The next refers to William P., the son of Magister John, and second of Duchall, who died in 1616:

"This anagrame vnfold my bvildar sall,

His name, qvha vil into this sentence seik,
Til flie the il, mak gvid report of al,
Gvilliame sal find, Porterfield of that Ilk.
Zeirs seventie fyve, to live, he livit and mo,
And nov for ay livs with the gods but vo."
ESPEDARE.

"THAT" AND "WHICH."
(4th S. vi. 416.)

It is well known that, formerly, which was applied to persons, interchangeably with that and who, as the following illustrations attest:

1. "He saw a man which was blind from his birth" (John ix. 1). 2. "Is not this he that sat and begged?"

(r. 8). 3. "A man that is called Jesus made clay" (v. 11). 4. "Is this your son, who ye say was born blind?" (v. 19). 5. "And certain women which had been healed" (Luke viii. 2). 6. "Our Father which art in heaven" (Matt. vi. 9.)

And the Scriptures abound with such examples. But modern usage is that with which we have now to do; and as Pinnock's English Grammar (fourth edition, London, 1838) handles some difficult points satisfactorily, I find, on p. 237, the following observation:

"THAT is generally used after the superlative degree, and also after the words same, all, and some; frequently in preference, and sometimes to avoid the repetition of who and which, as- He is the same boy that we saw before'; This is the finest that I ever saw."

Which observation, coupled with the rule that "who relates to persons, which chiefly to things and animals" (p. 68), will enable any writer with grammatical judgment to avoid the too frequent use of which, and at the same time show why, according to modern usage, the Biblical "Our Father, which art in heaven," should be "Our Father, who art in heaven," or "Our Father, that art in heaven"; because the full form is equivalent to "Our Father, thou, who, or that, art in heaven."

J. BEALE.

On the proper use of the relative pronouns who, which, and that, see Professor Bain's (of Aberdeen) English Grammar, where the distinction between that on the one hand, and who and which on the other, is explained at considerable length. The following extract from p. 23 will show when that is preferable :

"That is the proper restrictive, explicative, limiting or defining relative-the relative of the adjective sentence. Although that is by no means uniformly employed in published works now, when this sense occurs, yet if we go back to the writers of the seventeenth century we find the usage observed. This construction also avoids ambiguities that often attend the indiscriminate use of who and which for co-ordinate and restrictive clauses. Thus, when we say his conduct surprised his English friends,

who had not known him long,' we may mean either that his English friends generally were surprised (the relative being, in that case, co-ordinating), or that only a portion of them, namely, the particular portion that had not known him long, were surprised. In this last case the relative is meant to define or explain the antecedent, and the doubt would be removed by writing thus: 'His English friends that had not known him long.' So in the following sentence there is a similar ambiguity in the use of which: The next winter which you will spend in town will give you opportunities of making a more prudent choice.' This may mean, either 'you will spend next winter in town' (which being co-ordinating), or 'the next of the winters when you are to live in town,' let that come when it may. In the former case, which is the proper relative; in the latter case the meaning is restrictive or defining, and would be best brought out by that: "The next winter that you will spend in town.""

The book of English Synonyms to which your correspondent refers was written, not by Archbishop Whately, but by his daughter Miss E. Jane Whately. It was edited, however, by the archbishop.

Glasgow.

W. R. C.

W. M. T. raises a very difficult question; but I think, if he have not already consulted Cobbett's English Grammar, he will be glad to be referred to it. I am no authority on such a point, but it seems to me that the word that as a relative is best used indefinitely, and that the old sentence"I am sure that that that, that you used should have been which "—which I remember as an instance of a word being used four times consecutively, should be answered by itself. W. M. T. makes some remarks upon who and which, but about their use there can, I imagine, be no real difference of opinion. G. M. G.

