countries in the South Temperate Zone of the Eastern Hemisphere.

A. They are Ce.-Cy., Ca., part of Aa., V.-D.-Ld.

248. Point out the islands.

A. They are Tn.-Aa., Mn., and Cs., Ks., part of Mr., part of Aa., Vn.-Ds.-Ld.

249. The countries in the North Frigid Zone of the Western Hemisphere, are part of Aa., part of Nw.-Bn., part of Gd.

250. The countries in the North Frigid Zone of the Eastern Hemisphere, are Ld., part of Aa., with the islands Sn., Na., Za., N.-Sa.

251. The only land in the South Frigid Zone of the Western Hemisphere, is a part of Gs.-Ld., Va.-Ld.; and in the South Frigid Zone of the Eastern Hemisphere there is Es.-Ld. and the Ac.-Ct.

In what Zone do the United States lie? N. Te.
What Zone contains the largest animals? Td.
Which Zones contain the most useful animals?

Which Zones produce the most hardy animals?

Te.
Fd.

Which Zone is most subject to violent storms of wind? Td.

In which Zone are the people the most industrious? N. Te.

Which zone is the most subject to earthquakes? Td.

In which zone is the climate most healthful? Te.

Which of the Temperate Zones contains the most powerful and civilized nations? N. Te.

* The proper name of this island is Quadra and Vancouver's, but it is usually called Vancouver's.

22

POLITICAL DIVISIONS.

252. The inhabited parts of the earth have been from very early times divided into Empires, Kingdoms, Republics, and States, of various kinds.

253. What is an Empire?

A. A tract of country usually governed by an Emperor. 254. How are Empires sometimes composed?

A. Of countries immediately joining each other, which form a compact body; as the Empire of Austria.

255. What do other Empires comprise? .

A. Tracts of country separated by vast oceans, and situated in different parts of the earth, as the British Empire. 256. What is a kingdom?

A. A tract of country usually governed by a king, as Prussia, Spain, &c.

A. Magnificent buildings, usually inhabited by Emperors, Kings, or other distinguished persons.

258. What is a Republic?

A. A country whose laws are made by representatives chosen by the people; as the United States, &c.

259. How are Empires, Kingdoms, Republics, &c., subdivided?

A. Into governments, as in Russia; departments, as in France; cantons, as in Switzerland; provinces, as in Spain and Portugal; and states, as in the United States, Mexico, &c. 260. Into what are the various states which form our Republic subdivided?

A. Into counties, except in South Carolina, where they are