armed with canes and sticks, who refused to make way, and shouted insults; the soldiers were about to force a passage when an officer came up and ordered them into the yard; but the alarm-bell had called out the citizens, the hot-heads wished to assault the main guard, and apparently they and the boys set to harrying the sentinel in front of the custom-house opposite the main guard, who about 9 o'clock hit a specially annoying boy with the butt of his musket. The boy ran off and brought a crowd to the spot, headed by one Crispus Attucks (q.v., apparently a half-breed Indian), and pointed out the sentinel, at which they shouted "Kill him! Knock him down!" The sentinel retreated up the steps and loaded his gun amid a shower of snowballs and other missiles; told Henry Knox who was passing, and counseled him not to fire; that he would if they touched him; leveled the gun and warned off the crowd, and called for help from the main guard across the street. A sergeant and seven men were sent to his help, and he came down and took his place in line; soon afterward Col. Thomas Preston joined them, making 10 in arms. They loaded; the crowd jeered, hooted, taunted them as cowards, dared them to fire, and closed about them; the soldiers drove them back with clubs and bayonets; Preston, in turn warned by Knox, rushed among his men, and either with or without his orders they fired, killing Attucks and two others and mortally wounding two more. The crowd fell back, and Preston prevented the men firing again and rejoined the main guard. The drums beat to arms, and the vicinity was soon thronged with divisions of soldiers and masses of enraged citizens. Lieut.Gov. Hutchinson quieted the tempest by having Preston bound over for trial, placing the implicated soldiers under arrest, and inducing the officers to order the companies back to barracks; but the next day a town-meeting forced Hutchinson to have the regiments removed to the Castle in the harbor. Preston was tried in October and the soldiers in November before the Superior Court, and defended by Robert Auchmuty, assisted by John Adams and Josiah Quincy, who took their futures in their hands from professional duty; Preston was acquitted, six soldiers were brought in not guilty, and two found guilty of manslaughter, branded in the hand, and discharged.

Boston Mountains, a range in western Arkansas, extending into the Indian Territory; highest summits, 3,000 feet above the sea.

Boston News Letter, 1704-76; the first real newspaper issued in America. A periodical called Publick Occurrences,' to be issued monthly, or oftener if "a glut of occurrences" made it advisable, had been essayed in Boston by Richard Pierce, 25 Sept. 1690; but it was instantly suppressed by the authorities as containing "reflections of a very high nature," and the first number was the last. The next venture was by John Campbell (q.v.), a Scotch bookseller and postmaster of Boston, who had been actively writing and sending "news letters" of European occurrences to New England governors for a year or more, and thought it would save trouble to print them for all. With official permission he issued on 24 April 1704 the first number of a weekly consisting of a single leaf, 8 x 12, printed on both sides, and dated

"From Monday April 17. to Monday April 24. 1704." It was printed by Bartholomew Green, for many years one of the best printers of Boston, who in 1722 became its editor. Dying in 1732, he was succeeded by his son-in-law, John Draper, who conducted it till his death in 1762, and made it a representative of the best interests of the province; he was a journalist of the highest character. His son Richard Draper, considered the best news compiler of his day, though in feeble health, edited the paper till his death in 1774, when his widow succeeded him and carried it to the end. Draper had been an ardent loyalist, and firmly supported the mother country in the stormy times of the previous decade; his widow naturally shared his feeling, and when the young man Robert Boyle whom she installed as editor showed sympathy with the Revolution, she replaced him by John Howe, who conducted it till the British evacuated Boston, 17 March 1776, when he and Mrs. Draper left with them and the paper ceased to exist. The British government gave her a life pension. There are only three copies of the first number extant: in the Massachusetts Historical Society at Boston, the American Antiquarian Society at Worcester, Mass., and the New York Historical Society at New York. A facsimile of the first page is given in the 'Memorial History of Boston,' Vol. II., page 389. See NEWSPAPERS, AMERICAN.

Boston Port Bill, of 31 March 1774, was Great Britain's retort to the destruction of

the tea in Boston harbor, 16 Dec. 1773. (See lish authority by force, or abdication in favor BOSTON TEA PARTY.) The maintenance of Engof a party which would maintain it, were the only alternatives left to the government. The King's Speech of 7 March 1774 charged the colonists with attempting to injure British commerce and subvert the constitution; and on the 18th Lord North brought in the Port Bill, providing that there should be no further "landing or discharging, lading or shipping of goods, wares, and merchandise at the town and within the harbor of Boston" till the town paid for the tea and promised submission to the laws; that the colony's seat of government should be re

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moved to Salem, and Marblehead made a to take effect I port of entry; the act June. Even of the best friends of America in Parliament at first approved it as moderate and reasonable, as the town could end the punishment at any moment by paying for legitimate merchandise destroyed by riot, and allowing law and order to have their course; but the Whig opposition soon collected itself, and the bill was fought in its various stages by Burke, Barre, Pownall, and others. spite of them it became a law 31 March, without a division in the Commons, and by unanimous vote in the Lords. The fleet and army were of course to join in enforcing the blockade; Boston was filled with troops, and Gage made commander-in-chief. The immediate results were: a flood of contributions from the other New England towns, of grain and provisions, so great that the Boston leaders boasted that it would become the chief grain port of America if the act were not repealed; and, in connection with the regulating acts for changing the government of the province passed soon after, a speedy union of the colonies for joint defense.