GONDOMAR'S "TRANSACTIONS (4th S. vi. 368, 421, 514.) -DR. RIMBAULT's note on Thomas Scot's authorship of the Vox Populi is so completely in accordance with mine, that it may perhaps seem hypercritical to remark that he would by no means have proved that the authorship was doubted at the time, because Chamberlain expressed himself doubtfully. If he said "Scot of Norwich, who is said to be the author of Vox Populi," he merely meant that it was a rumour which he had not been able to verify, not that he had ever heard anybody say that he doubted its accuracy. But, in point of fact, DR. RIMBAULT is mistaken in attributing the letter to Chamberlain. It was written by Mead himself; and even if there had been an expression of doubt, it would not have signified much in the mouth of a man at Cambridge, who was far away from the seat of intelligence. The letter on which Mead founded his statement is one of a correspondent in London, I believe Dr. Meddus, certainly not Chamberlain, who writes on February 2:

"It is said that Mr. Scot, a minister of Norwich, is found, or supposed to be, the author of Vox Populi."

Chamberlain is much more distinct in his assertion. He says, on February 3:

"The author of Vox Populi is discovered to be one Scot, a minister, bewrayed by the printer, who thereby hath saved himself and got his pardon, though the books were printed beyond sea."

This assertion may, I think, be taken as conclusive in default of evidence to the contrary the mere fact that Meddus did not know as much as Chamberlain, being of no value.

May I also explain that, when I said that the Vox Populi was the "production of Scot's own imagination," I gave no opinion as to the value of its statements, which are, as might be expected, a mixture of truth and falsehood. All I meant to

say was, that whereas it purports to be a report of a debate in the Spanish Council, it is nothing of the sort, but as much a production of Scot's own imagination as Hamlet is a production of Shakespeare's imagination. Of course, I do not for a moment suppose that DR. RIMBAULT thinks otherwise; but so much nonsense has been set down as history, merely because it is contemporary, that I thought the word of warning might not be misplaced. If anybody there be, who still believes the book to be otherwise than I have said it is, I would begin by asking whether he thinks Philip III. ever asserted that Barneveld was a Spanish pensioner, or ever wrote a letter to his Council of State, beginning" Right trusty and well-beloved Counsellors, we greet you well"? I have seen many such letters of Philip's; but I never met one which opened in this remarkable way. SAMUEL R. GARDINER.

THE CROWN ON COINS (4th S. vi. 414, 510.)— The signature to this answer should be NEPHRITE, not T. C. as has appeared. In case any correspondent of "N. & Q" knows anything about the Tuscan Livornina, 1649 (p. 511), of Cosmos III., and who was the artist who designed it, a note on that subject would much oblige

NEPHRITE.

WOLVERTON: WOLVERHAMPTON (4th S. vi. 417.) Wolverton, in Warwickshire, was anciently Wolverdington; Wolverhampton, in Staffordshire, is named after Wulfruna, a sister to King Egbert, circa 996. (Qu. Edgar.*) There are several other Wolvertons, viz. in Bucks, Hants, Norfolk, Worcestershire. There is a Wolveton in Dorset, a Woolferton or Woofferton in Salop—all from the A.-S. wulf, a wolf. Woolhampton, in Berks, is probably of different etymology. A. H.

If common characteristics are to be inferred in this instance from similarity of name, their origin is certainly not modern. Wolverton is at least as old as the Domesday Survey, in which it is noticed as "Wlverintone." It was the seat of the barony of Maigno Brito, a Norman follower Edgar received wolves' heads as tribute.

of the Conqueror, whose descendants took the name of Wolverton, and continued there until the male line failed with John de Wolverton in the reign of Edward III. Wolverhampton is said to have taken the addition to its original name of Hampton from Wulphruna, the sister of King Edgar, according to Dugdale, who founded a monastery there A.D. 970. W. E. B.

Wolverhampton was originally called Hampton. When in the year 996 Wulfrune, or Wulfruna, sister of Ethelred II., founded and endowed the rededicated to St. Peter, the town was called church and college of St. Mary there, afterwards Wulfrune's Hampton, and now it is corrupted in Wolverhampton. In the name "Wolverton there can be no such origin, as the village, or rather small town, is comparatively modern.

