was finished by Rimsky-Korsakoff and Glazounoff, and was brought out in St. Petersburg in November 1890.

Borodino, bo-rō-dē'nō, Russia, a village 70 miles west of Moscow; on the Kaluga, an affluent of the Moskwa. It gave name to the great battle fought between the French army under Napoleon and the Russians under Kutusoff, 7 Sept. 1812. The battle of Borodino was one of the most obstinately disputed in history, and the loss on both sides was almost equally great. Out of 257,000 men engaged, between 70,000 and 80,000 were killed and wounded. The Russians retreated on the following day, but in the most perfect order, and therefore claim this battle as a victory; but the French, who name the battle from the Moskwa, have always maintained a similar claim.

Boroglyceride, -glis'- (from "boron" and "glycerine"), an antiseptic substance, soluble in alcohol and in 40 parts of water, and containing about 25 per cent of borate of glycerine (CHBO), the remaining 75 per cent consisting of free boracic acid and glycerine in equivalent proportions. Boroglyceride is considered harmless, and is much used in the preservation of fruits and wines, and other articles of food.

Bo'ron (from “borax”), one of the nonmetallic elements. In nature it is never found in the uncombined or elementary state, though it occurs abundantly in combination with other elements, especially in regions that are or have been volcanic. The principal compounds of it that are found in nature are borax and boracic acid (qq.v.). It is a constituent of numerous other minerals, but most of these have but little commercial importance. Boron was first obtained in the elementary state about the year 1808, by Gay-Lussac and Thénard in France, and by Sir Humphry Davy in England. GayLussac and Thénard prepared the element by heating boracic acid very strongly until all its water was expelled, and then heating the resulting substance (now known as boric oxid) with metallic potassium. The potassium removed the oxygen from the boric oxid, setting the element boron free. When thus prepared boron is an opaque amorphous powder of a greenish-brown color. It has neither taste nor odor, but it stains the fingers strongly. Owing to its finely divided condition it is apt to take fire spontaneously; but if it is consolidated by pressure it is not affected by the air at common temperatures, though it burns with a reddish light when heated. It is not affected by water save that water will dissolve a slight amount of it when it is freshly prepared. Strong nitric acid will dissolve it in the cold, and hot sulphuric acid attacks it also. It is one of the few substances that will combine directly with nitrogen, which it does when heated in that gas. The atomic weight of boron has not been determined with satisfactory precision, but Clarke gives 10.97 as the best result obtainable from the existing data. The amorphous boron described above is soluble in melted aluminum, from which it crystallizes out on cooling. The crystals so obtained were formerly thought to consist of pure boron, but it has been shown that they always contain a definite amount of aluminum. These crystals may be obtained of such hardness that they will scratch both corundum and the

ruby, the diamond being the only substance that exceeds them in this respect. The specific gravity of amorphous boron has not been satisfactorily determined, but it appears to exceed 1.84. The specific gravity of the crystals obtained as described above is said by Miller to be 2.68. The specific heat of boron varies considerably with the temperature. At 250° C. it is 37, and at 1,000° C. it is probably 0.5. Boron is a non-conductor of electricity.

Bororós, bō-rō-rōs', a tribe of South American Indians of the Tupi or Guarani stock, variously reported from a few hundred to a few thousand, living in southwestern Brazil around the headwaters of the Parana and Paraguay, the small remnants of a once powerful race, thinned by old Portuguese slave raids and disease. They live in villages and do some planting, but live mainly by hunting with long bows and bone-tipped arrows. They are exceptionally tall, averaging over five feet eight inches, and athletic, and are reported to practice both polygamy and polyandry, but little is really known of them.

Borough, in England, either an incorporated municipality with an organized government and a charter of special privileges (municipal borough), or a district represented by a member of Parliament (parliamentary borough). The burh (hill) was originally a hillfort; then the settlement around it, with its own. court, and head officer called a "port-reeve." Under the Norman dynasty the port-reeves were replaced by royal officers, and the boroughs gradually received special charters and were governed by their leading guilds. As their support came to be needed by the governing factions they were given representation in Parliament; and under the Tudors, especially Mary, small boroughs in great profusion were created expressly to return members in the government interest. This was stopped under Elizabeth. Besides these the older boroughs decayed till they had little or no population, but were allowed to keep their parliamentary power to strengthen the aristocratic and land-owning interest, the proprietors of the sites returning whom they chose these were called "rotten boroughs," and the chief was "Old Sarum" (that is, Old Salisbury), with not a single inhabitant but two members of Parliament. Others had only one. Those somewhat larger, but still so small as to be at the dictation of some one person or family, were called "pocket boroughs." The Reform Bill of 1832 swept away the worst of these anomalies.

