xiv

CONTENTS.

XXVII.-THE QUESTION OF INVESTITURES.

ANSELM'S EARLY LIFE AND CHARACTER. HIS ELECTION TO THE PRIMACY.-

DISPUTES WITH WILLIAM RUFUS. THE COUNCIL OF ROCKINGHAM.-ANSELM'S

FIRST EXILE. THE PRIMATE AND HENRY I.-NEW QUESTION OF INVESTI-

TURES.-ANSELM'S SECOND EXILE.FINAL ADJUSTMENT OF THE QUARREL.—

NATURE OF ANSELM'S SUCCESS

320

XXVIII.-STEPHEN.

STEPHEN'S USURPATION.REASONS OF ITS SUCCESS.-CHURCH AND STATE.-WARS

WITH SCOTLAND.-BATTLE OF THE STANDARD.-THE BISHOPS' WAR.-QUAR-

REL WITH THE CHURCH.-THE EMPRESS IN ENGLAND.-CIVIL WAR.-BATTLE

OF LINCOLN, AND CAPTURE OF STEPHEN.-MATILDA'S GOVERNMENT.-SIEGE

OF WINCHESTER, AND CAPTURE OF ROBERT OF GLOUCESTER.-DESOLATION OF

THE COUNTRY.-PEACE
332

XXIX. THE CONTEST WITH BECKET.

FIRST ACTS OF HENRY'S GOVERNMENT.-BECKET'S BIRTH AND RISE. HIS CHAN-

CELLORSHIP.-NATURAL ANTAGONISM OF CHURCH AND STATE.-ASSERTION OF

ARCHIEPISCOPAL RIGHTS.-ABUSES OF A DIVIDED JURISDICTION.-COUNCILS

OF WESTMINSTER AND CLARENDON.-ARTICLES OF CLARENDON. BECKET'S

CONSENT AND RECANTATION.-COUNCIL OF NOTTINGHAM.-FLIGHT TO FRANCE.

HENRY'S VIOLENT MEASURES. CONFERENCES. CORONATION OF THE

YOUNG KING. BECKET'S RETURN TO ENGLAND, AND VIOLENT CONDUCT. —

HIS MURDER.-HENRY'S PENANCE. TRIUMPH OF HENRY'S POLICY.-CHA-

RACTER OF BECKET

347

XXX.-THE CONQUEST OF IRELAND.

EARLY IRISH CIVILIZATION AND POLITY.-ENGLISH SCHEMES OF CONQUEST.-

DERMOT MAC-MOROGH.-FIRST INVASION UNDER FITZ-STEPHEN.-SECOND IN-

VASION UNDER STRONGBOW.-HENRY RECALS HIS SUBJECTS.-STRONGBOW'S

DIFFICULTIES.-SIEGE OF DUBLIN-HENRY'S VISIT TO IRELAND.-CHURCH RE-

FORMS AND TERRITORIAL CHANGES.-TREATY WITH RODERIC O'CONNOR 371

XXXI.-PRIVATE LIFE, AND FAMILY WARS AND DEATH, OF

HENRY II.

CHARACTER OF HENRY II.-FIRST FAMILY WAR.-SUCCESS OF THE OLD KING.-

SECOND WAR.-SIEGE OF LIMOGES, AND DEATH OF PRINCE HENRY.-WAR

WITH RICHARD AND PHILIP AUGUSTUS.-DEATH AND PUBLIC CHARACTER

OF HENRY II.

384

CONTENTS.

XV

XXXII-RICHARD CŒUR DE LION.

RICHARD'S ACCESSION.-MASSACRES OF THE JEWS.-PREPARATIONS FOR THE CRU-

SADE. SICILY.-CYPRUS.-PALESTINE.-REGENCY OF LONGCHAMP.-QUAR-

REL WITH THE ARCHBISHOP OF YORK. LONGCHAMP BESIEGED IN THE

TOWER, AND EXPELLED FROM POWER.-RICHARD'S RETURN, AND TREACH-

EROUS CAPTURE IN GERMANY.-CONDUCT OF EARL JOHN.-RICHARD'S HOM-

AGE TO THE EMPEROR AND RANSOM.-LAST YEARS OF THE REIGN.-RICHARD'S

DEATH.-WILLIAM FITZ-OSBERT.-CHARACTER OF RICHARD I.