H. SKEEN.

22, St. Ann's Road, North Brixton. AUTHORS OR EDITORS (4th S. vi. 434.)-The complaint of your correspondent S., as to the unfair prominence given in some instances to the name of the editor in preference to that of the author, may be well founded, but his illustration is not a happy one. The History of the Rebellions in Scotland, forming three volumes of "Constable's Miscellany," is certainly by Robert Chambers, whose name is on the title-page as author, and a valuable work it is. The Jacobite Memoirs of the Rebellion (which S. was probably thinking of) were "edited, from the MSS. of the late Right Rev. Robert Forbes, A.M., Bishop of the Scottish Episcopal Church, by Robert Chambers," 1834. The two works are essentially distinct.

Aberdeen.

NORVAL CLYNE.

THE PYTHAGOREAN LETTER Y (4th S. iv. 75, 198, 422, 490.)—This epigram has not by any of your correspondents been assigned to any author, and I beg to inform them that it will be found in the Venetian edition of Virgil, 1534, p. 460. It concludes with these additional verses:"Quisquis enim duros casus virtutis amore Vicerit, ille sibi laudemque decusque parabit. At qui desidiam luxumque sequetur inertem, Dum fugit oppositos incauta mente labores, Turpis inopsque simul miserabile transigit ævum." "Cicero en son premier Liure, Offices, où il traicte De Temperantia, nous en a laissé memoire par escript, quant il a dict en allegant Xenophon et disant ainsi : Namque Herculem Prodicus dicit, ut est apud Xenophontem,* cum primum pubesceret, quod tempus a natura ad diligendum quam quisque viam vivendi sit ingressurus, datum est, exiisse in solitudinem, atque ibi sedentem diu secum multumque dubitasse, cum duas cerneret vias, unam Voluptatis, alteram Virtutis, utram ingredi melius esset."-Champ Fleury, par Maistre Geofroy Tory de Bourges, 1529.

En passant, we here see the origin of the term dubius-duvius. BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM.

* Memor. ii. § 21.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

The Poetical Works of William Wordsworth. (The only complete Cheap Edition.) Edited, with a Critical Memoir, by William Michael Rossetti. Illustrated by Artistic Etchings by Edwin Edwards. (Moxon & Co.) The Poetical Works of Henry W. Longfellow. Edited, with a Critical Memoir, by William Michael Rossetti. Illustrated by Artistic Etchings by Edwin Edwards. (Moxon & Co.)

There is one point on which Messrs. Moxon may claim credit in the production of their Christmas and Illustrated Books, and it is really no small credit, namely, the great variety of style of illustration which they bring to bear upon this peculiar class of publications. What can be more different than the illustration of Hood, by Doré, which they issued last year from the illustrations of the same poet by Birket Foster, to which we called attention last week? What again can be in greater contrast than the Doré illustrations of Tennyson, and the etchings by which Mr. Edwin Edwards has illustrated the Wordsworth which the same publishers have just issued-unless it be that between Captain Seccombe's outline sketches of Hood's Miss Kilmansegge and Mr. Edwin Edward's etchings in the new Longfellow? There is no style of illustration probably, in which the feeling of the artist is so faithfully preserved and truthfully expressed as that which results from the etching needle; yet it may be doubted whether etchings, as "caviare to the many," will ever be very popular. Those in the work before us, though able, and showing a good deal of artistic skill and poetic feeling, will we fear not be very generally acceptable; and the fact of the Wordsworth being "the only complete edition," will, we suspect, do more to ensure it a large circulation than "the artistic etchings" of Edwin Edwards. Mr. Rosetti's Memoirs of Wordsworth and Longfellow, it should be added, form additional attractions.

The Life and Letters of the Rev. Richard Harris Barham, Author of "The Ingoldsby Legends," with a Selection from his Miscellaneous Poems. By His Son. In Two Volumes. (Bentley.)