soon became popular for its admirable qualities as a companion. This terrier has a shapely bull-dog-like head, and the straight legs and active manners of the old bull-terrier. Those truly bred always have a white muzzle, a white blaze on the face and on the chest and feet, with a fine coat, short and bright, and a deep broad chest. Light-class ones weigh from 15 to 23 pounds, and the heavy from 23 to 30 pounds. This breed arose from a cross between Robert C. Hooper's "Judge" (a dog three quarters English bull and one quarter white terrier, which was a rich dark brindle with a white flare on his face), and Burnett's "Gyp," a pure white bitch low on the legs and stockily built, not unlike the old-fashioned bull-terrier. The product was Wells' "Eph." He was born in Boston about 1870 and was bred to Tobin's "Kate," an oldfashioned bull-terrier, and the result, Barnard's "Tom," may be said to be the first of the real new breed, for he developed the typical screw tail of the present Boston terrier. This dog has a most affectionate disposition, is well knit in build, and is stylish.

Boston University, a co-educational institution of Boston, Mass., organized in 1869. The work is divided into two main departments, the Schools, requiring previous college training, and the Colleges requiring no such qualification. The schools are those of theology, law, medicine, and all sciences (for post-graduate work in language, philosophy, history, and science); the colleges are those of Liberal Arts and of Agriculture, the latter allied with the Massachusetts Agricultural College at Amherst. In 1900 the number of students was 1,430, and the number of professors and instructors 144; president, W. F. Warren, LL.D.

Boston, a game of cards played by four persons, with two packs of cards. The cards are never shuffled; one of the packs is dealt, and the other cut alternately to determine the trump, which governs the game. The dealer deals five cards to each player twice, and three the last time around. If the first player can make five tricks, he says, "I go Boston"; and his competitors may overbid him by saying, "I go 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13," as the hand of each may warrant. Should either of them fail to make the number of tricks he "bids" for, he must pay to each competitor a forfeit regulated by a card of prices, which must be prepared beforehand. Without such a card Boston cannot be played. It is one of the most complicated of games. It is said to have been introduced into France by Dr. Franklin, who gave it the name of his native city.

Bostonians, The, a novel of American life, by Henry James, published in 1886. Written in a satirical vein, it presents with unpleasant fidelity a strong-minded Boston woman possessed by a "mission," "who takes life hard," is never so happy as when struggling, striving, suffering in a cause which throughout the novel is the emancipation of women.

Boswell, James, English writer: b. 29 Oct. 1740; d. 19 May 1795. He was the son of a Scotch judge, Lord Auchinleck, who took this title from the name of his estate. He was educated at Edinburgh and at Glasgow, and early displayed literary tastes. In 1763, when on a visit to London, he was introduced to Johnson, and though this first meeting was not

very hopeful for the future, a warm friendship soon sprung up between them. During a year spent on the Continent, he made the acquaintance of Voltaire, Rosseau, and other prominent men of the day. Returning in 1766 he was admitted an advocate, but the practice of his profession was little to his taste. In 1768 he published a history of Corsica, with a lively account of his own experiences in the island. The same year he again met Johnson in London, and his intercourse with him was kept up by many subsequent visits to the metropolis; while Johnson himself came to Scotland in 1773, when the pair made their famous journey to the Hebrides. This year also Boswell became a member of the famous Literary Club, with various members of which, such as Burke and Reynolds, he was on terms of intimacy. In 1769 he had married, but he continued mainly dependent on his father till the latter's death in 1782, when he succeeded to the estate. In 1784 he met Johnson for the last time at a dinner at Sir Joshua Reynolds'. Two years after (1786) came out his Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson, LL.D.) (Johnson's own account of the tour had appeared in 1775). Having latterly been admitted to the English bar, he went on circuit and held for a year or two the recordership of Carlisle; and from 1788 onward he mostly resided in London. In 1791 appeared his 'Life of Johnson, a work which he had been long preparing, and which at once gave readers the same delight as it has ever since inspired. A second and enlarged edition came out in 1793. By this time Boswell's health had greatly suffered from his too convivial habits, and he died in London having been a widower since 1790. Boswell was a singular compound of sense and folly, of genuine ability and foible bordering on craziness. His good nature was universally admitted; his vanity and want of self-respect and self-control were his most evident faults. His weaknesses were easily seen, but the man who enjoyed the sincere affection of Dr. Johnson and the enbetter stuff in him than appeared to the superduring friendship of Burke and Reynolds had ficial observer. His life of Johnson is such a masterly performance as only a genius for lifeportraiture could have produced. Among editions of the Life may be mentioned that of Croker (10 vols.) and those of Rev. A. Napier (Bohn's Standard Library, 6 vols.), and Dr. Birkbeck Hill (Clarendon Press, 6 vols.), all containing the Tour. See Macaulay's essay, and the much more humane and penetrating essay by Carlyle. Boswell left two sons. elder, ALEXANDER, born in 1775, succeeded to the family estate, sat for a year or two in Parliament, and was created a baronet in 1821. wrote several well-known Scottish songs and various other things in verse and prose, and also set up a private press from which issued reprints of rare old works in the Auchinleck library. In 1822 he met his death in a duel with a Mr. Stuart, against whom he had made some severe attacks in a political journal. JAMES, the second son, born in 1779, died in 1822, was the editor of an improved edition of Malone's Shakspere, generally known as the Variorum Shakspere' (21 vols. 1821).

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Bosworth, Francke Huntington, physician: b. Marietta, Ohio, 25 Jan. 1843. He was educated at Yale and Bellevue Hospital Medical