A FIND OF ROMAN BRONZE COINS ON THE BY WILLIAM SHARP OGDEN. T is distinctly unfortunate, especially from a numismatic point of view, that finds of ancient coins should generally fall to those least competent to appreciate their value and interest. Chance is too frequently the irresponsible administrator of antiquity; what time has spared, or forgotten, she distributes with fantastic irrelevance, denying to the savant that which she casts unasked and unvalued to the wielder of the mattock and spade, whose rudimentary commercialism is probably the chief let or stay to dispersal or destruction. The find now to be described was in some respects, perhaps, a little more fortunate than most of its kind, inasmuch as it was for many years carefully preserved and almost unknown, except to its discoverer, and presumably intact, until, without examination and unvalued, it passed at his death to a near relative, shortly afterwards to be sold to a dealer in Manchester and there divided and dispersed. The Little Orme, the site of the find, is a rocky headland about 400 feet above sea level on the north coast of Wales. It is in the county of Carnarvon, adjacent to the Great Orme, which is nearly 700 feet high; and a little south of both is Pen-maen-mawr, rising to 1,500 feet. The modern town of Llandudno lies in a hollow between the Great and Little Orme, commanded by the rock-crowned citadel of Pen-y-Ddinas, the summit of which still retains remarkable evidence of the walls and pit dwellings of the ancient British city. The Roman military road from DEVA, Chester, to SEGONTIVM,. Carnarvon, was three stages in length, nearly sixty miles; but although VOL. III. C the Itinerary gives the names of the intermediary stations of VARIS and KANOVIVM, the exact line of route is still a matter of uncertainty. The site of VARIS or VARAE the first station from DEVA is not yet absolutely determined, some authorities are inclined to identify it with Caerwys, a small town near St. Asaph. Caerwys is mentioned in Domesday book as a fortified site or Caer, its streets run north and south and are set at right angles quite on the Roman plan. Many remains of the period have been found there, and the name Caerwys is very possibly a colloquial variant of CAER-VARIS. Other authorities identify the station with a site near the river at Bodfari (vari-varis) in the Vale of Clwyd. These places, which are about five miles apart, are both traversed by the Roman road which here sweeps around the base of a lofty hill. Probably the British city was upon this hill, but on the advent of the Roman station it would be transferred to the more convenient site by the highway. . KANOVIVM, the second stage, is identified with Caerhun, about four miles south of Conway. The original name is generally rendered as Conovium, but I have preferred the name as given on the Roman milliarium of the time of Hadrian, which was found on the route. SEGONTIVM, the modern Carnarvon and capital of the district, the third stage, is a little over twenty miles to the south-west. There the Emperor Constantius Chlorus is said to have had a favourite residence, and Nennius-writing in the ninth century in his History of the Britons-says, "he died in Britain, his sepulchre as it appears by the inscription on his tomb is still seen near the city of Cair-Segont" (Carnarvon). The entire district was known in preRoman times as ARFON or ARVON, hence its chief town is Carnarvon, but its Roman name is still traceable in that of the river Seiont beneath its walls. It was the country of the Cangiani, a tribe of the British Ordovices, but the Romans renamed it "Britannia Secunda," and stationed the XXth Legion at DEVA, whence probably were apportioned the garrisons of North Wales. The Little Orme presents a precipitate face to the sea and sloping inland to the south falls from about 400 to 23 feet. Between the Little Orme and the range of hills running from Bryn Maelgion to Mynydd Pentre, an ancient road leads through a narrow pass into the hollow between the two Ormes where Llandudno lies, and if not a main Roman military way it was undoubtedly a loop or branch road to the native settlements and the copper mines on the Great Orme. At the foot of this pass immediately opposite the site of the find, and close to the road, there stands a large farm-house and buildings of very ancient foundation, known as Penrhyn and formerly the manor house of a village which surrounded it. Incorporated with the farm buildings is a desecrated but most interesting thirteenth-century chapel of plain but good style, with lancet windows and arched roof principals. The east window is perfect, the wall beneath shows where the altar has been torn away, and the altar slab itself, still showing traces where the five crosses have been tooled out, now serves as the top stone of a horse block in front of the house. A comparatively small outlay would rescue this most interesting little sanctuary from its present ignoble condition and place it in sound repair. It is not more than thirty yards from the highway and could be readily detached from the other buildings— verb. sap. This chapel is sufficient evidence of the great antiquity of the road, and there are architectural