OF FLOWING LIQUIDS AND HY-

DRAULIC MACHINES.-Laws of the

Flowing of Liquids-Determination

of the Quantity Discharged-Con-

tracted Vein-Parabolic Jets-Rela-

tive Velocity of the parts of Streams

-Undershot, Overshot, and Breast

Wheels-Common Pump-Forcing-

Pump-Vera's Pump-Chain-Pump 43

CHAPTER XIV.

HYDRAULIC MACHINES.-Archimedes'

Screw-The Syphon acts by the

Pressure of Air-The Descent, As-

cent, and Floating of Solids in

Liquids Quantity of Water dis-

placed by a Floating Solid-Case

where Fluids of different densities

are used-Equilibrium of Floating

Solids

OF UNDULATIONS.-Origin of Undula-

tions-Progressive and Stationary

Undulation-Course of a Progressive

Wave-Nodal Points-Three dif-

ferent kinds of Vibration-Trans-

verse Vibration of a Cord-Vibrations

of Rods-Vibrations of Elastic Planes

-Vibrations of Liquids-Waves on

Water-Law of the Reflection of

Undulations-Applied in the case of

a Plane, a Circle, an Ellipse, a Para-

bola-Case of a Circular Wave on a

Plane-Interference of Waves-In-

flection of Waves- Intensity of

Waves-Method of Combining Sys-

tems of Waves

CHAPTER XXXII.

-

100

104

107

PRODUCTION OF SOUND.-The Note

depends on Frequency of Vibration

-Distinguishing Powers of the Ear

Soniferous Media Origin of

Sounds in the Air-Elasticity re-

quired and given in the Case of

Strings by Stretching-Rate of Ve-

locity of Sounds-All Sounds trans-

mitted with Equal Speed-Distances

determined by it-High and Low

Sounds-Three Directions of Vibra-

tion-Intensity of Sound-Quality

of Sounds-The Diatonic Scale . . 113

CHAPTER XXXIII.

PHENOMENA OF SOUND. - Notes in

Unison-Concords and Discords-

Octave-Interval of Sounds-Melody

Harmony - The Monochord

Length of Cord and Number of

Vibrations required for each Note-

Laws of Vibrations in Cords, Rods,

Planes Acoustic Figures on Plates

-Vibration of Columns of Air-In-

terference of Sounds-Whispering

Galleries Echoes-Speaking and

Hearing Trumpet

-

CHAPTER XXXIV.

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT.-Theories of

the Nature of Light Sources of

Light-Phosphorescence-Tempe-

rature of a Red Heat-Effects of

Bodies on Light-Passage in Straight

Lines Production of Shadows-

Umbra and Penumbra .

CHAPTER XXXV.

OF THE MEASURES OF THE INTENSITY

AND VELOCITY OF LIGHT.-Condi-

tions of the Intensity of Light-Of

Photometric Methods-Rumford's

Method by Shadows-Ritchie's Pho-

tometer - Difficulties in Coloured

Lights-Masson's Method-Velocity

of Light determined by the Eclipse of

Jupiter's Satellites-The same by the

Aberration of the Fixed Stars.

CHAPTER XXXVI.

REFLECTION OF LIGHT. - Different

kinds of Mirrors-General Law of

Reflection-Case of Parallel, Con-

verging, and Diverging Rays on

Plane Mirrors-The Kaleidoscope-

Properties of Spherical Concave

Mirrors - Properties of Spherical

Convex Mirrors-Spherical Aberra-

tion- Mirrors of other Forms-

Cylindrical Mirrors

CHAPTER XXXVII.

116

122

124

128

PAGE

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

THE ACTION OF LENSES.-Different

Forms of Lenses-General Proper-

ties of Convex Lenses-General Pro-

perties of Concave Lenses-Analogy

between Mirrors and Lenses-Pro-

duction of Images by Lenses-Size

and Distance of Images-Visual

Angle-Magnifying Effects-Burn-

ing Lenses

CHAPTER XXXIX.

PAGE

136

OF COLOURED LIGHT.-Action of the

Prism-Refraction and Dispersion-

The Solar Spectrum-Its Constitu-

ent Rays-They pre-exist in White

Light-Theory of the Different Re-

frangibility of the Rays of Light-

Different Dispersive Powers-Irra-

tionality of Dispersion-Illuminat-

ing Effects-The Fixed Lines-Ca-

lorific Effects-Chemical Effects. . 139

CHAPTER XL.

OF COLOURED LIGHT.-Properties of

Homogeneous Light-Formation of

Compound Colours-Chromatic Aber-

ration of Lenses-Achromatic Prism

Achromatic Lens Imperfect

Achromaticity from Irrationality of

Dispersion-Cause of the Colours of

Opaque Objects-Effects of Mono-

chromatic Lights-Colours of Trans-
parent Media .

142

145

148