borer in a vertical direction, is upon many accounts inconvenient, the sand and borings occupying one side of the cylinder, and wearing away the edges of the cutter. By the application of Mr. Billingsley's apparatus, this process is reversed by causing the borer to revolve in an horizontal direction, and thus allowing the sand &c. to fall freely to the lower opening in the cylinder. In this method, the finishing part of the cutter is employed upon a clean face of metal, and not being encumbered with the cuttings, the borer goes completely through, without any attention being necessary.

J. LEACH, Merton Abbey, April 7, 1803.

A. WOOLF, Wood Street, Spafields, July 29, 1803.

An account of the above patent for an improved mode of converting water or other fluids into steam, will be found prefixed to the description of Mr. Woolf's engine.

B. DONKIN, Dartford, August 3, 1803.

A rotatory motion is here produced by the application of steam below the surface of a vessel of water, containing a bucket-wheel, the elastic fluid acting upon each bucket in succession. These, when filled with and rendered buoyant by the steam, will ascend with considerable force, carrying with them any other moveable apparatus to which they may be attached.

W. FREEMANTLE, Hoxton, Nov. 17, 1803.

The first improvement described by Mr. Freemantle in this specification, consists in making the steam cylinder or cylinders in such a manner that the diameter of the bore shall be about equal to the length of the stroke, by which means the friction will be considerably reduced.

Another part of Mr. Freemantle's invention is an universal

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the vessel till the equilibrium is restored; and when the piston ascends again, the barrel will not only be supplied by the pipe, but also by the air-vessel.

R. WILLCOX, Bristol, April 30, 1804.

The improvement for which this patent is taken out, consists in lessening the consumption of fuel by the application of vapour in a high state of elasticity; and in an addition to the chimney flue of a furnace, by which the descent of the smoke and heated matter to a lower level than that of the fire-place is regulated and adjusted at pleasure.

As the caloric which escapes by the chimney in various manufactories is very considerable, and, according to Mr. Willcox, more than sufficient to work an ordinary steam engine by condensation, he finds it most advisable to load the safety valve, and construct the engine of the requisite strength to bear an elastic action of from fifteen to one hundred and fifty pounds on the inch; and in this manner the machine is worked by its elasticity only. By this application of the steam, the patentee states that the power of a four-inch cylinder may be made to equal that of one twelve times its diameter.

Among the advantages derivable from the use of this engine, it is said that the constant heat of the cylinder and the pipe that leads to it, which can never come in contact with the cold water, and the increasing heat of the water in the cylinder, which soon acquires a high temperature, and then continues its place, by its diminished specific gravity, must tend in the highest degree to prevent a wasteful condensation of steam.

A. WOOLF, Wood Street, Spafields, June 7, 1804.

This engine is in many respects similar to Mr. Hornblower's, with the addition of employing steam of a high

pressure, and in proportioning the capacities of the two cylinders to the increased expansibility of the elastic fluid, according to his table. Mr. Woolf, in his specification, states that he has ascertained by actual experiment that steam acting with the expansive force of four pounds upon the square inch, against the safety valve, exposed also to the weight of the atmosphere, is capable of expanding itself to four times the volume it then occupies, and would still be equal to the pressure of the atmosphere; so, in like manner, quantities of steam of six, seven, eight, &c, pounds the square inch, can expand themselves to six, seven, or eight times their volume, and still be equal to the atmosphere, or capable of producing a sufficient action against the piston of a steam engine, to produce the upward action in Newcomen's atmospheric engine.

An engine constructed on Mr. Woolf's plan, must have two steam vessels of different dimensions, according to the temperature, or expansive force, to be communicated to the steam. Each steam vessel should be furnished with a piston, fitting air-tight, and the smaller cylinders should have a communication both at top and bottom with the boiler which supplies the steam, capable of being opened and shut during the working of the engine. The top of the small cylinder having a communication with the bottom of the larger cylinder, and the bottom of the smaller with the top of the larger, with proper means to open and shut these alternately by means of cocks and valves. A communication should also be formed by the same means between the larger cylinder and a condensing vessel, into which a jet of water is admitted to render the condensation more complete.

When the engine is at work, steam of high temperature is admitted from the boiler, to act by its elastic force on one side of the smaller piston, while the steam which had last

moved it has a communication with the larger steam vessel, now moving towards that end of its cylinder which is open to the condensing vessel.

If both pistons end their stroke at one time, and both are placed at the top of their respective cylinders, ready to descend, then the steam entering above the smaller piston will carry it downwards; while the steam below it, instead of being allowed to escape into the atmosphere, will pass into the larger cylinder above its piston, which will take its downward stroke at the same time with the piston of the smaller cylinder. Both pistons having thus reached the bottom of their respective cylinders, the steam is to be shut off from the top and admitted to the bottom of the smaller cylinder, and the communication opened between the top of the smaller and the bottom of the larger cylinder; the steam which, in the downward stroke of the engine, filled the larger cylinder, being now open to the condenser, and the communication between the bottom of the larger cylinder and the condenser shut off, and so alternately admitting the steam to the different sides of the smaller piston, while the steam last admitted into the smaller cylinder passes alternately to the different sides of the larger piston, the top and bottom of which are made to communicate alternately with the condenser.

J. RIDER, Belfast, March 26, 1805.

The improvements described in this specification consist, first, in lining the steam-cylinder with a soft metal, similar to pewter, of a sufficient thickness to admit of finishing its inner surface by draw-boring, &c.; secondly, in applying a hollow piston-rod, answering the purpose of an eductionpipe; and thirdly, in the order of opening and shutting the valves. The last and most important part, however, of Mr. Rider's invention requires a more particular description.