Every one who knew or ever heard of Richard Harris Barham, every one who is acquainted with the writings of Thomas Ingoldsby, will anticipate the perusal of this enlarged biography of that worthy man and delicate humorist with pleasure. Nor will its perusal disappoint such anticipation. For if in his life, as in the lives of most literary men, striking incidents are conspicuous by their absence, there was so much that is characteristic of the man, there is so much that is brilliant and amusing in his letters, we get so many sketches and notices of the men and women of talent with whom he associatedmeet with so many good stories, some of them perhaps a

little familiar to us-that it would be difficult to find two volumes of pleasanter reading, or two volumes which make so pleasant an impression on the mind of the reader-of one to whom we believe his biographer does no more than justice, when he credits him with "an enviable combination of tact, benevolence, and good humour, supported by unflagging spirits, which, while it carried him through a vast amount of work (and the duties of a London parish priest are very heavy), enabled him invariably to avoid giving offence, and generally to soften if not disarm opposition." One feature of the book will be of special interest to those who think more of the author than of the man, namely, the "Miscellaneous Poems," &c. with which it concludes.

Fuller Worthies Library. The Works in Verse and Prose Complete, of the Right Honourable Fulke Greville Lord Brooke. For the first Time collected and edited, with Memorial, Introduction, Essay, critical and explanatory, Notes and Fac-similes. By the Rev. Alexander B. Grosart, of St. George's, Blackburn, Lancashire. In Four Volumes. Vols. III. and IV. (Printed for Private Circulation.)

Miscellanies of the Fuller Worthies Library. I. The Poems of William Harbert (usually called Sir William Herbert), Glamorgan; for the first time collected and edited, with Introduction. II. The Poems of Humfrey Gifford, Gentleman (1580). Edited with Memorial, Introduction, and Notes.-III. The Songs of Sion, by William Loe (1620). Edited with Memorial, Introduction, and Notes, by Rev. Alexander B. Grosart, St. George's, Blackburn, Lancashire. (Printed for Private Circulation.)

Mr. Grosart is so rapid and voluminous an editor that he ought to follow the example of a late well-known politician, and keep a review, for a journal of such limited space for Book Notices as "N. & Q." can scarce find room to do him justice. On the present occasion we must confine ourselves to stating that the third volume of Lord Brooke, containing Celica in XC Sonnets, and the Poems, I. Alarum, II. Mustapha, with additions and various readings; and the fourth volume, containing the Prose Works, namely-Life of Sir Philip Sidney, with Additions and various Readings; Letter to an Honorable Lady; Letter to Varney in France; Speech for Bacon; Account of Manuscripts in the possession of the Earl of Warwick and Brooke, with Corrections and various Readings and Indices - complete Mr. Grosart's edition of the works of this accomplished nobleman, which are now first collected, and the impression of which is limited to 165 copies. In like manner three smaller pieces, which complete the first volume of The Fuller Worthies Library Miscellanies, whose titles we have transcribed above, are severally collected and edited for the first time; and, as the number of copies printed is also limited to 165, those who desire to secure them should lose no time in putting themselves in communication with their persevering and most industrious editor.

THE TROSS LIBRARY.-At the recent sale of this library, the following were among the prices fetched : "Lactantii Opera," the first book printed in Italy with a date ("in Monasterio Sublacensi, 1465"), 2307; two MS. volumes," Apocalypsis cum Figuris" and "Speculum Humanæ Salvationis," 1077. and 461. respectively; 1470, 587.; a Spanish book of "Hours," printed by an illuminated "Officium Beatæ Mariæ Virginis," dated Thielman Kerver in 1502, a great rarity, 201.

ARCHDEACON O'SHEA.-The obituary of the week includes the death of this gentleman, at Cork, at a very advanced age. "He was," says The Guardian, "one of the most eminent divines in the Irish Roman Catholic

Church, a profound and brilliant scholar, as well as an erudite theologian and eloquent preacher. Deceased was the last survivor of the coterie of wits and scholars who made Cork famous forty years ago, and at that time was a frequent contributor to English magazines. He preserved to the last a keen taste for literature, aud fine critical faculties."

