ANTIDOSIS. ANTHESPHOR'IA ('Av0ɛσḍópía), a flower-festival, principally celebrated in Sicily in honour of Demeter and Persephone, in commemoration of the return of Persephone to her mother in the beginning of spring. It consisted in gathering flowers and twining garlands, because Persephone had been carried off by Pluto while engaged in this occupation.2 Strabo relates that at Hipponium the women celebrated a similar festival in honour of Demeter, which was probably called anthesphoria, since it was derived from Sicily. The women themselves gathered the flowers for the garlands which they wore on the occasion, and it would have been a disgrace to buy the flowers for that purpose. Anthesphoria were also solemnized in honour of other deities, especially in honour of Juno, surnamed 'Aveia, at Argos, where maidens, carrying baskets filled with flowers, went in procession, while a tune called iɛpúktov was played on the flute. Aphrodite, too, was worshipped at Cnossus, under the name 'AvOcía, and has therefore been compared with Flora, the Roman deity, as the anthesphoria have been with the Roman festival of the florifertum. ANTHESTERIA. (Vid. DIONYSIA.) ANTHESTERION. (Vid. CALENDAR, Greek.) *ANTH'IAS (àvðíaç), a species of fish, the same with the Labrus anthias, L., or Serranus anthias of Cuvier. Its French name is Barbier. The ancients describe several species of this fish, one of which is the xúñλx0vç.° ́ Cuvier describes this as a most beautiful fish, of a fine ruby red, changing to gold and silver, with yellow bands on the cheek." ANTIDOSIS. delus luteus. In a word, all is mere conjecture with | with Solon. By this, a citizen nominated to perregard to it, the description of it by Theophrastus form a leiturgia, such as a trierarchy or choregia, or being so imperfect.' to rank among the property-tax payers in a class disproportioned to his means, was empowered to call upon any qualified person not so charged to take the office in his stead, or submit to a complete exchange of property; the charge in question, of course, attaching to the first party, if the exchange were finally effected. For these proceedings the courts were opened at a stated time every year by the magistrates that had official cognizance of the particular subject, such as the strategi in cases of trierarchy and rating to the property-taxes, and the archon in those of choregia; and to the tribunal of such an officer it was the first step of the challenger to summon his opponent." It may be presumed that he then formally repeated his proposal, and that the other party stated his objections, which, if obviously sufficient in law, might perhaps authorize the magistrate to dismiss the case; if otherwise, the legal resistance, and preparations for bringing the cause before the dicasts, would naturally begin here. In the latter case, or if the exchange were accepted, the law directed the challenger to repair to the houses and lands of his antagonist, and secure himself, as all the claims and liabilities of the estate were to be transferred, from fraudulent encumbrances of the real property, by observing what mortgage placards (öpot), if any, were fixed upon it, and against clandestine removal of the other effects, by sealing up the chambers that contained them, and, if he pleased, by putting bailiffs in the mansion. His opponent was at the same time informed that he was at liberty to deal in like manner with the estate of the challenger, and received notice to attend the proper tribunal on a fixed day to take the usual oath. The entries here described seem, in contemplation of law, to have been a complete effectuation of the exchange, and it does not appear that primarily there was any legal necessity for a farther ratification by the dicasts; but, in practice, this must always have been required by the conflict of interests between the parties. The next proceeding was the oath, which was taken by both parties, and purported that they would faithfully discover all their property, except shares held in the silver mines at Laurion; for these were not rated to leiturgia or property taxes, nor, consequently, liable to the exchange. In pursuance of this agreement, the law enjoined that they should exchange correct accounts of their respective assets (arоpúσeç) within three days; but, in practice, the time might be extended by the consent