features in its masonry which suggest that it may possibly have replaced, or partly embodied in its structure, a building of even much earlier foundation. The narrow pass, the chief if not only way to the Ormes from the east, is traditionally the site of many sanguinary conflicts, and adjacent, at the top of the defile, is a hill known as Bryn-y-Bia, i.e., the hill of the arrows. The Ormes are full of ancient workings for copper, and the Britons and Romans would almost of necessity use this road instead of the highway to KANOVIVM on account of its convenience. The frequent "finds" of coins and other relics along this route are also not without significance. The remarkable find in the early part of this year, 1907, of a bronze vessel containing several hundred bronze coins of the British Emperor Carausius was in this pass, and barely a quarter of a mile away. Curiously enough, the find was made under almost identical conditions, viz., widening and lowering the old road. Fortunately the bulk of these coins are in the possession of Mr. Willoughby Gardner, of Deganwy, who is preparing a full description for the pages of The British Numismatic Journal. It was by the side of this ancient road, which at this point seems to show traces of having at a remote period been slightly diverted from its original course, and near a farm which has been tenanted for centuries by a family of the name of Owen, that one of them about the year 1873 made the discovery of the find I am about to describe whilst altering the level of the road. The nephew of the finder, who afterwards inherited and sold the hoard, informed me that when discovered the jar containing the coins was surrounded by very old masonry, presumed at the time to be Roman, comprising wrought stones and walling. Whilst this was in process of removal there was unearthed a large one-handled jar of reddish pottery, containing what they considered was a corroded mass of bronze coins, but which, now that they have been separated and carefully cleaned, prove to be a remarkable gathering of over 5,000 Roman A 2 and 3, all of British and Gaulish mints, finely preserved and of great variety of type and detail. The jar was somewhat pear-shaped, about 15 inches high and 24 inches in girth, being widest in the upper part below the neck, which was very narrow and flanged a little outwards to the rim; upon the upper part of the jar was a glaze of dull-yellowish colour. Since the first sale of the find the jar has disappeared, but this description, given by the original vendor, is confirmed by the independent evidence of others who saw it, and so may be taken as substantially correct. The coins when they first came under my notice about the year 1902 and soon after their first transfer, then approximated 5,000 in number, as several small parcels had already been dispersed. All were coated with a loose green oxide which, however, readily yielded to a mild chemical treatment which left the coins in their original condition, quite clean and sharp as struck. Few showed signs of actual wear, worn dies and careless striking being responsible for most of the defective pieces; none were overstruck, all being apparently impressed upon specially prepared flans, and the large proportion were well struck and in almost mint condition. The majority were early issues of Constantinus Maximus; a few were Æ 2, but the bulk were Æ 3, and varied greatly both in size, weight and workmanship. As I had not the opportunity of minutely examining the entire find I had to then content myself with a liberal selection, but later, when the whole of the coins were carefully cleaned I was fortunately able to acquire about one-fourth of the entire find, comprising nearly all of those of which there were only single specimens, or which were desirable from their special state of preservation, or as giving charming varieties of type and portraiture. The coins, as previously remarked, are entirely of British and Gaulish mints, namely, in the proportion of three to two and, with the exception of one class, all the British are of the London mint, Richborough being regarded as the other British mint. The enormous output of the London mint at the period A.D. 305-310 when probably the gathering was made, may be inferred from the difficulty of obtaining even two or three pieces actually struck from one pair of dies. After comparison of several hundreds of these coins of exactly the same type, many types of both Æ 2 and 3 proved to be represented by single or very few pieces, mostly exceptionally fine, and curiously enough the majority of them of British mintage. The Gaulish section is from the mints of Treves, Lyons and Arles. The coins are similar in type and workmanship to the British, but the work of the monetarii is generally better, and from a certain neatness of work and lettering on some of the types it seems probable that the same engravers may have worked for several mints. The interest with which we regard all Roman coins found in this country is deepened when their British origin is shown by the place of mintage; and as the British portion of this find is roughly estimated to yield about 3,000 examples, comprising many types with numerous |