1 6, 7 Military Flails.

9 Military Fork.

Artillery Museum, Paris.

2. Marteau.

3. Axe.

4, 8. Fauchards. 5. Corsesque. 10. Halberd. II. Partisan. 12, 13. Guisarmes.

Fig. 69.-GROUP OF Two SWORDS AND THREE EARLY BAYONETS.

1, 3, 5, Bayonets. 2. Spanish Sword. Italian Sword. All in the Artillery

4.

Museum, Paris.

NOTES..

NOTE 1, p. 1.-In the infancy of nations, the same implement which would be applied to the ordinary requirements and uses of every-day life, would also doubtless serve the purpose of the hunter in the chase; and in the time of strife, the very same implements, with some additions probably suggested by the exigency of circumstances, would become the weapons of a barbarous people.

NOTE 2, p. 4.-It is quite possible that some of the statements in the text relative to the distinctive characteristics of various primæval objects in flint, may be considered, even by many experienced archæologists, to be speculative, or, perhaps, purely fanciful. The study of these certainly very curious relics of remote ages has been pursued with great earnestness and proportionate success on this side of the Channel, where the flint weapons and implements have been found in great numbers and no inconsiderable variety.

NOTE 3, p. 7.-See Note 2.

NOTE 4, 8.-The sketch of the "Stone Period," given in Chapter I. in the text, is to be regarded as a sketch only; so that it has not been proposed to enter with any minuteness into details, or, indeed, to deal with the "Period" at all from an archæological point of view. Stone "celts," and every variety of implement or weapon of the same class or period, are constantly found in England. The term 'Dolmen" denotes certain Celtic tombs, which consist of a large nearly flat tablestone, raised entirely from the ground upon two or more (but not more than four) stone props or upright blocks.

66

NOTE 5, . 9.-In the Athenæum journal, No. 2,121, published June 20, 1868, there appeared a communication dated from "Shanghai, China, April 21, 1868," and bearing the signature of "Thos. W. Kingsmill, Corr. Sec. of North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society," which contains much information that bears directly upon the considerations that are set forth in the text.

In the ancient sacred Scriptures there is no evidence to show of what metal the swords of the warriors of Israel were made. In the Old Testament, however, iron and brass (or bronze) are mentioned together on several occasions; as in Genesis iv. 22; Deuteronomy xxxiii. 25; 1 Samuel xvii. 5-7; and 2 Chronicles xxiv. 12. The spear-head of Goliath of Gath (B. C. 1063) was of "iron," while his defensive armourhelmet, target, greaves"-was of "brass;" 1 Samuel xvii. 4-7. But the spear of that son of the giant, who, in after days, when "girded with a new sword, thought to have slain David," was of "brass; " 2 Samuel xxi. 16.

Plutarch has recorded the discovery of a brass or bronze sword and spear head in the tomb of Theseus.

Plato says ("De Legibus," XII.), that "iron and brass are instruments of war"— that is, that weapons of war were formed of both those metals.

Polybius assigns to the Gauls (B.C. 223) leaf-shaped swords of bronze, while the swords of the Romans were of iron. It must be added, however, that swords of iron which correspond with the description of the bronze swords given by Polybius, and of a date long anterior to Roman dominion, have been found in Switzerland.

The poet Virgil, who must have known of what metal those arms were made that were ancient in his days, speaks of the brazen swords and javelins that were in use when the Trojan settlers established themselves on the soil of Italy

"Eratæque micant pelta, micat æreus ensis.'

("Glitter their brazen spears, and their swords made of brass are bright.")

EN. vii. 743

And, once more, Pausanias asserts that all the ancient weapons were made of brass Iron began to supplant brass in the 5th century B.C.

NOTE 6, p. 10. It will not be forgotten, when reading this passage, either, on the one hand, that the text does not profess to deal (and, therefore, does not deal) with early British military antiquities; or, on the other hand, that numerous relics of the early military antiquities of Britain are preserved in our own museums and other collections.