In the United States the term is now restricted to certain incorporated villages below the rank of cities in four States - Connecticut, New Jersey, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania; and is practically synonymous with "town" in most cther States, and with "village" in Ohio. At the beginning of colonization the natural idea was to transplant the English borough system to America; but the conditions of settlement and government made it generally inapplicable. In Virginia the term was applied in the sense of "parliamentary borough," to districts made up of hundreds and plantations, having representation in the House of Burgesses, of which in 1619 there were II; but the municipal borough did not take root there. Lord Baltimore and William Penn were empowered to establish the latter in

their colonies of Maryland and Pennsylvania; but the former did not avail himself of it at all, and the latter very little, nor his heirs after him. After the Revolution, however, the Pennsylvania legislature granted special borough charters freely, and in 1834 passed an act empowering courts of quarter sessions to grant them; in 1851 a general act for their creation and regulation was passed. In New Jersey they were created by special charters as early as the beginning of the 18th century, and in 1818 a general act was passed. In Connecticut they have always been created by the legislature, in special acts. In Minnesota and Pennsylvania the boundaries of the borough are conterminous with the township, forming one of the primary county divisions: in Connecticut and New Jersey the borough is only a village government within a town, which in all cases is a separate body including the borough; the latter being only the thickly settled portion within the range generally of the postal, fire, etc., departments, and governed by a warden and burgesses, corresponding to the mayor and single-chamber council of a city.

A still further extension was given to the term by the New York legislature in 1897, when the city of Greater New York was constituted of five "boroughs" - Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The Bronx, and Richmond.

Borough-English, in law, a mode of descent in some ancient boroughs and manors, in which the owner's youngest son, or his youngest brother (if he has no issue), is the heir. It is evidently a custom of Saxon origin, and is so named to distinguish it from the Norman customs. It still holds in a few places.

Borromean (bŏ-rō-mā'an) Islands, four small islands in a bay of Lago Maggiore, north Italy, belonging to the Borromeo family, and named respectively Isola Bella, Isola Madre, Isola dei Pescatori, and L'Isolino. The Isola Madre lies farthest from the shore of the lake. It is laid out in seven terraces, rising one above the other, with charming walks and a mansion on the top. The Isola Bella contains a handsome and extensive palace, with private chapel and picture gallery, the fine gardens adjoining being laid out upon 10 terraces rising above each other. The island was formerly little more than a barren rock and much soil required to be brought from the mainland. The Isola dei Pescatori is mostly occupied by a fishing village. Magnificent views of the surrounding scenery are obtained from these islands.

Borromeo, bo-ro-ma'o, Carlo (COUNT), saint and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church: b. Arona, Italy, 2 Oct. 1538; d. 3 Nov. 1584. He studied law at Pavia; was in 1559 made doctor, and in 1560 was successively appointed by his uncle Pius IV. apostolical prothonotary, referendary, cardinal, and archbishop of Milan. As legate over Romagna, the March of Ancona, and Bologna, he had a great share in the civil government: as protector of Portugal, of the Netherlands, of Switzerland, of the Franciscans, Carmelites, and of the Knights of Malta, he administered several important branches of the spiritual government of the Pope, who created him his grand penitentiary, and did nothing of importance without his advice. The re-opening and the results of the Council of Trent, so advantageous to the papal authority, were chiefly

effected by the great influence of Borromeo. He did much for the embellishment of the papal buildings, employing even his own fortune for that purpose, and established many excellent institutions as archbishop of Milan; improved the discipline of the clergy, founded schools, seminaries, an order of secular priests (oblates), libraries, and hospitals, and was indefatigable in doing good. During the pestilence which raged in Milan in 1576 he distinguished himself by his heroic devotion to his flock. As soon as the scourge appeared in the city he hastened from a distant part of his diocese, where he was making a pastoral visitation, and spent all his energies in giving bodily aid and spiritual consolation to the plague-stricken inhabitants. All his virtues, however, could not save him from persecution and calumny: he was even severely attacked by the government, but no charge could be proved against him. Miracles were said to have been wrought at his tomb immediately after his death, and his canonization took place in 1610.