of the challenger. After this, if the matter were still uncompromised, it would assume the shape and follow the course of an ordinary lawsuit (Vid. DIKE), under the conduct of the magistrate *ANTHRENE (vonn), the Hornet, or Vespa within whose jurisdiction it had originally come. Crabro, L. Its nest is called ȧvopýviov by Suidas. The verdict of the dicasts, when adverse to the *ANTHYLL'IS (ávovλiç), a species of plant. challenged, seems merely to have rendered imperaSprengel agrees with Prosper Alpinus, that the first tive the first demand of his antagonist, viz., that he species of Dioscorides is the Cressa Cretica; and should submit to the exchange, or undertake the with Clusius, that the second is the Ajuga Iva. Lin- charge in question; and as the alternative was open næus would seem to countenance this opinion in re-to the former, and a compromise might be acceded gard to the first species, by giving it the name of Cressa Anthyllis in his Gen. Plant.13 ANTHOS, a bird, which, according to Pliny, feeds on flowers, and imitates the neighing of a horse! Belon would have it to be the Emberizza citrinella, or Yellow Bunting, called in England the Yellow Hammer, and in France Bruant. This opinion, however, is somewhat doubtful, since Aristode describes the Anthos as frequenting rivers, whereas the Yellow Hammer delights in trees." *ANTHRAX (avopa), the Carbuncle. (Vid. CARBUNCULES.) ANTHRAK'ION, a species of carbuncle, found, according to Theophrastus, in the island of Chios. Beckmann thinks that Theophrastus" means the well-known black marble of that island, which, from its resemblance to an extinguished coal, was designated ávépúkiov (from ův pas, “a coal"), just as the ruby took its name from one burning. He supposes, moreover, that of this marble were made the mirrors mentioned by Theophrastus; and that Pliny misinterprets him in stating that they were of the av@pákov of Orchomenus.12 5 to by the latter at any stage of the proceedings, we may infer that the exchange was rarely, if ever, ANTHYPOMOSIA. (Vid. HYPOMOSIA.) finally accomplished. The irksomeness, however, ANTIDOSIS (vridoo), in its literal and gen- of the sequestration, during which the litigant was eral meaning, "an exchange," was, in the language precluded from the use of his own property, and disof the Attic courts, peculiarly applied to proceed-abled from bringing actions for embezzlement and ings under a law which is said to have originated the like against others (for his prospective reimbursement was reckoned a part of the sequestrated 1. (Theophrast, H. P., i., 4; viii., 13.-Adams, Append., s. v.) | estate'), would invariably cause a speedy-perhaps, -2. (Pollux. Onom., 1., 1, 37.)--3. (vi., p. 256.)-4. (Paus., ii., 22. 1.)-5. (Hesych., s. v.)-6. (Athenæus, vii., 16.-Aristot., H. A., v., 17: x, 2 et 37.-Elian, N. A., 1., 4; viii., 28; xii., 47-Plin., H. N., ix., 58.)-7. (Adams, Append., s. v.)-8. (Plin., HN. x., 42.)-9. (Aristot., H. A., ix., 5.-Adams, Append., s. .-10. (Hist. of Inv., vol. iii., p. 178.)-11. (Lith., c. 61.)-12. (Moore's Anc. Mineral, p. 79.)-13. (Dioscor., iii., 143.-Adams, Append., s. v.) 1. (Demosth. in Phænipp., init.)-2. (Böckh, Pub. Econ. of Athens, vol. ii., p. 369.)-3. (Demosth. in Phænipp., p. 1040.Meier, Att. Process, p. 471; pookaλciobal riva eis avridooiv. Lysias, rep roù 'Advvárov, p. 745.)-4. (Demosth. in Phenipp., p. 1040, seq.)-5. (Demosth. in Mid., p. 540; in Phanipp., p. 1041, 25.)-6. (Böckh, Econ. of Athens, vol. 11., p. 370.) -7. (Demosth. in Aphob., ii., p. 841; in Mid., p. 540.) in most cases, a fair-adjustment of the burdens in- | action might be instituted, and carried on separatecident to the condition of a wealthy Athenian. ly, though perhaps simultaneously with the original ANTIGRAPHE (avriуpaon) originally signified suit. Cases, also, would sometimes occur, in which the writing put in by the defendant, in all causes, the defendant, from considering the indictment as whether public or private, in answer to the indict- an unwarrantable aggression, or, perhaps, one best ment or bill of the prosecutor. From this significa-repelled by attack, would be tempted to retaliate tion it was applied, by an easy transition, to the sub- upon some delinquency of his opponent, utterly unstance as well as the form of the reply, both of which connected with the cause in hand, and to this he are also