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BOANERGES - BOAS

licly scourged by the executioner, and her daughters were abandoned to the lust of the slaves. Stung to frenzy by this outrage, taking advantage of the absence of Suetonius Paulinus, the Roman governor, from that part of England, Boadicea raised the whole military force of her barbarians, and bursting upon the Roman colony of London, reduced the city to ashes, and put to the sword in that and neighboring places, of Roman citizens, traders, Italians, and other subjects of the empire,- at least 70,000 individuals. Suetonius lost not a moment in hurrying to the scene of action, although it was well known that the queen of the Iceni was in command of 120,000 men, which gradually increased to 230,000, according to Dion Cassius, while he could bring into the field in all less than 10,000 soldiers. It is true that absolute credit cannot be given to statements of prodigious numbers, such as the above, but at all events the disparity of force was extraordinary. The legion, posted on heights, where its flanks and rear were covered by woods, seems to have received the attack passively, sheltered from the missiles of the Britons by their large, oblong bucklers, until, when the darts and arrows of the barbarians began to fail, by one compact charge they carried all before them. They spared nothing; women, children, the beasts of burden, the dogs, were all cut to pieces. It is said that 80,000 Britons were butchered that day, while of the legionaries only 400 fell, and about as many more were wounded. It is believed that the action took place not far from St. Albans, Verulamium, a Roman colony, which at the first irruption had shared the fate of London. The queen, seeing that her cause was lost, committed suicide, rather than submit to the conqueror. Beaumont and Fletcher's play, 'Boadicea,' is founded upon the resistance made by Boadicea against Suetonius.

Boanerges, bō-a-nėr′jēz, an appellation given by Christ to two of his disciples, the brothers James and John, apparently, on account of their fiery zeal. See Mark iii. 17.

Boar, Wild, a ferocious, swift-footed species (Sus scrofa) of wild swine, made dangerous by its extreme courage and superior strength. It is found in marshy forest-grounds of Europe, Asia Minor, and North Africa. The boar is much larger than the domesticated swine; and covered with short, grayish-black, woolly hair, thickly interspersed with stiff bristles, assuming the form of a crest along the spine. The great tusks of the lower jaw are formidable weapons in youth, but later becoming useless by curving over the snout, when the teeth of the upper jaw which protrude and curve out take their place as weapons. The boar seeks its food at night and feeds on roots, grain, and small animals, birds' eggs, etc. Besides this species, several others exist, notable among which are Sus vittatus of Asia and Africa, Sus verrucosus of Java, and the Celebes and Sus barbatus of Borneo. Boars were common in England until the time of Henry II., when they seemed to disappear for the time being, reappearing again in the reign of Charles I. Formerly the sport of hunting this animal with the aid of great dogs (boarhounds), was the favorite amusement of the nobles of France and Germany, but is now rarely followed except

in a few estates in eastern Europe, where the animal is preserved for the purpose. In India, however, the chase of the wild boars of that country, usually called "pig-sticking," is still foremost among the field-sports of the AngloIndians.

Board, the collective name applied to a number of persons having the management, direction, or superintendence of some public or private office or trust; often an office under the control of an executive government, the business of which is conducted by officers specially appointed, as board of admiralty, board of trade, etc.

Boardman, George Dana, American missionary: b. Livermore, Me., 8 Feb. 1801; d. 11 Feb. 1831. He studied at Andover and was ordained in the Baptist Church. In 1825 he went to Burma, where he labored assiduously in spreading Christianity. The mission planted by him became the central point of all Baptist missions in Burma.

Boardman, George Dana, American clergyman and author: b. Tavoy, British Burma, 18 Aug. 1828; d. Atlantic City, N. J., 28 April 1903; son of the American Baptist missionary of the same name. He was educated in the United States, graduating at Brown University in 1852, and at Newton Theological Institution in 1855. He was pastor at Barnwell, S. C.; afterward at Rochester, N. Y., till 1864, when he became pastor of the First Baptist Church in Philadelphia. In 1899 he established a lectureship at the University of Pennsylvania, known as the "Boardman Foundation in Christian Ethics." Besides sermons and essays, his chief works are: Studies in the Creative Week' (1878); Studies in the Model Prayer) (1879); 'Epiphanies of the Risen Lord' (1879); Studies in the Mountain Instruction) (1880); The Kingdom (1899); The Church' (1901); 'The Golden Rule) (1901).

Boardman, Richard, English missionary: b. 1738; d. Cork, Ireland, 4 Oct. 1782. He became a member of Wesley's conference in 1763, and volunteered for service in America in 1769. He preached in New York and through the Middle States till 1774, and then, returning to England, continued his itinerant ministry. He is known as one of the founders of Methodism in the United States.

Boarfish, a fish of the family Caproidæ, found off the southern coast of Europe. The body is small, oval, compressed, and carmine in color, with seven transverse orange bands on the back, and has a long, hog-like snout.

Boarhound. See HOUND.

Boar's Head, The, a tavern in Eastcheap, London, destroyed in the great fire of 1666; its site is now occupied by a statue of William IV. The inn figures in Shakespeare's 'Henry IV. and Henry V.' as the resort of Falstaff and his boon companions.

Boas, Franz, fränts bō'as, German-American ethnologist: b. Minden. Westphalia, 9 July 1858. He studied at Heidelberg, Bonn, and Kiel universities, 1877-82; traveled in the Arctic regions, 1883-4; was assistant in the Royal Ethnographical Museum in Berlin, and privat docent in geography at the University in 1885-6; and teacher of anthropology in Clark University,

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