124. How are they represented on the Maps? By lines crossing from side to side.

125. What are the Meridians?

Circles extending from Pole to Pole through the Equator. 126. How are they represented on the Maps?

By lines extending from the top to the bottom.
Point out on map No. 1., the Parallels and Meridians.

127. How are geographical circles divided?

A. Every circle is supposed to be divided into 360 degrees and every degree into 60 geographical miles or minutes. 128. What is the length of a degree of a great circle?

A. Sixty-nine and a quarter common miles.

129. How will you find the number of miles in any given number of degrees?

A. By multiplying the degrees by 694.

12.

LATITUDE.

130. What is latitude?

A. It is distance from the Equator either north or south. 131. How is latitude divided?

A. Into north and south latitude. All countries situated north of the Equator, are in north latitude; and those south of it, are in south latitude.

132. How is latitude represented on maps?

A. By lines drawn across the map from side to side. These are called parallels.

133. How is latitude numbered?

A. The numbers are marked on the sides of the map, at the ends of the lines of latitude.

134. How is latitude counted?

A. In degrees from the Equator towards the poles, from 1 to 90.

135. How can you distinguish between north and south latitude? A. If the numbers increase from the bottom towards the

top of the Map, it is North Latitude; but if they increase from the top towards the bottom, it is South Latitude.

136. On Map of the World, No. 1, Eastern Hemisphere In what latitude is Europe? Ans. N. Le.

137. In what latitude is Australia? Ans. S. Le.

138. In what latitude is Africa? Ans. Partly in N. and partly in S. Le.

139. In what latitude is Asia? Ans. N. Le.

140. On the Western Hemisphere. In what latitude is Nort America ? Ans. N. Le.

141. In what latitude is South America?

Ans. N. Le. and S. Le.

142. What latitude have places on the Equator?

A. They have no latitude, for latitude begins on the Equator.

143. What is the latitude at the Poles?

A. It is 90 degrees, which is the full extent to which latitude is carried.

144. What is the meaning of the word latitude?

A. It means breadth; it was applied long ago to distances north and south, because the world was supposed to be much less in extent in that direction than from east to west.

145. Do the degrees of latitude vary in length?

A. They are nearly all alike, being about 694 miles each. In consequence of the earth being flattened at the poles, the degrees of latitude increase slightly in extent in going either north or south; but 694 miles is a fair average of their extent.

13

LONGITUDE.

146. What is longitude?

A. It is distance east or west from an established meridian. 147. How is longitude represented ?

A. By lines running from the top to the bottom of the map. 148. How is it reckoned?

A. In degrees east and west; on our maps it is reckoned from the meridians of Greenwich and Washington.

149. How is it counted?

A. From the place of beginning, 180 degrees each wav

Ꭰ

therefore the longitude of a place cannot be more than 180 degrees east or west.

150. How is it marked?

A. Generally in numbers on the top and bottom of the map, at the end of the meridians.

On map of the world, No. 1, the longitude is marked on the Equator, consequence of a want of room at the ends of the lines; but on maps, os. 3, 4, 5, 6, &c., it is marked at the top and bottom of the maps. 151. How can you distinguish between east and west longitude? A. If the numbers increase towards the right hand, it is east longitude; but if they increase towards the left hand, it is west longitude.

152. Are the degrees of longitude of the same length as those of Latitude?

A. On the Equator they are very nearly of the same length as those of latitude, but no where else.

153. How do they differ from those of latitude?

A. They constantly decrease as we go either north or south from the equator towards the poles, where the meridians all meet, and the longitude ceases.

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154. What is the meaning of the word longitude?

A. It signifies length. It was used for this purpose because formerly the earth was supposed to be much longer from East to West than from North to South.

155. On some of the maps the longitude is marked on the top from Greenwich, and on the bottom from Washington, the difference being 77 degrees. The same lines serve to express the longitude of both places, and are numbered accordingly.

156. How do nations generally reckon longitude?

A. From the capital of their own country.

157. We reckon ours from the city of Washington; the English from Greenwich; the French from Paris; and the Spaniards from Madrid

158. On the Equator a degree of longitude is 694 miles in length at 42 degrees of latitude it is only three-fourths of that extent; at 60 degrees it is one-half; at 75 degrees one quarter; and at the poles it is nothing.

159. Places on the Equator have no latitude, and those on the first meridian no longitude; therefore, at the point where the first meridian crosses the Equator, there is neither latitude nor longitude.

160. What is the difference of longitude between Washington and Greenwich?

161. What is the length of a degree of longitude on the Equator? 162. What is it on the 42d degree of latitude? on the 60th degree i on the 75th degree? and at the Poles ?

163. Where is there no latitude?

164. Where is there no longitude?

On maps Nos. 1 and 25, you will find that the meridian marked 0 crosses the Equator in the Gulf of Guinea. In that spot, there is neither latitude nor longitude.

15

MAPS.

165. What is a map?

A. A picture of a part or the whole of the earth's surface 166. What are a number of maps made into a book, called?

A. An Atlas.

167. In what way are maps usually drawn?

A. The top of the map is north, the bottom south, the right hand is east, and the left hand west.

168. What is meant by North, South, East, and West?

A. They are the four cardinal or principal points of the

A. The north is towards the North Pole, and the south is towards the South Pole.

172. In what direction does East and West lie?

A. East is towards that point where the sun rises, anc West where he sets.

173. If you stand with your face towards where the sun rises, the

North will be on your left hand, the South on your right hand, and th West will be behind you.

174. On maps, rivers are shown by black lines winding according to their course.

175. Mountains are shown by lines which form a shade in the direc tion in which they extend.

176. Cities and towns are shown by a black dot, and the capitals of countries by a large dot and eight smaller ones around it.

177. The boundaries of countries are made by dotted lines.

178. Sandy deserts and sand banks in the ocean, are shown by a great number of dots resembling sand. The ocean, or sea, is shaded by lines to separate it from the land.

179. The latitude is shown by lines extending on the maps from side to side, and the longitude by lines running from the top to the bottom, except on map No. 2, of the world, where the latitude is shown by cir. cular lines, extending in succession farther and farther from the centre, and longitude by straight lines extending from the centre to the cir cumference.

180. Point out on map No. 4, of e Atlas, the Mississippi, the Mis souri, the Rio Grande, and the Columbia rivers.

181. Point out the cities of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltı more, New Orleans, Havanna, La Puebla, and Guanaxuato.

182. Point out the capitals, Montreal, Washington, Mexico, St. Sal vador, and Port au Prince