indicated by avτwuocía, which means pri- would be, in most cases, able to resort. An inmarily the oath corroborating the statement of the stance of each kind will be briefly given by citing accused. Harpocration has remarked that anti- the common яaрayрaon as a cause arising upon a graphe might denote, as antomosia does in its more dilatory plea; a cross-action for assault (aikiaç) extended application, the bill and affidavit of either upon a primary action for the same; and a doktparty; and this remark seems to be justified by auaoía, or "judicial examination of the life or morpassage of Plato.1 Schömann, however, main- als" of an orator upon an impeachment for miscontains that antigraphe was only used in this signi- duct in an embassу (ларапрɛobɛia). All causes of fication in the case of persons who laid claim to an this secondary nature (and there was hardly one of unassigned inheritance. Here neither the first nor any kind cognizable by the Attic courts that might any other claimant could appear in the character of not occasionally rank among them) were, when a prosecutor; that is, no din or Eykλnua could be viewed in their relation with the primary action, strictly said to be directed by one competitor against comprehended by the enlarged signification of antianother, when all came forward voluntarily to the graphe; or, in other words, this term, inexpressive tribunal to defend their several titles. This circum- of form or substance, is indicative of a repellant or stance Schömann has suggested as a reason why retaliative quality, that might be incidental to a the documents of each claimant were denoted by great variety of causes. The distinction, however, the term in question. that is implied by antigraphe was not merely verbal and unsubstantial; for we are told, in order to prevent frivolous suits on the one hand, and unfair elusion upon the other, the loser in a paragraphe, or cross-action upon a private suit, was condemned by a special law to pay the rwbeλía (vid. EPOBELIA), ratable upon the valuation of the main cause, if he failed to obtain the votes of one fifth of the jury, and certain court fees (πpvτaveĩa) not originally incident to the suit. That there was a similar provision in public causes we may presume from analogy, though we have no authority to determine the matter." Perhaps the word "plea," though by no means a coincident term, may be allowed to be a tolerably proximate rendering of antigraphe. Of pleas there can be only two kinds, the dilatory, and those to the action. The former, in Attic law, comprehends all such allegations as, by asserting the incompetency of the court, the disability of the plaintiff, or privilege of the defendant and the like, would have a tendency to show that the cause in its present state could not be brought into court (un eloaywyov elvaι Tv dikny): the latter, everything that could be adduced by way of denial, excuse, justification, and defence generally. It must be, at the same time, ANTIGRAPHEIS (avriуpapεiç) were public kept in mind, that the process called "special plead-clerks at Athens, of whom there were two kinds. ing" was at Athens supplied by the magistrate hold- The first belonged to the Bovan his duty was to ing the anacrisis, at which both parties produced give an account to the people of all the moneys paid their allegations, with the evidence to substantiate to the state. ("Оç кað' Ékúσтην πрvтаvɛíaν úñeλоthem; and that the object of this part of the pro-yίSETо тàç πроσódov T dhμw.) In the time of ceedings was, under the directions and with the assistance of the magistrate, to prepare and enucleate the question for the dicasts. The following is an instance of the simplest form of indictment and plea: "Apollodorus, the son of Pasion of Acharnæ, against Stephanus, son of Menecles of Acharnæ, for perjury. The penalty rated, a talent. Stephanus bore false witness against me when he gave in evi. dence the matters in the tablets. Stephanus, son of Menecles of Acharnæ. I witnessed truly when I gave in evidence the things in the tablet."3 The pleadings might be altered during the anacrisis; but, once consigned to the echinus, they, as well as all the other accompanying documents, were protected by the official seal from any change by the litigants. On the day of trial, and in the presence of the dicasts, the echinus was opened, and