Borromeo, Federigo, fa-da-rē'gō (COUNT), cardinal, and archbishop of Milan, nephew of St. Charles: b. Milan, 1564; d. 22 Sept. 1631. He founded the Ambrosian Library at Milan in 1609, and devoted to it most of his fortune. He sent emissaries to several countries to collect manuscripts for it. He added to it a printing establishment, and founded academies, schools, and charitable institutions. When Milan was desolated by a pestilence in 1630, Federigo showed the same heroism as his uncle Carlo had done during that of 1576.

Borromini, Francesco, frän-chěs-kō borrō-me'nē, Italian architect: b. Bissone, 1599; d. (by his own hand) 1667. He studied sculpture in Milan and architecture in Rome under Maderno, architect of St. Peters. After Maderno's death he was a pupil of Bernini, by whom he was employed on various parts of St. Peters. He built the church of San Ivo alla Sapienza, the Oratory and Cloister of San Filippo Neri, the façade of the church of Santa Agnese in the Piazza Navona, and the interior of San Giovanni in Laterano. He was one of the chief representatives of the baroque style. Borromini conceived an unreasoning hatred for his instructor Bernini and determined to surpass him in his art, but maddened by the latter's success he committed suicide.

Borrow, George, English traveler, linguist, and writer on gypsy life: b. East Dereham, Norfolk, 1803; d. Oulton Broad, Suffolk, August 1881. On his father's side he was descended from a Cornish family, and his mother was of French extraction. His father was a recruiting officer who constantly changed his residence, and thus Borrow's early years were passed in various parts of the United Kingdom. He received part of his education in Edinburgh High School, and in 1820 was articled to a Norwich solicitor. It was about this time that he laid the foundation of his linguistic knowledge under the guidance of William Taylor, a friend of Southey. After his father's death he went to London, where he earned his livelihood by literary hackwork; but, soon tiring of this, he set out on a series of journeys through England, France, Germany, Russia, and other countries, acting latterly as agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society and making gypsy life and

customs a special study. During the seven years or so prior to his engagement by the Bible Society he seems to have suffered great privations, but of his movements at that time he has told us

an

nothing. He married in 1840, and settled on a small estate of his wife's at Oulton Broad, in the northeast of Suffolk, where he died. He maintained to the last his strong sympathy for gypsy life, and not only permitted but encouraged the gypsies to encamp on his estate. His best known work is The Bible in Spain' (3 vols. 1843); and his other publications include Targum: or, Metrical Translations from Thirty Languages and Dialects' (1835) The Zincali: or, Account of the Gypsies in Spain) (1841) 'Lavengro, the Scholar, the Gypsy, the Priest' (1851), a sort of idealized autobiography; The Romany Rye, a sequel to 'Lavengro' (1857); 'Wild Wales, Its People, Language, and Scenery) (1862); and Romano Lavo-Lil' (1874), a dictionary of the gyspy language. Borrow was a strong, manly character, delighting in the free, open-air existence of the gypsies whose life he knew so well, and despising heartily all affectation and false gentility. His later works, by their outspokenness, lost him much of the reputation earned by his Bible in Spain. See the 'Life Writings, and Correspondence' by Dr. Knapp (2 vols. 1899).

Borrowing Days, the last three days of March, Old Style; the popular notion being, in Scotland and some parts of England, that they were borrowed by March from April. The fiction is of great antiquity, and probably arose in the observation of a frequent wintry relapse about the end of March.

Borrowstounness' (popularly pronounced and now often written Bo'NESS), a town in Linlithgowshire, Scotland, distant 17 miles west by north of Edinburgh. It is situated on a low peninsula, washed by the Forth, and possesses three principal streets running from west to east, one of them a continuation of the other two. The chief industrial establishments are potteries, iron-foundries, engineering shops, chemical manure works, saw-mills, timber-yards, coal and coke works, distilleries, brick-fields, etc., and in the vicinity are very extensive collieries. A new dock has recently been constructed and the old harbor improved, hydraulic hoists and other appuances being provided. The wall of Antoninus ran through Borrowstounness, and traces of it are still visible. Pop. (1901) 9,100.

Borsip'pa, a very ancient city of Babylonia, the site of which is marked by the ruins Birs Nimrud.

Bort, a rounded, translucent variety of diamond, harder than the distinctly crystallized gem variety. It is of much value as an abrasive. Bortnyanski, Dmitri Stepanovitch, dmě'trē step-an'ō-vich bort-nyän-ske, Russian compcser: b. Glukhov, 1751; d. St. Petersburg, 9 Sept. 1825. He received his education at Moscow and at Venice and other Italian cities, under Galuppi. In 1779 he returned to Russia and was appointed director of the Imperial Chapel, devoting himself to the improvement and training of the choir. His compositions are almost entirely church music, including 35 sacred concertos, a liturgy for three voices, and a collection of psalms. His music, combining the

spirit of both the Slavic and the Italian, is thoroughly original and made an epoch in Russian church music.