395

XXXIII. THE ANGLO-NORMAN LAW-COURTS.

COMMON, CIVIL, AND CANON LAW.-RIGID POLICE OF THE COUNTRY.-NATURE OF

THE CROWN'S INTERFERENCE IN SUITS.-THE CURIA.-JUSTICES IN EYRE ON

CIRCUIT.THE DUEL AND THE GRAND ASSIZE. AN ACTION FOR LAND.-AN

ACTION TURNING ON THE PRINCIPLES OF THE CANON LAW.-LEGAL EXPENSES.

DISADVANTAGES OF THE DOUBLE SYSTEM

411

XXXIV.-FEUDALISM AND CHIVALRY.

ORIGIN OF FEUDALISM.-HOMAGE AND FEALTY.-DIFFERENT FEUDAL TENURES.

-FEUDAL SERVICES AND RECIPROCAL OBLIGATIONS.-VILLENAGE AND ITS

REMEDIES.-SOCIAL INFLUENCES OF FEUDALISM.-REPRESENTATIVE THEORY.

-ORIGIN OF CHIVALRY.-THE KNIGHT'S INITIATION.-INFLUENCE OF CHI-

VALRY ON WAR, ON THE RELATIONS OF MEN AND WOMEN, ON SOCIETY.—

CAUSE OF ITS DECLINE

423

XXXV.-MEDIEVAL LITERATURE.

TENDENCIES OF ANGLO-NORMAN

LITERATURE.-CONSTRUCTIVE CHARACTER OF

PHILOSOPHY.-ANSELM'S METAPHYSICS.-INFLUENCES OF PHILOSOPHY ON

RELIGION.CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY.-CYCLE OF POLITICAL

ROMANCES.-GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH.-DISCOVERY OF ARTHUR'S RE-

MAINS. CHIVALROUS ROMANCES ABOUT ARTHUR.-EXTENT AND DIFFUSION

OF MEDIEVAL LITERATURE
437

XXXVI.--ANGLO-NORMAN SOCIETY.

DUALISM OF CHURCH AND STATE.-BELIEF IN SYSTEMS.-SECULAR CHARACTER OF

THE CHURCH.-ECCLESIASTICAL INFLUENCES ON SECULAR LIFE.-ECONOMICAL

VALUE OF MONASTERIES.-LIFE IN LONDON AND IN THE COUNTRY.-HIGHER

MATERIAL WELL-BEING AND DIMINISHED ARTISTIC PERCEPTIONS OF MODERN

TIMES. CONTRASTS OF SUPERSTITION AND INTOLERANCE BETWEEN ANCIENT

AND MODERN TIMES.-QUESTION OF INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY
454

ERRATA.

Page 64, note 2, line 11, for "Viatka " read "Wiarda."

101, note 2, line 1, instead of "Bishop Frederick the First, missionary," &c., read " Bishop Frederick, the first missionary," &c.

119, note 1, line 8, instead of "vol. iii." read "vol. i."

,, 141, line 30, instead of "the throne" read "Rome."

238, note 1, line 3, before "nephew" insert "grand."

245, note 1, line 7, for "Ron" read "Rou."

,, 250, line 20, instead of " Edward" read "Eldred."

273, line 11, instead of "Montaigne" read "Mortain."
298, note 1, line 4, omit "dieci."

,, 342, line 29, insert a comma after "Robert."

THE

EARLY AND MIDDLE AGES

OF ENGLAND.

ERRATA.

Page 47, note 2, 1. 2, for "Mr. Davis" read "Dr. Thurnam ;" 1. 7, for "meteoric" read "Metonic."

Page 85, 1. 14, for “Cedd (Chad)” read “Diuma.”

Page 152, 1. 14, for "Edward's " read "Edmund's.

Page 214, 1. 27, for "electric" read "elective."

Page 298, 1. 18, for "Roger" read "Robert.”

Page 445, dele the last two sentences in note 2, 11. 10, 11, from "But" to "Ine."

simple and kindly people, armed with stone-tipped arrows, acquainted with hidden treasures, and mostly keeping aloof from the haunts of common men. These were perhaps the last of the sons of the soil, whom invasion had dispossessed of their homes, and who were not yet merged with their conquerors. But the only proof of this theory lies in the low intellectual capacity of some very ancient skulls, and in the

1

Campbell's Popular Tales of the Highlands, vol. i., pp. c.-cx.

2 Wilson's Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, pp. 163-187. Dasent's Tales from