SIR RODERICK MURCHISON.-We are glad to be able to report that, at a Meeting of the Royal Geographical Society on Tuesday last, a letter from the nephew of Sir Roderick, Mr. K. R. Murchison, was read containing the following:-"I am happy to be able to say that Dr. Bence Jones has this day pronounced him out of danger, but his recovery must be very slow." We need hardly add, that the reading of the letter was attended with loud applause.

PAPWORTH'S "ORDINARY OF BRITISH ARMORIALS."We understand that the publication of this very useful book, which was suspended by the long and painful illness which preceded the death of Mr. Papworth, is about to be resumed upon different terms under a competent editor; and that the new terms of publication will be such, that even those subscribers who discontinued their subscriptions early, will be able to obtain the remainder of the work at a reasonable price.

LORD BROUGHAM'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY is understood to be so far advanced at press, that the first volume may be looked for in the course of the month of January.

INSTITUTE OF PAINTERS IN WATER COLOURS.-The private view of the winter exhibition takes place this day (Saturday), and the exhibition will be opened to the public on Monday.

E. S.

Notices to Correspondents.

"Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest." Pope's Homer's Odyssey. "Its gude to be merry and wise," &c. Burns's Song," Here's a health to them that's awa'.'

E. V. Many thanks. We will endeavour in our next volume to carry out your very sensible suggestion. H. W. C.

"And give to airy nothing

A local habitation and a name."

Midsummer's Night's Dream, Act V. S. 1. A. R. BARKER is referred to our 3rd S. iv. 419; vi. 259, 337; and vii. 357 for the history of "Cleanliness is next to godliness."

ISABEL. The Dowager Duchess of Sutherland died at Stafford House on Oct. 27, 1868, aged sixty-two.

A. B. T. We answered the query in our present volume, no longer ago than Nov. 12, in our Notices to Correspondents, where we stated that "There have been several conjectures as to the origin of the letters M and N in the church service; e. g. (1.) That they are algebraical signs to represent indefinite and variable names. (2.) That M may stand for maritus, and N for nupta. (3.) That they are the middle letters of the alphabet, and are adopted like A. B. in our Acts of Parliament. See "N. & Q." 1st S. i. 476; ii. 61; iii. 323, 437.

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THE COLOSSEUM.-The last traces of this institution are about to disappear. Erected in 1824, it received much patronage from the last generation, and enjoyed a reputation for the gigantic pictures or panoramas exhibited there; but, after many vicissitudes, it ultimately succumbed to the more popular and central entertainments of modern times, and now its site is to be disposed of. It occupies about 81,000 square feet, possessing a frontage of about 300 feet to the Regent's Park and Albany-street. The domed rotunda, 120 feet in diameter and the same in height, has on the west an entrance portico, "so that the whole," says Cunningham," resembles a miniature of the Pantheon, except that the portico is Doric, with only six columns, which are said to be exact full-sized models of those of the Parthenon."

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CATALOGUE of SECOND-HAND BOOKS, on Theology, Commentaries, and Prophecy, is preparing by MESSRS. AYLOTT & SON, 97, St. Paul's Road, Islington, London, and will be sent free on application. Other Catalogues will follow.

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QUERIES:- A Jacobite Song, &c., 543- Anonymous Arms of the Count of Perche-"Badger "-Bell-Founders "City and Country Recreation" - De Bannes, née De Houssay Dolopathos; or, the King and the Seven Wise Men -Finderne's Flowers-Grantchester Manor House "The Hall of Waters"-Irish ForfeituresIrish Car and Noddy-Pottery Mark-Relic of Charles II. Reform Bill in 1831-"The Siege of Troy"- Simpson Family: Adam Clarke: D. Orme -The Hon. Catherine Southcote "The Squire's Tale"- Whistling for a Wind - Wondyrchoun: Gors, 543.