Bory de Saint Vincent, Jean Baptiste George Marie, zhon băp-test zhorzh mä-rē bō-re de săn văn-son, French naturalist: b. 1780; d. 1846. About 1800-2 he visited the Canaries, Mauritius, and other African islands. He afterward served for a time in the army, and conducted scientific expeditions to Greeceand to Algiers. Among his chief works are 'Annales des Sciences Physiques' (8 vols. 1819-21); Voyage dans les Quatre Principales Iles des Mers d'Afrique' (3 vols. 1804); 'Expedition Scientifique de Morée (3 vols. 1832); main (2 vols. 1836). 'L'Homme, Essai Zoologique sur le Genre Hu

Borysthenes, bō-ris'then-ēs, the ancient name of the Dnieper.

Borz'oi, or Russian Wolfhound, a huntingdog of northern Europe, substantially the same as the ancient long-haired greyhound of the Arabs and Persians, whose coat has been lengthened in adaptation to a cold climate. It is a lithe, active dog, standing 28 inches high at the shoulders, and upward, and weighing from 75 to 100 pounds. Its hair is silky and loose, especially so on the tail, which, contrary to the other greyhound characteristics, is "feathered" longer than is the setter's, which it very much resembles. It has large padded feet. In color the borzois are combinations of black, white, and tan. These dogs are popular, especially as stately attendants upon ladies, and good specimens may be seen at all the principal kennel shows of the country.

Bos, Lambert, Dutch philologist: b. Workum, Friesland, 23 Nov. 1670; d. 6 Jan. 1717. He was instructed by his father in Greek and Latin. Vitringa, the distinguished Oriental scholar, was professor at Franeker, and thither young Bos went to pursue his philological studies. Not long after he was chosen Greek professor in that university. He is best known by his work entitled 'Ellipses Græcæ' (1702), though he was the author of several others, among which may be mentioned an edition of the Septuagint and 'Animadversiones ad Scriptores Græcos.'

Bosa, a seaport on the west coast of Sardinia, province of Cagliari, built partly on the side of a hill crowned by an old castle, and partly in an unhealthy plain. It has a cathedral and other churches, a theological seminary, and is the residence of a bishop, suffragan to the archbishop of Sassari. It is in a wine and oil producing region and carries on coral fishing and tanning. Pop. (1901) 6,846.

Bosanquet, bo-sän-ka, Bernard, English philosopher: b. 1848. He was lecturer at University College, Oxford, 1871-81, and from 1881 to 1897 was much engaged in university extension lecturing and charity organization. He has written Logic, or Morphology of Knowledge'; "History of Esthetic'; Knowledge and Reality'; 'Essays and Addresses'; 'Civilization of Christendom'; 'Essentials of Logic'; 'Aspects of the Social Problem': 'Psychology of Moral Self'; 'Companion to Plato's Republic, for English Readers'; 'Education of the Young in Plato's Republic'; 'Philosophical Theory of the State.

see the men who were in pursuit of him, and hear their voices. The "royal oak" which now stands at Boscobel, is said to have grown from an acorn of this very tree. An account of Charles' adventures after the battle of Worcester was published in 1662, with the title, 'Boscobel, or the Compleat History of his Sacred Majestie's most Miraculous Preservation after the Battle of Worcester. This history is said to have been the work of Thomas Blount.

Boscovich, Roger Joseph, Italian astronomer and physicist: b. Ragusa, Dalmatia, 18 May 1711; d. Milan, 12 Feb. 1787. He was educated among the Jesuits, and entering into their order, was appointed professor of mathematics in the Roman College, before he had entirely completed the course of his studies. He was employed by Pope Benedict XIV. in various undertakings, and in 1750 began the measurement of a degree of the meridian in the Ecclesiastical States, which operation occupied him for two years. He afterward visited the Pontine Marshes, to give advice respecting the draining of them. He was then intrusted by the Republic of Lucca with the defense of its interests, in a dispute about boundaries with the government of Tuscany. This affair obliged him to go to Vienna, and having terminated it with success, he visited Paris and London. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and dedicated to this body a Latin poem on eclipses. Returning to Italy, he was appointed mathematical professor in the University of Pavia; whence, in 1770, he removed to Milan, and there erected the celebrated observatory at the College of Brera. On the suppression of the order of Jesuits, he accepted an invitation to France from Louis XV., who gave him a pension of 8,000 livres, with the office of director of optics for the navy. This appointment induced him to pay particular attention to that part of optical science which treats of the theory of achromatic telescopes, on which subject he wrote a treatise of considerable extent. He was obliged to leave Paris in 1783, on account of ill health, when he retired to Milan. He was one of the first among continental philosophers to adopt the Newtonian theories. An edition of the works of Father Boscovich was published by himself at Bassano, in 5 volumes, 4to, 1785. His Theoria Philosophia Naturalis reducta ad Unicam Legem Virium in Natura Existentium,' first published in 1758, is a curious production containing speculations of which Dr. Priestley availed himself in his writings in favor of materialism. He wrote also 'De Maculis Solaribus.'

