Chert. CHAP. 2. is a considerable mass of chert in a lime quarry. On Masson hill, and on the Over-Haddon pastures, the superficial beds of the second limestone are converted into chert; the upper part being curiously and regularly cracked. All the entrochial beds, in the second limestone, are subject in places to interrupting masses of white chert or china stone. Of this there is a remarkable quarry, north-east of Bonsal church, called the Stebben bed; and this is found to cover beds of black marble, of different degrees of consistency, extending down Monsal dale to Longsdon and Tideswell.-The upper beds of the third limestone are often dark coloured, and contain layers of black chert in nodules. Like other limestone, parts of its strata seem converted into white chert or china stone. The black chert is seldom applied to any specific purpose, and very seldom used for the repair of roads. The loose porous blocks, which have cavities generally occurring from the decomposition of organised substances, are denominated screwstones. These are used for burrs. At Alport, near Yolgrave, the decomposition of the tufa assumes the character of chert, but it wants some of its serviceable qualities as a china stone.—The china clay is derived from the chert. It is of a beautiful white colour. The flints are brought by canals from the limestone and chalk districts. Freestone. The freestones, or those capable of being broken or hewn with equal ease, or nearly, in any direction, for use, and thence often called building stone, or ashler (in distinction from beddy stone, flags or paviers, and slate or tile stones, which will split only in one direction, or canks, which are too hard and brittle to be cut) are in this district all silicious or sand stones, except occasional beds in some quarries of the limestone strata, and the tufa of Matlock bath, &c. used in buildings there and at Alport, &c. The following is a list of FREE or BUILDING-STONE QUARRIES or Delphs in Derbyshire. mill) 8th grit Bull-bridge in Crich, shale grit: by Cromford canal Abbey-dale (Park bank) in Norton, 4th grit rock | Brimmington N, 8th grit; and W (Wildens Alton in Wirksworth, shale grit Ashover E, 1st grit: W (Amber-hill or slack) Bakewell-edge, E of the town, shale grit Beighton S, 12th grit Belper N (Weir, and New Swinney) 1st grit (Hunger hill) 3rd grit Belph in Whitwell, white lime, in yellow L. Brailsford, N of the church, white grit, in red Bramley-moor, W SW of Eckington, 9th grit Breadsall Moor N NE, salmon-coloured grit Butterley in Ashover (Raven's nest tor) shale Buxton NW (Corbar quarry) shale grit Callow (Hascar side) in Wirksworth, shale grit Chapel-en-le-Frith NW, shale grit: by rail-way of Peak forest canal Chapel Milltown in ditto, shale grit: rail-way ditto Dronfield, 9th grit Eckington (Marsh) W SW of the town, 9th grit Foremark park, one-third mile W, near Cadhouse lane, grit Froggatt E (Froggatt edge) 1st grit Hadfield in Glossop, 2nd grit, blue hearted Hardwick-hall SW, sand-stone, under yellow lime Hartshorn (Town, and Corkley) grit Hopping-hill in Duffield, 1st grit Hopton-Wood, in Middleton by Wirksworth, by Via-Gellia dale, 4th lime Horsley N, 5th grit Killis Farm (Highwood) in Horsley, coarse 3rd grit King's-Newton in Melbourn, grit, in red marl Kirk Ireton Town, coarse shale grit, and N (Copt-holly) shale grit Langley (Kirk) N, grit, in red marl Lea-wood W (White Tor) near Cromford bridge, shale grit; and SE (Knowl) 1st grit Little Eaton (Common, 2 quarries) salmoncoloured grit, some coarse: rail-way branch of Derby canal Little Eaton NW (Iron's wood) 1st grit: and near ditto W, shale grit Long Duckmanton, m. SE, grit Makeney in Duffield, 1st grit Matlock, shale grit, and 1st grit Matlock Bath, tufa, from the hot spring Morley Moor, NW of the town, salmon-coloured grit Morton, m. S, grit Mossborough (Noe hill) in Eckington, 9th grit New Mills in Glossop, 3rd grit Oneston (Hardhouse bank) in Dronfield, 9th grit Overton (Gregory) in Ashover, 1st grit Pentrich (Common) 11th grit; and (Town) 12th grit Pilhough, near Great Rowsley, shale grit Ravenstone, grit, in red marl Repton,m. SE, and two-thirds m. W, grit, in the red marl Ridge-way, near Bull-bridge, in Duffield, 1st grit Ridgeway SW (Lum-delph) in Eckington, 9th grit, blue hearted Rowlee in Hope Woodlands (Crookston Tor) shale grit Shirland, 12th grit Shirley, grit, in red marl Shuttlewood Common [Nunnery] in Bolsover, grit Simondley E, in Glossop, 2nd grit Slaley SW, in Bonsal, 4th lime, anomia South Winfield [Town, and Cobourn] 4th grit Stanley S, in Spondon, grit Stanton by Bridge [N] coarse grit; and [SE] fine grit, in red clay Stanton by Dale E, salmon-coloured grit, and in town Stanton Moor, near Winster, 1st grit Stretton [Bear] near Higham, 10th grit Tapton SE, near Brimmington, 5th grit Ticknall [E, in Repton P.] grit, in red clay Weston on Trent [NW of Church] grit, in red marl; and SW Cliff] grit, in red marl, by Trent and Mersey canal Whittington NE [Glass-house common] 9th grit; and W SW [Sheep-bridge] 10th grit Whitwell S [Bakestone