the plea was then read by the clerk of the court, together with its antagonist bill. Whether it was preserved afterward as a public record, which we know to have been the case with respect to the ypaon in some causes, we are not informed. Eschines, the avriypapers The Bovins was xεipoToviToc; but in later times he was chosen by lot. The second belonged to the people, and his duty was to check the accounts of the public officers, such as the treasurers of the sacred moneys, of the war taxes, &c. (AITTOì dè hoav avτiypapeis, ó μèv τῆς διοικήσεως, ὁ δὲ τῆς βουλῆς. *) ΑΝΤΙΝΟΙΑ ('Αντινόεια), annual festivals and Hadrian instituted in honour of his favourite Antiquinquennial games, which the Roman emperor nous, after he was drowned in the Nile, or, according to others, had sacrificed himself for his sovereign, in a fit of religious fanaticism. The festivals were celebrated in Bithynia and at Mantinea, in which places he was worshipped as a god. tipathes faniculaceum, Pall. *ANTIP ATHES, the sort of Coral called An ANTIPHER'NA. (Vid. Dos.) *ANTIRRHΊΝΟΝ (ἀντίῤῥινον οι αντίῤῥιζον), a plant, which Sprengel makes the same with the French name of Mufle de veau, or Calf's Snout, but ANT LIA (avrhia), any machine for raising wa From what has been already stated, it will have been observed that questions requiring a previous decision would frequently arise upon the allegations of the plea, and that the plea to the action in particular would often contain matter that would tend essentially to alter, and, in some cases, to re-ter; a pump. verse the relative positions of the parties. In the 1. (Demosth. in Ev. et Mnesib., p. 1153.)-2. (Esch. in first case, a trial before the dicasts would be granted Timarch.) 3. (Meier, Att. Process, p. 652.)-4. (Esch, adv. by the magistrate whenever he was loath to incur Ctes., c. 11. p. 375.)-5. (Esch., 1. c.)—6. (Pollux, Onom., vill., the responsibility of decision; in the second, a cross-8, 12.)-7. (Harpocrat., s. v.)-8. (El. Spartianus, Hadr., c. 14.-Dion., Ixix., 10.-Paus., vii., 9, 6 4.)-9. (Dioscor., v., 140, 1. (Apolog. Socr., p. 27, c.)-2. (Att. Process, p. 465.)-3. -Adams, Append., s. v.)-10. (Theophrast., H. P., ix., 15.-Di(Demosth. in Steph., i., 1115.)-4. (Diog. Laert., lii., c. 5, s. 19.) | oscor., iv., 131.—Adams, Append., s. v.) ANTLIA. The annexed figure shows a machine which is still used on the river Eissach, in the Tyrol, the ancient Atagis. As the current puts the wheel in motion, the jars on its margin are successively immersed and filled with water. When they reach the top, the centrifugal force, conjoined with their oblique position, sends the water sideways into a trough, from which it is conveyed to a distance, and chiefly used for irrigation. Thus, by the incessant action of the current itself, a portion of it is every instant rising to an elevation nearly equal to the diameter of the wheel. Lucretius mentions a machine constructed on this principle: "Ut fluvios versare rotas atque haustra videmus." The line is quoted by Nonius Marcellus, who observes that the jars or pots of such wheels (rotaram cadi) are properly called "haustra ab hauriendo," as in Greek they are called avrλia. ANTYX. the top of the tree, bends it by its weight, and the thickness of the other extremity serves as a counter poise. The great antiquity of this method of raising water is proved by representations of it in Egyptian paintings.1 ANTOMOSΊΑ (αντωμοσία), a part of the ἀνάκρι giç, or preliminary pleadings in an Athenian lawsuit. The term was used of an oath taken by both parties; by the plaintiff, that his complaint was well-founded, and that he was actuated by no improper motives; and by the defendant, that his defence was true. It was also called diwμooia. The oath might contain either the direct affirmative or negative, in which case it was called ɛvovdɩkía; or amount to a demurrer or παραγραφή. The αντωμοσία of the two parties correspond to our bills or declarations on the one side, and to the replies, replications, or rejoinders on the other. (Vid. ANTIGRAPHE.) ANTYX (ävtuš), (probably allied etymologically to AMPYX) (urv), the rim or border of anything, especially of a shield or chariot. The rim of the large round shield of the ancient Greeks was thinner than the part which it enclosed. Thus the ornamental border of the shield of Achilles, fabricated by Vulcan, was only