Bosio, Angiolina, Italian opera singer: b. Turin, 22 Aug. 1829 d. St. Petersburg. 12 April 1859. At an early age she showed so decided a taste for music, that her parents were induced to place her under the instruction of Cattaneo, at Milan. The best evidence of her progress and talent for singing, was her début in her 15th year at Milan, in Verdi's 'Due Foscari,' with decided success. Thenceforth a series of triumphs awaited her.

Bosio, François Joseph (BARON), French sculptor: b. Monaco, 19 March 1769 d. Paris, 29 July 1845. He was much employed by Napoleon I., for whom he executed busts of Josephine and Hortense, and by the successive Bourbon and Orleans dynasties. His works are well known in France and Italy.

Bosna-Seraï, or Serajevo (ancient TIBERIOPCLIS), formerly capital of the province of Bosnia, now of the Austro-Hungarian district of Serajevo, situated on the Miliatzka, which is here crossed by a handsome stone bridge, 122 miles southwest of Belgrade, and 570 miles westnorthwest of Constantinople. The town was founded about 1263. It is well built, and although most of the houses are of wood, has a gay and pleasant appearance from the number of towers and minarets with which it is embellished. Many improvements have been introduced since the Austrian occupation. It contains a serai or palace, built by Mohammed II., to which the city owes its name; many mosques, great and small; churches, monasteries, two large bazaars, schools, baths, and charitable institutions. It was formerly surrounded with walls, but these are now completely decayed; and its only remaining defense is a citadel, built on a rocky height at a short distance east from the town, mounted with cannon. Serajevo is the chief mart in the province, the centre of commercial relations between Turkey, Austria, and South Germany; and has, in consequence, a considerable trade. It has manufactures of arms and utensils of copper; ironware, woolen and worsted stuffs, morocco leather, cottons, etc. There are also several tanneries in the city, and at a short distance from it several important iron mines; and on a plain which stretches to the west the baths of Serajevesko. Pop. 26,286.

Bosnia (properly BOSNA), the extreme northwestern province or eyalet of European Turkey, comprising Bosnia proper, Herzegovina, and parts of Turkish Croatia and Dalmatia, bounded north by the river Save, west by Dalmatia and the Adriatic, east by Servia, and south by Albania and Montenegro. By the terms of the Treaty of Berlin (1878), it was occupied by Austrian troops, to be administered for an undefined future period by the Austrian government. It comprehends, besides the ancient Bosnia, part of Croatia, a tract of Dalmatia, and Herzegovina, and contains from 23,000 to 24,000 square miles (of which Bosnia proper occupies 16,200). The inhabitants are mostly of Slavonian origin, and comprise Bosniaks, Servians, Morlaks, and Croats, besides Turks, Greeks, Jews, Gypsies, etc. The Bosniaks are the most numerous. They are partly Mohammedans, partly Roman and Greek Catholics. The Servians and Croats are next in point of number. The country is level toward the north; in the south mountainous and woody. Its chief rivers are the Save, the Verbas, the Bosna, Rama, and Drina. Bosnia contains fertile fields, orchards, and vincyards; the breed of cattle is excellent, and the mountains furnish good iron, of which a great part is manufactured in the country into guns and blades. The other articles manufactured are leather, morocco, and coarse woolen cloths. In the 12th and 13th centuries Bosnia belonged to Hungary. In 1339 it fell into the hands of Stephen, king of Servia. After his death it remained independent, and the Ban Twartko took the title of king in 1370. In 1401 it became tributary to the Turks, and since 1463 has been a Turkish province. It is divided into the southern and northern parts, or Upper and Lower Bosnia. The former is commonly called Herzegovina (q.v.). The capital of Bosnia is