NOTE 7, p. 11.-Numerous examples of ancient Assyrian arms and armour, all of the greatest interest, are represented in Mr. Layard's admirable volumes.

NOTE 8, p. 11.-Every variety of body-armour that was in use amongst the ancient Assyrians is exemplified in the slabs, and numerous examples are engraved in Layard. Some curious scale-armour closely resembles certain well-known mediæval examples; and some Assyrian figures wear defences almost identical with the camail of the 14th century. Some original iron scales of Assyrian scale armour are in the British Museum, with Egyptian brass scales, and Roman scales (some found in Britain) of bronze.

NOTE 9, p. 12.-The Assyrian sculptures contain many examples of swords, but they all are of the same type and general character.

NOTE 10, p. 13.-The bows and arrows, with the quivers of the archers, that appear in the Assyrian sculptures, are very numerous, and they are rendered with the greatest care. Some of the largest figures have the bow, arrows, and quiver, and they give every detail on quite a large scale. As a general rule, the arrows do not appear to have the large proportions when compared with the bows, as it is stated in the text.

NOTE 11, p. 14.-On many occasions, in the Assyrian slabs, siege operations with battering engines in action are depicted.

NOTE 12, p. 16.-Numerous examples of British bronze "celts" are in existence, showing several varieties in their forms, and also in the arrangements for fixing them to their shafts. Some have loops cast in the metal, through which cords or fibres may be passed, for the purpose of lashing them securely to their shafts. The forms of these celts are generally very graceful and elegant. The original moulds in which they were cast have also frequently been found.

The torque, the military ornament and token of honourable distinction, generally made with a twist in metal, and formed of gold, silver, or bronze, may consistently be mentioned here in connection with the British bronze celts. Very interesting treatises on both the "celt" and the " torque" will be found in the " Archæological Journal ; on "Celts," by George du Noyer, in vol. iii., pp. 1 and 327; and on the " Torque," by Samuel Birch, in vol. ii., p. 368, and vol. iii., p. 27.

NOTE 13, 16.-Many fine examples of ancient bronze swords have been found in Britain, and are preserved in our national and other collections.

NOTE 14, p. 18.-The helm decorations of the Gauls, mentioned in the text as the "horns and wings," may be considered to have been in favour with the early German races also whenever they wore any head-pieces. The ancient usage has left remarkable tokens of its existence in the medieval heraldry of Germany, from whence these same tokens have come down to our own times.

NOTE 15, p. 20.-The Roman arch, which stands about a quarter of a mile from Orange, a town in the Department of Vaucluse, in the Roman-Corinthian style of architecture, is profusely adorned with sculptured representations of ancient naval trophies. From the circumstance that of the original inscription there remains the one word MARIO, it has been surmised that the arch may commemorate the victory of Marius over the Teutones, B.C. 102; if so, the arch itself is a work of a a considerably later period.

Circular British shields, ornamented with bosses and studs, have been found, and fine examples are in the British Museum and in the Meyrick Collection.

NOTE 16, p. 24.-The long swords that were in use at certain periods in the middle ages, were adjusted, as it would seem, by their sword-belts in such a manner that they hung at the warrior's back when he was on foot, the hilt rising above his left shoulder.

In addition to the great sword of his warriors, Homer mentions their wearing a weapon of the same class, but of a smaller size; so that in respect to their weapons those ancient heroes closely resembled the knights of the middle ages, when they were armed with lance and sword and misericorde.

NOTE 17, p. 24.-The helm of Achilles, notwithstanding the omission of any such detailed description of it in the Iliad as is accorded to his shield, may reasonably be supposed to have been a work of art no less worthy either of Vulcan, or the son of Thetis. By an accidental error in the French text, it would appear that Homer had altogether neglected even to mention the "divine" helm of his semi-divine hero.

NOTE 18, p. 31.-The shields of warriors, and also of warrior-divinities, that are constantly represented in the paintings upon ancient Greek vases, though they are some centuries later than the Homeric era, may be advantageously compared with the descriptions of defensive armour that are given with such minute care in the Iliad.