threefold, the shield itself being sevenfold. In another part of the Iliad, Achilles sends his spear against Æneas, and strikes his shield åvrvу' vñò πрúτην, i. e., "on the outermost border," where (it is added) the bronze was thinnest, and the thinnest part of the ox-hide was stretched over it. In consequence of the great size of this round shield, the extreme border (úvrv Tvμárn) touched the neck of the wearer above, and the lower part of his legs below. In the woodcut, in the article ANTEFIXA, we see the vrv on one side of Minerva's shield. In situations where the water was at rest, as in a pond or a well, or where the current was too slow and feeble to put the machine in motion, it was so constructed as to be wrought by animal force, and slaves or criminals were commonly employed for the purpose. Five such machines are described by Vitruvius, in addition to that which has been al- have been thicker than the body to which it was atOn the other hand, the vrug of a chariot must ready explained, and which, as he observes, was tached, and to which it gave both form and strength. turned sine operarum calcatura, ipsius fluminis impulsu. For the same reason, it was often made double, as These five were: 1. the tympanum; a tread-wheel, in the chariot of Juno (Aolai de пepidрoμoι üvтvYÉS wrought hominibus calcantibus: 2. a wheel resem-eios). In early times, it consisted of the twigs or bling that in the preceding figure, but having, in-flexible stem of a tree (opŋkɛç), which were polishstead of pots, wooden boxes or buckets (modioli ed and shaped for the purpose. Afterward, a splenquadrati), so arranged as to form steps for those who did rim of metal formed the summit of the chariot, trod the wheel: 3. the chain-pump: 4. the cochlea, especially when it belonged to a person of wealth or Archimedes's screw; and, 5. the ctesibica machina, and rank. or forcing-pump.❜ Suetonius mentions the case of a man of eques trian rank condemned to the antlia. The nature of the punishment may be conceived from the words of Artemidorus. He knew a person who dreamed that he was constantly walking, though his body did not move; and another who dreamed that water was flowing from his feet. It was the lot of each to be condemned to the antlia (eiç uvrhiav kaтadikao Onva), and thus to fulfil his dream. On the other hand, the antlia with which Martial watered his garden was probably the pole and bucket universally employed in Italy, Greece, and Egypt. The pole is curved, as shown in the annexed figure; because it is the stem of a fir, or some other tapering tree. The bucket, being attached to 1. (v., 317.)-2. (lib. i.)-3. (Vitruv., x., c. 4-7.-Drieberg, Paeam. Erfindungen der Griechen, p. 44-50.)-4. (Tiber., 51.) -3. (Oneirocritice, i., 50.)—&. (ix., 19.)** above the body, into the form of a curvature, which In front of the chariot, the avrug was often raised served the purpose of a hook to hang the reins upon when the charioteer had occasion to leave his who had just ascended his chariot, Múpπrei de xepoiv vehicle. Hence Euripides says of Hippolytus, ἡνίας ἀπ' άντυγος. chariot painted with this appendage to the rim much On Etruscan and Greek vases, we often see the elevated. The accompanying woodcut shows it in a simpler form, and as it appears in the ANTEFIXA, engraved in the work of Carloni, which has been already quoted. By Synecdoche, avrug is sometimes used for a chariot, the part being put for the whole. It is 1. (Wilkinson, Manners and Cust. of Anc. Egypt., ii., 1-4.) 2. (Il., xviii., 479.)-3. (xx., 275.)-4. (II., vi., 118.)-5. (II., v., 728.)-6. (II., xxi., 38.)-7. (Il., v., 262, 322.)-8. (1178.)-9. (Callim., Hymn. in Dian., 140.) also used metaphorically, as when it is applied by Moschus to the horns of the new moon, and by Euripides to the frame of a lyre. Likewise the orbits of the sun and planets, which were conceived to be circular, were called άντυγες oúpavío. The orbit of Mars is so denominated in the Homeric Hymn to Mars;3 and the zodiac, in an epigram of Synesius, descriptive of an astrolabe.