moor] granular yellow lime Willesley, & m. S, grit, in red clay CHAP. 2. List of Free or BuildingStone Quar ries. Stone. At the quarry at Lea wood, blocks of building stone are sold at 6d. per Building foot cube: at Belper it is sold at 8d.; and at the Priory, near Breadsall, at 10d. This last is a very fine grit: it is considered the best stone in England for solidity, and for being wholly free from clay; it will also stand fire better than any other. The other prices in the county are stated to be, 7d. per cubic foot at Duffield bank; 5d. at Little Eaton; and generally 6d. at Hathersage, Ashover, &c. The following is a list of STONE SAW-MILLS in this County. Ashford, at W end of the town [by water] Lea Wharf, near Cromford E [by water] Wirksworth town [by steam]. Several gritstone and sandstone rocks, in the coal district, have argilla List of Stone Saw-Mills. CHAP. 2. Shale Paviers' List of Flag ries. Slates or ceous cements; but the fourth gritstone rock produces an excellent building stone when pursued to a proper depth below the surface. The stone from the yellow limestone strata is generally very durable, and so is that from the fourth lime. The shale freestone will stand the weather tolerably well, and in some quarries, this is variegated with concentric streaks of an orangecolour or dingy red, so as to have a pleasing effect. Chimney-pieces are sometimes made of this stone from Callow quarry, Hascar side, and are incorrectly called marble. Paviers' flags or layers.-There are flat beds of stone which naturally split up or rise in the quarry, so plane and flat, as to serve for foot-paths, yards, out-houses, and even dwelling houses; these are called flag-beds. Very little labour, and often none, is applied to the facing of them. The following are the principal delphs or quarries of this description: Abney in Hope, shale grit Beeley Moor, 13 m. E of Great Rowsley, 2nd Bradway [Hempyard-lane] in Norton, 6th grit, Brampton [Three Birches] NW, 6th grit; and Brassington Common, N of town, 4th lime, Breadsall Moor, N NE of town, salmon-colour- Bugsworth in Glossop, 3rd grit, near Peak Bull-bridge in Crich, shale grit, by Cromford Calow in Chesterfield [Upper lane] 6th grit Clay-cross in North Winfield, cank in 9th grit, Denby,m. SE, and S of the church, cank in Dronfield N, cank in 9th grit Eyam Woodlands [Wet Wivens] shale grit Glossop NE [the Low, and Charles Lane] 1st Grass-hill SE in Hasland, in 12th coal, shale Holin-gate in North Winfield, 6th grit Monyash NE [High Low] 1st lime, entrochi South Winfield [Town, and Cobourn] 4th grit Tapton SE, near Brimmington, 5th grit Unthank W, near Holmsfield, 4th grit Whittle [Crowther] in Glossop, 3rd grit lime Wingerworth W [Bole hill] 4th grit Woodseats in Norton [Meadow head] 4th grit. At these quarries, the price of paviers' flags, squared, is from 1s. to 20d. per superficial foot. at the sawing mills. Among the quarries which furnish natural pavier-stones, those of the fourth grit rock are most perfect. Some few of these stones are adapted for grave-stones, mile-stones, &c. Slates or tile-stones.-Most of the grey slate of this district abounds with Tile-Stones. mica in minute plates, forming layers at the joints where the stone most readily parts. In numerous instances these joints are remarkably plane and smooth, but in others the surface of the slates is marked with waves and curves. The principal slate quarries or delphs are the following: List of Slate Abney in Hope, shale grit Ash-gate in Brampton, 7th grit [waved] Brampton NW [Three Birches, and Grange Bugsworth in Glossop, 3rd grit Chinley [Churn] near Chapel-en-le-Frith, 2nd Bull-bridge S of Crich, shale grit: by Cromford Hathersage E [Cam height] shale grit canal Calow in Chesterfield, grit Hayfield [White Knowi] shale grit Loco-lane S, in North Winfield, grit Matlock W, 1st grit Tansley SW, in Matlock, 1st grit Nether Padley NË[S of the Robin Hood] 2nd grit Thornsett in Glossop, 3rd grit New Mills in Glossop, 3rd grit Pentrich Common NW, grit Raworth in Glossop, 4th grit Stanage, NW of Wingerworth, 3rd grit Stoke in Hope, shale grit Sutton in Scarsdale W [Wood-nook lane] 11th grit Unthank W, near Holmsfield, 4th grit Whitfield in Glossop, 1st grit Whittington N [Swineslait] 9th grit [waved] CHAP. 2. List of Slate Slate. Slate is sold by the rood, or in quantities sufficient to roof in 44 square Prices of yards. The price varies from 54s. to 70s. per rood. At Cobourn quarry, in South Winfield park, there is a sort of eaves-slating, which is sold at 1s. per yard; and these slates run nearly on an average one yard in height. ―There are lamellar gritstone of this class, capable of sustaining intense heat; these are formed into round plates called pye, pot, or lump stones, and are used in the iron forges. Larger stones of the same nature are also prepared for the purpose of baking oat cakes upon, called bake stones. At Cobourn quarry, and at Pentrich common quarry, ridge stones are prepared, sawed out like an angular trough. Of the freestone, there are made at the quarries, stack posts and caps for forming rick-stands.