3125 -The boundaries of California, Texas, and the new Territories, recently organized be Congress, are in this edition correctly represented on the Map of the United States, in the Atlas el the wit corresponding therewith is properly arranged in the Geography. Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1849, by S. AUGUSTUS MITCHELL, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. PRINTED BY SMITH AND PETERS, 635 (4) TO THE THIRD REVISED EDITION. ་་་ THE various changes, political and territorial, that have occurred in our own country, as well as in other parts of the world, within the last few years, have rendered indispensable a new revision of the present Geography and Atlas. In making the necessary alterations and addi tions, the latest and most authentic sources of information have been in all cases consulted; and special care has been taken to avoid infringing in any manner upon the original arrangement and style of the work; while the improvements introduced into it are believed to be of such a nature as will assist in sustaining its high character, and materially increase its usefulness for the purposes of education. The recent conquest of the Mexican provinces of Upper California and New Mexico, and their cession to the United States, as well as the organization of the new territory of Minnesota, have all been appropriately treated in the text, and their position and bounds correctly f represented on the general map of the United States; while, at the same time, on many of the state maps, such improvements have been made by the insertion of New Counties, Railroads, Towns, &c., as are demanded by the rapid social increase of all sections of the Union. The Maps of Foreign Countries also have received such corrections as recent changes have rendered necessary. The addition of a new Map in the Atlas, comprising Mexico, Guatimala, and the West Indies, will still further enhance the value of that portion of the work, and render it the most complete of all the books of its class. Since the first publication of the present work, ten years ago, it has undergone three distinct revisions, and very considerable additions have been made in every portion of it. The Maps of the Atlas have been increased from sixteen to twenty-eight in number, the geogra. phical and statistical tables have been added entire, and a variety of necessary alterations have been made in the text, the whole of which the author and publishers are pleased to learn have been highly approved by their numerous friends among the Teachers in all parts of the Union; and they confidently hope that the present edition will be found still more entitled to the high degree of popular favour with which the former impressions have been every where received. PHILADELPHIA, October 1st, 1849. INTRODUCTION. GEOGRAPHY is a description of the world, with its inhabitants and productions. It is not only an entertaining and curious, but highly useful study. It opens and enlarges the mind; gives a true knowledge of the various situations of countries, with their rivers, mountains, &c.; and is of such importance in history, that without it, nothing can be understood with either satisfaction or correctness. It must have attracted the attention of mankind at a very early period. The desire to become acquainted with the country they lived in, and to determine and establish its boundaries, would naturally direct their attention to it. The study of Geography will enable young persons, when they hear of distant countries, to tell where they are situated-what are their pro ductions-how they are governed, and what kind of people live there To know these things is very important, and will give all who are acquainted with them an advantage over those who possess not such knowledge: it will be a satisfaction to themselves and to their parents; and will be a proof that they have attended well to their studies. TO THE PUPIL. The engraving on the opposite page is a picture of one side of our earth, as it would appear if seen from a great distance. It rolls like an immense ball through the heavens, surrounded on every side by the planets and the countless myriads of stars, all performing their stated motions under the guidance of the great Creator who first called them into existence. Men live on, and are constantly walking about, this great ball, the earth. Cities and towns are built on it; trees and plants grow on it and ships sail on the sea: yet the earth is all the time turning round and round, as if you rolled a ball or an apple on the floor, or threw it from you into the air. All this is true; but it is hard to understand. It is done by the power of God, who made us, and all things on the earth, with the sun, the moon, and the vast multitude of stars we see in the sky. "In the beninning, God created the heaven and the earth: the heavens, and all the host of them." Gen. I. II. (6) 1. What is Geography? Ans. A description of the surface of the Earth. 2. What is the surface of the Earth? A. It is the outside part. 3. How is the surface of the Earth divided? A. Into land and water. 4. How much of the earth's surface is Land? A. About one-fourth. On the map of the World, No. 1., in the Atlas, you will see that there is a great deal more water than land on the earth. The coloured part shows the land; the rest is water. 5. How much more water than land is there on the Earth? A. There is at least three times more. 6. What is the name given to the chief part of the water on the sur. face of the earth? A. The Sea, or Ocean. 7. Is the water of the Ocean salt or fresh? A. It is salt. 8. How does the Ocean appear ? A. Blue and boundless, like the sky. 9. How wide is it? A. In some places, 10,000 miles wide; in others, 3000 and 4000, so that ships may sail for weeks, and even months, without coming to land. 10. In what way does the Ocean benefit mankind? A. It furnishes an abode for innumerable fishes, which are the means of supplying millions of mankind with food and employment: besides this, the ocean renders intercourse between distant countries easy and rapid. 11. For what purpose do ships sail on the Ocean? A. They carry the productions of our own country to other parts of the world, and bring back in return things that are useful to us. 12. What do our ships take to other countries? A. They take cotton, flour, tobacco, rice, and inany other articles. 13. What do they bring back in return? A. From some countries, they bring woollen, cotton, and silk goods, which are useful to us for clothing; from some, coffee and sugar; and from others, gold and silver. 2 14. What is the trade carried on in ships called? A. It is called Commerce, and is highly useful to mankind. 15. How is it useful? A. It gives employment to vast numbers of men; and by it we become acquainted with other parts of the Earth. 16. In what other way does the Ocean benefit mankind? A. The vapour or fog which rises from the ocean, forms rain, which waters the earth, and fills our springs and rivers. |