* Alluding to this use of the term, a celebrated philosopher, having been appointed Prefect of Rome by the Emperor Julian, and having thus become entitled to ride in a chariot with a silver rim, laments that he was obliged to relinquish an ethereal for a silver άντυξ. plainant was said ἀπάγειν τὴν ἀπαγωγήν ; the magistrates, when they allowed it, παρεδέχοντο τὴν ἀπαγωγήν. *APARI'NE (ȧraρívn), a species of plant, the same with the Lappa of the Romans,' and now called Cleavers, Clivers, or Goose-grass. Sprengel, in the first edition of his R. H. H., holds it to be the Arctium Lappa, or Burdock; a mistake which he silently corrects in his edition of Dioscorides. According to Galen, it is the φιλίστιον and φιλαιτέριον of Hippocrates." *AP'ATE (άлárn), the name of a plant occurring in Theophrastus. Great diversity of opinion prevails, however, with respect to the proper reading; some making it ἀπάπη, and others ἀφάκη. Sprengel refers it to the Leontodon Taraxacum, or Dandelion; but Stackhouse hesitates between the Taraxacum and the Hieracium or Hawkweed. ΑΠΑΤΗΣΕΩΣ τοῦ δήμου γραφή. (Vid. ΑΔΙΚΙΑΣ πρὸς τὸν δῆμον γραφή.) 5 APATU RIA (яатоúρia) was a political festival which the Athenians had in common with all the Greeks of the Ionian name, with the exception of those of Colophon and Ephesus. It was celebrated in the month of Pyanepsion, and lasted for three days. The origin of this festival is related in the following manner: About the year 1100 B.C., the Athenians were carrying on a war against the Boeotians, concerning the district of Cilænæ, or, according to others, respecting the little town of Enoe. The Baotian Xanthius or Xanthus challenged Thymates, king of Attica, to single combat; and when he refused, Melanthus, a Messenian exile of the house of the Nelids, offered himself to fight for Thymates, on condition that, if victorious, he should be the successor to Thymates. The offer was accepted; and when Xanthius and Melanthus began the engagement, there appeared behind Xanthius a man in the rpayn, the skin of a black shegoat. Melanthus reminded his adversary that he was violating the laws of single combat by having a companion, and while Xanthius looked around, Melanthus slew the deceived Xanthius. From that time the Athenians celebrated two festivals, the Apaturia, and that of Dionysus Melanægis, who was believed to have been the man who appeared behind Xanthius. This is the story related by the scholiast on Aristophanes. This tradition has given rise to a false etymology of the name drurоúpia, which was formerly considered to be derived from άñarav, to deceive. All modern critics, however,' APAGELOI (άmáyɛλoi), the name of those youths among the Cretans who had not reached their eighteenth year, and therefore did not belong to any ayean. (Vid. AGELE.) As these youths usually lived in their father's house, they were called σKOTío. APAGO'GE (ȧnaуwyn), a summary process, allowed in certain cases by the Athenian law. The term denotes not merely the act of apprehending a culprit caught in ipso facto, but also the written information delivered to the magistrate, urging his apprehension. We must carefully distinguish between the apagoge, the endeixis, and the ephegesis. The endeixis was an information against those who took upon themselves some office, or exercised some right, for which they were by law disqualified; or those whose guilt was manifest, so that the punishment only, and not the fact, was to be determined. Pollux says that the endeixis was adopted when the accused was absent, the apagoge when he was present. Demosthenes distinguishes expressly between the endeixis and the apagoge. When the complainant took the accused to the magistrate, the process was called apagoge; when he led the magis-agree that the name is composed of dupa and trate to the offender, it was called ephegesis; in the former case, the complainant ran the risk of forfeiting 1000 drachmæ if his charge was ill-founded. The cases in which the apagoge was most generally allowed were those of theft, murder, ill-usage of parents, &c. The punishment in these cases was generally fixed by law; and if the accused confessed, or was proved guilty, the magistrate could execute the sentence at once, without appealing to any of the jury-courts; otherwise it was necessary that the case should be referred to a higher tribunal.1o The magistrates who presided over the apagoge were generally the Eleven (oi vdeka11); sometimes the chief archon,12 or the thesmotheta.13 The most important passage with regard to the apagogel is unfortunately corrupt and unintelligible.15 The com 8 1. (ii., 88.)-2. (Hippol., 1135.)-3. (1. 8.)-4. (Brunck, Ant., ii., 449.)