* The most perfect freestones are required for making cisterns or troughs. A particular bed of the first grit rock is found porous at Stanton in the Peak, and at Birchover on Stanton moor, well adapted for filtering cisterns. Several of the gritstone rocks, interposed between the coal measures, contain beds of uniform and sharp grit, the cement of which, though hard and firm, does not fill the interstices between the particles or grains of silex. These are used for making grindstones for the use of cutlers, edgetool makers, &c. These grindstones form a considerable export by the canals of Derbyshire. The large coarse grindstones, made at Gregory quarry in Overton, have been in great demand. The following are the quarries where grindstones are made: Ashover NW [Hill quarry] 2nd grit, middling | Little Eaton NE [Common] salmon-coloured, List of middling; and NW [Iron's wood] 1st grit, Grindstone coarse Milford, S of Belper, 1st grit, coarse Ridgeway SW, in Eckington [Lum-delph] 7th Stanley S, in Spondon, fine Stanton in the Peak N [Moor] ncar Winster, 1st At Morley moor quarry, grindstones are made from 18 inches to four feet in diameter, at about 40s. per ton. Quarries. Stones. Some particular beds of gritstone furnish whetstones and scythe-stones, Whetstones of which very considerable quantities are sent into the southern counties, and Scythe from within a few miles north-east of Derby. The best scythe-stones are made at Hunger-hill, Belper; Birchover, near Winster; Breadsall; Coxbench; Darley moor; Duffield bank; Heage; Holbrook; Horsley; Little * At Morley moor quarry, at 2s. id. to 2s. 8d. At Stanton-by-Bridge, 3s. 6d. per pair. Scythe CHAP. 2. Eaton;* Melbourn; and Morley moor.-At Alton in Ashover, considerable numbers of scythe sticks are made, by collecting the sharp grit sand, and gluing it on to flat pieces of wood. Similar scythe sticks are made at Melbourn.-Whetstones of a close fine and sharp grit are made at Alton, Bolsover, Codnor, Heage, Pentrich, Sandy-brook near Ashbourn, and Woodthorpe. The more compact specimens of the ironstone from Codnor and Woodthorpe are called hones. Cank Quartz Derbyshire Calcareous Cank stones are found in the coal districts, and are very serviceable for making and repairing roads. Quartz crystals.-Semi-transparent grains of quartz, or imperfect crystals of that substance, from three quarters of an inch in diameter to minute atoms, which the eye unassisted by glasses can scarcely perceive, enter into the composition of the numerous grit rocks and stone beds of this district. At the lime quarries, Mill-town, Ashover, cavities or tick-holes are frequent in the first limestone rock, which are lined with hexagonal, pyramidical quartz crystals: similar crystals have been found at Matlock and at Tideswell. The Derbyshire diamonds are small detached and perfect crystals of colourless quartz, of an hexagonal prism, terminated by pyramids, and others are of a light rose colour. They are occasionally found at Bakewell, Brassington common, Buxton, Castleton, and near Priestcliff, Millers dale. Chalcedony, hornblende, jasper, zeolite and terra-verte have been found imbedded in toadstone; and onyxes have been found near Bakewell. Calcareous concretions are found in vast abundance in almost every part Concretions. of the Peak, there being hardly a single cavern but what is lined with incrustations of this kind, and which assume almost every possible form, and are resplendent with an amazing variety of colours. The transparent calcareous spar is astonishingly variable in appearance; yet, when minutely examined, is discovered to originate wholly from one form, the rhombic; though its various combinations can hardly be enumerated. Mr. Bergman observes, that they consist of a tessara, or oblique parallelopiped, all the planes of which are rhombs of such a kind, that the obtuse angles are equal to 101 degrees, and the acute to 78 degrees. Crystals of the most opposite form may be produced by a compound accumulation of similar parallelograms. The primitive rhomb is rarely found: it is generally on a dark bituminous limestone, with pearl spar and selenite; the primitive rhomb passing into numerous modifications: the following are among its varieties. Dog's tooth spar, forming double hexagonal pyramids, joined base to base. Hexagonal crystals of spar, terminating with pyramids of the primitive rhomb: others, terminating with the primitive rhomb truncated, and with the lenticular pyramid; others with a variety of terminations, forming pyramids, with three, six, twelve, fifteen, and more faces: hexagonal prisms of a high topaz colour, terminating variously: fibrous and mamellated spar: macles, or twin crystals; some exceedingly rare, and greatly diversified: opaque, snow-white spar, crystallized in double hexagonal pyramids, joined at their bases: rose-coloured spar, amorphous : stalactites, presenting a variety of beautiful colours, with the appearance of * At Little Eaton, the Scythe-stones are sold at from 10s. to 12s. per long hundred. |