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with spawn; some lamperns; some bull-heads; but I could procure no minnows. This basket will be in Fleet-street by eight this evening; so I hope Mazel* will have them fresh and fair to-morrow morning. I gave some directions in a letter, to what particulars the engraver should be attentive.t

Finding, while I was on a visit, that I was within a reasonable distance of Ambresbury, I sent a servant over to that town, and procured several living specimens of loaches, which he brought safe and brisk, in a glass decanter. They were taken in the gulleys that were cut for watering the meadows. From these fishes (which measured from two to four inches in length) I took the following description:"The loach, in its general aspect, has a pellucid appearance; its back is mottled with irregular collections of small black dots, not reaching much below the linea literalis, as are the back and tail fins; a black line runs from each eye down to the nose; its belly is of a silvery white; the upper jaw projects beyond the lower, and is surrounded with six feelers, three on each side; its pectoral fins are large, its ventral much smaller; the fin behind its anus small; its dorsal fin large, containing eight spines; its tail, where it joins to the tail fin, remarkably broad, without any taperness, so as to be characteristic of this genus; the tail fin is broad, and square at the end. From the breadth and muscular strength of the tail, it appears to be an active nimble fish."

In my visit I was not very far from Hungerford, and did not forget to make some inquiries concerning the wonderful

* Mr. Peter Mazel was the engraver of the plates of the British Zoology. He also engraved some of the plates for the original edition of this work.—ED.

The manner in which the common lamprey, petromyzon marinus, and the lesser species, commonly known as lamperns, form their spawning-beds, is curious. They ascend our rivers to breed, about the end of June, and remain until the beginning of August. They are not furnished with any elongation of jaw, afforded to most of our fresh-water fish, to form the receiving furrows in this important season; but the want is supplied by their suckerlike mouth, by which they individually remove each stone. Their power is immense. Stones of a very large size are transported, and a large furrow is soon formed. The p. marinus remain in pairs, two on each spawning-place, and while there employed, retain themselves affixed by the mouths to a large stone. The p. fluviatilis, and another small species which I have not determined, are gregarious, acting in concert, and forming, in the same manner, a general spawning-bed.-W. J.

method of curing cancers by means of toads. Several intelligent persons, both gentry and clergy, do, I find, give a great deal of credit to what was asserted in the papers; and I myself dined with a clergyman who seemed to be persuaded that what is related is matter of fact; but, when I came to attend to his account, I thought I discerned circumstances which did not a little invalidate the woman's story of the manner in which she came by her skill. She says of herself, that, "labouring under a virulent cancer, she went to some church where there was a vast crowd; on going into a, pew, she was accosted by a strange clergyman, who, after expressing compassion for her situation, told her, that if she would make such an application of living toads as is mentioned, she would be well." Now, is it likely that this unknown gentleman should express so much tenderness for this single sufferer, and not feel any for the many thousands that daily languish under this terrible disorder? Would he not have made use of this invaluable nostrum for his own emolument? or, at least, by some means of publication or other, have found a method of making it public for the good of mankind? In short, this woman (as it appears to me) having set up for a cancer doctress, finds it expedient to amuse the country with this dark and mysterious relation.

The water-eft has not, that I can discern, the least appearance of any gills; for want of which it is continually rising to the surface of the water to take in fresh air. I opened a big-bellied one, indeed, and found it full of spawn. Not that this circumstance at all invalidates the assertion that they are larvæ; for the larvae of insects are full of eggs, which they exclude the instant they enter their last state. The watereft is continually climbing over the brims of the vessel, within which we keep it in water, and wandering away; and people every summer see numbers crawling out of the pools where they are hatched, up the dry banks. There are varieties of them differing in colour; and some have fins up their tail and back, and some have not.*

The fins, or membrane on the tail and back, increase greatly at the season of generation; at other times they are hardly perceptible.-W. J.

LETTER XIX.

TO THE SAME.