NOTE 19, p. 35.-In the French original text, M. Lacombe, speaking of the Greek bow of the Homeric era, says, "Il est d'assez petite dimension, tendu par le moyen d'un nerf;" and, again, he speaks particularly of "la petitesse de l'arc" of Pandarus; but the language of the Iliad seems scarcely, if at all, to sanction this view of the very small size of even the most famous bows that the Greeks took with them to Troy.

NOTE 20, p. 36.—In the graphic description, given by a contemporary chronicler, himself an eyewitness of what he describes, of the siege of the castle of Caerlaverock, on the Scottish border, by Edward I. of England, in the year of grace 1300, not the least remarkable feature of the narrative is its close resemblance to the fighting passages in the Iliad. The soldiers of the great mediaval Plantagenet almost reproduce, before the walls of the northern border fortress, the scenes and the incidents of which, something like 2,000 years before their time, Homer sang under a warmer sun in his "tale of Troy divine." In the matter of stone-throwing in the heat of battle, the acts of the ancient and the medieval combatants might be described in the very same words.

NOTE 21, p. 37.-Homer gives a fine, though brief, description of the helm of Hector, and of the terrors of its waving plume.

The helms represented on the painted Greek vases are no less worthy of study than the shields; and, if they do not actually exemplify the helms of the Homeric age, they certainly are in a striking manner suggestive of what those early helms must have been.

NOTE 22, p. 39.—With the dialogues of the Homeric combatants, as preludes to actual conflict, compare the disdainful words addressed to his youthful antagonist by Goliath of Gath, together with the magnificent reply of the son of Jesse.I Samuel xvii. 43.

NOTE 23, p. 45.-Upon the shields of the Greek warriors and warrior divinities which are represented on the painted vases, are blazoned a great variety of devices, which certainly may be considered to constitute an ancient heraldry. These devices include human figures, lions, horses, bulls, wild boars, dogs, birds, dolphins, scorpions, serpents, leaves of plants, chariots and chariot-wheels, sacrificial tripods, bows, rostra of ships, &c., with discs and fanciful figures. See Fig. 71, at p. xvi.

NOTE 24, p. 47.-See Note 21.

NOTE 25, . 50.-Second in interest and value only to Assyrian and Chaldean histories of the successful invasions of Israel and Judah, with a sequel to the latter containing the conqueror's account of the return of the Jews from their seventy years' captivity, all of them contemporaneous with the events themselves, would be a Persian contemporary history of the great Greco-Persian war.

NOTE 26, p. 53. It is scarcely necessary for me to refer to the famous sculptured groups of the fighting Amazons, once decorations of the Parthenon, and now preserved amongst the most precious treasures of our British Museum.

NOTE 27, p. 58.-The triumphal columns of the Emperors Trajan and Antoninus at Rome, were severally erected A.D. 114, and shortly after A.D. 161, in which year the Emperor Antoninus died. The column which bears the name of the latter emperor was the work of M. Aurelius and the senate. The Emperor Trajan died A.D. 117.

NOTE 28, p. 60.-See Note 15. The device on the Roman shields is apparently what, in accordance with the language of medieval heraldry, would be entitled the badge of the "thundering legion." The legions had distinctive names, and this is one of them. The device is a thunder-bolt, such as the French imperial eagle now grasps in his talons.

NOTE 29, p. 62.-The sandals and the caliga (leggings, or military half-boots) of the Roman soldiery, must be included in their equipment.

NOTE 30, p. 63.-The cippus is a monumental memorial, generally a column, or a broken column, adorned with sculpture. The title of legio primigenia was borne by three of the Roman legions-the 2nd, the 15th, and the 22nd legions.

NOTE 31, p. 65.-The two great Romans, P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus (who was at Cannæ, B.C. 216), died B.C. 183; and P. Æmilianus Scipio Africanus, died B.C. 129. The Greek historian, Polybius, from whose works an important passage is quoted in the text, was the contemporary of the younger Scipio, and died B.C. 124, at the advanced age of 82.