QUERIES WITH ANSWERS: Potheridge, co. Devon Hewel (a Bird): Holtselster Pietro Paolo Bissari

It is curious to find the name of Diphilus turn up here, so close to the villa of Cicero. One cannot help thinking that here we have the architect who is mentioned by him (Ad Q. F. iii. 1), and whose name passed into a proverb-"Diphilo tardior."

The ridge of the Apennines rises gradually to a considerable height in this direction, with small valleys here and there, such as are found towards the Sabine farm of Horace at Licenza. It is in one of these small glens that the Trappist monas

546.

REPLIES:- Portrait and Skulls of Carolan, 548-Jewish Weapons, 549-"The Adoration of the Lamb," &c., 550Gun, 551-Sir William Roger, Knt., 552 - Vese: Feese, 553 Lord Byron's "English Bards," &c., 554 The Manx Song: "Mylecharaine," 555 - The "Caucan "-Was Thomas Guy a Publisher?-"Dun" as a Local Prefix — "Possum up a Gum Tree". -Foolscap Paper - Napoleon III.- Barbara Hoole - Extra Illustrations to " Dombey and Son" - Quotations wanted, &c., 556. Notes on Books, &c.

܂

Notes.

VILLAS OF CAIUS MARIUS AND QUINTUS

CICERO.

Happening to be in the course of my travels at Arpinum, with the view of investigating the position of the villa of Cicero on the Fibrenus, I was induced to visit the spot, Casamari, where native geographers place the site of a villa of Marius (born B.c. 157, died B.c. 86). I found that its position was in the Papal States (which, however, no longer exist) across the Liris, about four miles from its banks, in a mountainous region. Who can forget the beautiful description of this river by Horace (Od. 1. 31): —

"Non rura, quæ Liris quietâ

Mordet aquâ taciturnus amnis?"

In this high-lying district, however, it is neither tranquil nor gentle, but an impetuous mountain stream; and at Isola, where it is joined by the Fibrenus, forming a cascade upwards of ninety feet in height, rivalling even the falls of Terni. To reach Casamari the road leads through a small village, Castelluccio; and here I found a piece of ancient road paved with large square stones-no doubt part of the Via Latina, leading to Arpinum. Here, too, is the arch of an ancient bridge at a spot called S. Paolo. The following imperfect inscription was found in the vicinity: ;

Casamari. Some are of opinion that this is the site of Cereatæ or Cirrhæatæ (Plut. Mar., c. 3), the birthplace of Marius; and I think that it is not unlikely to have been so. Any ancient remains that may have originally existed would disappear in the erection of the monastery, which is said to go back to the beginning of the eleventh century. I was told that the following fragment of an inscription had been found in this vicinity in 1780: -

This may possibly refer to Caius Marius, who was consul for the seventh time B.C. 86 along with Cinna, the same year that he died. Though we have nothing here to remind us, except indeed the everlasting hills, of the celebrated Marius, on the banks of the Fibrenus there are still oaks to be found; no doubt the descendants of that Marian oak of which Cicero (De Leg. i. 1) speaks so eloquently about 52 B.C.:—

"Lucus quidem ille, et hæc Arpinatium quercus agnoscitur, sæpe a me lectus in Mario. Si manet illa quercus, hæc est profecto: etenim est sane vetus. Dum Latinæ loquentur literæ, quercus huic loco non deerit, quæ Mariana dicatur: eaque, ut ait Scævola de fratris mei Mario

'Canescet sæclis innumerabilibus.'"

If Casamari be the birthplace of Marius, it is easy to understand that he should be the son of parents in humble circumstances, as the country around must at all times have been inhabited by rude peasants. Cicero (Tusc. Quæst., ii. 22) calls him "rusticanus vir sed plane vir."

The villa of Quintus (born about B.c. 102, died B.C. 43), brother of Cicero, is some dozen miles from this point, being believed to have been situated close to Monte d' Arce, a castle overhanging the village, lying on the slope of a hill. This villa is thus fully described by Cicero in a