SELBORNE, Aug. 17, 1768. DEAR SIR,-I have now, past dispute, made out three distinct species of the willow-wrens (motacillae trochili), which constantly and invariably use distinct notes. But, at the same time, I am obliged to confess that I know nothing of your willow-lark. In my letter of April the 18th, I had told you peremptorily that I knew your willow-lark, but had not seen it then; but, when I came to procure it, it proved in all respects a very motacilla trochilus; only that it is a size larger than the two other, and the yellow-green of the whole upper part of the body is more vivid, and the belly of a clearer white. I have specimens of the three sorts now lying before me; and can discern that there are three gradations of sizes, and that the least has black legs, and the other two, flesh-coloured ones. The yellowest bird is considerably the largest, and has its quill feathers and secondary feathers tipped with white, which the others have not. This last haunts only the tops of trees in high beechen woods, and makes a sibilous grasshopper-like noise now and then, at short intervals, shivering a little with its wings when it sings; and is, I make no doubt now, the regulus non cristatus of Ray; which he says, "cantat voce stridulâ locustœ.”‡ Yet this great ornithologist never suspected that there were three species.

* These birds are accurately described and beautifully figured in Mr. Selby's and Mr. Yarrell's works on British birds, to which the reader is referred.-ED.

Pennant's Brit. Zool., edit. 1776, octavo, p. 381.
Without doubt, sylvia sibilatrix, or wood-wren.-W. J.

LETTER XX.

TO THE SAME.

SELBORNE, Oct. 8, 1768. Ir is, I find, in zoology as it is in botany; all nature is so full, that that district produces the greatest variety which is the most examined. Several birds, which are said to belong to the north only, are, it seems, often in the south. I have discovered this summer three species of birds with us, which writers mention as only to be seen in the northern counties. The first that was brought me (on the 14th of May) was the sandpiper (tringa hypoleucus): it was a cock bird, and haunted the banks of some ponds near the village; and, as it had a companion, doubtless intended to have bred near that water. Besides, the owner has told me since, that on recollection he has seen some of the same birds round his ponds in former summers.*

The next bird that I procured (on the 21st of May) was a male red-backed butcher-bird (lanius collurio). My neighbour, who shot it, says that it might easily have escaped his notice, had not the outcries and chattering of the whitethroats and other small birds drawn his attention to the bush where it was: its craw was filled with the legs and wings of beetles.

This species, the totanus hypoleucus of modern ornithologists, is most abundant on all the rocky brooks in the north of England and Scotland, arriving to breed early in spring, and in autumn again retiring to our coasts, in small flocks, with its young. About October they are again dispersed, migrating to warmer shores. I have received specimens from Africa, the Delft Islands, and various parts of India and China.-W. J.

There is nothing very remarkable in the occurrence of these birds in southern counties. The sandpiper is disposed to breed in any part of England, where it can be free from disturbance. The red-backed butcher-bird belongs rather to the south, and is scarcely ever met in the north. The ring-ousel is in Hampshire a bird of passage, crossing that county in the spring and autumn, in its way to and from its breeding-places, in the rocky districts of the north and west.-E. T. B.

The next rare birds (which were procured for me last week) were some ring-ousels (turdi torquati).*

This week twelvemonths a gentleman from London being with us, was amusing himself with a gun, and found, he told us, on an old yew hedge where there were berries, some birds like blackbirds, with rings of white round their necks; a neighbouring farmer also at the same time observed the same; but, as no specimens were procured, little notice was taken. I mentioned this circumstance to you in my letter of November the 4th, 1767 (you, however, paid but small regard to what I said, as I had not seen these birds myself): but last week the aforesaid farmer, seeing a large flock, twenty or thirty, of these birds, shot two cocks and two hens; and says, on recollection, that he remembers to have observed these birds again last spring, about Ladyday, as it were on their return to the north. Now, perhaps these ousels are not the ousels of the north of England, but belong to the more northern parts of Europe; and may retire before the excessive rigour of the frosts in those parts; and return to breed in spring when the cold abates. If this be the case, here is discovered a new bird of winter passage, concerning whose migrations the writers are silent; but if these birds should prove the ousels of the north of England, then here is a migration disclosed within our own kingdom, never before remarked. It does not yet appear whether they retire beyond the bounds of our island to the south; but it is most probable that they usually do, or else one cannot suppose that they would have continued so long unnoticed in the southern counties. The ousel is larger than a blackbird, and feeds on haws; but last autumn (when there were no haws) it fed on yew-berries : in the spring it feeds on ivy-berries, which ripen only at that season, in March and April.

I must not omit to tell you (as you have been so lately on

Before migrating to their winter quarters, and often ere the duties of incubation are over, they leave their nountainous haunts, and descend to the nearest gardens, where they commit severe depredations among the cherries, gooseberries, &c. They also frequent holly hedges and the mountain ash, whenever the fruit of these trees is so early as to be of service during their passage. They are known to the country people under the title of "Mountain Blackbirds."-W. J.

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