-5. (Themistius, Brunck, Anthol., ii., 404.)-6. (Schol. in Eurip., Alcest., 1009.)-7. (Suidas: 'Amaywyir unvvos yγραφος διδομένη τῷ ἄρχοντι περὶ τοῦ δεῖν ἀπαχθῆναι τὸν δεῖνα.) 8. (c. Timocr., p. 745, 29.)-9. (Demosth., c. Androt., p. 601, 20. Εῤῥωσαι, καὶ σαυτῷ πιστεύεις; ἄπαγε· ἐν χιλίαις δὲ ὁ κίνδυνος· ἀσθενέστερος εἶ; τοῖς ἄρχουσιν ἐφηγοῦ· τοῦτο ποιήσουσιν | civot.)-10. (Esch., c. Timarch., c. 37.-Demosth., de Fals. Legat., 431, 7.)-11. (Demosth., c. Timocr., 736.-Lys. adv. Agorat., c. 85.)-12. (Esch., c. Timarch., c. 64.)-13. (Demosth., c. Aristocr., 630, 16.)-14. (Lysias, c. Agorat., 85, 86.)-15. (Vid. Sluiter, Lect. Andocid., p. 254, &c.) rarúpia, which is perfectly consistent with what Xenophon says of the festival: 'Ev ols (ánatovρiois) oi Te TаTéрeç kai oi σvyyeveis Evveloi opioi avτois. According to this derivation, it is the festival at which the phratriæ met, to discuss and settle their own affairs. But, as every citizen was a member of a phratria, the festival extended over the whole nation, who assembled according to phratria. Welcker,' on account of the prominent part which Dionysus takes in the legend respecting the origin of the Attic Apaturia, conceives that it arose from the circumstance that families belonging to the Dionysian tribe of the Ægicores had been registered among the citizens. The first day of the festival, which probably fell on the eleventh of the month of Pyanepsion, was called δορπία or δόρπεια ;10 on which, every citizen went in the evening to the phratrium, or to the house of some wealthy member of his own phratria, and there enjoyed the supper prepared for him. That 1. (Martyn in Virg., Georg., i., 153.)-2. (Dioscor., iii., 94.Theophrast., H. P., vii., 8.Adams, Append., s. v.) 3. (Η. Ρ., vii., 8.)-4. (Adams, Append., s. v.)-5. (Herod., i., 147.)-6. (Acharn., 146.)-7. (Müller, Dorians, i., 5, 4.-Welcker, Eschyl. Tril., p. 288.)-8. (Hellen., i., 7, 8.)-9. (Anhang z. Trilog., p. 200.)-10. (Philyll. in Heracl., in Athen., iv., p. 171.-Hesych. | et Suid., s. v.)—11. (Aristoph., Acharn., 148.) APEX. the cup-bearers (olvónra) were not idle on this occasion, may be seen from Photius.1 APHIA. "Hinc ancilia, ab hoc apices, capidasque repertas." The essential part of the apex, to which alone the name properly belonged, was a pointed piece of olive-wood, the base of which was surrounded with a lock of wool. This was worn on the top of the head, and was held there either by fillets only, or, as was more commonly the case, by the aid of a cap, which fitted the head, and was also fastened by means of two strings or bands (amenta, lora2). These bands had, it appears, a kind of knot or button, called offendix or offendiculum.3 The second day was called 'Avápþvois (úvaþþúeiv), from the sacrifice offered on this day to Zeus, surnamed párpios, and to Athena, and sometimes to Dionysus Melanæægis. This was a state sacrifice, in which all citizens took part. The day was chiefly devoted to the gods, and to it must, perhaps, be confined what Harpocration2 mentions, from the Atthis of Istrus, that the Athenians at the apaturia used to dress splendidly, kindle torches on the altar of Hephaestus, and sacrifice and sing in honour of him. The flamines were forbidden by law to go into Proclus on Plato, in opposition to all other authori-public, or even into the open air, without the apex. ties, calls the first day of the Apaturia 'Avúppvous, Sulpicius was deprived of the priesthood only beand the second dopria, which is, perhaps, nothing cause the apex fell from his head while he was more than a slip of his pen. sacrificing. On the third day, called κουρεῶτες (κοῦρος), children born in that year, in the families of the phratriæ, or such as were not yet registered, were taken by their fathers, or, in their absence, by their representatives (Kupio), before the assembled members of the phratria. For every child, a sheep or goat was sacrificed. The victim was called μelov, and he who sacrifced it μεταγωγός, μεταγωγείν. It is said that the victim was not allowed to be below, or, according to Pollux, above a certain weight. Whenever any one thought he had reason to oppose the reception of the child into the phratria, he stated the case, and, at the same time, led away the victim from the altar. If the members of the phratria found the objections to the reception of the child to be sufficient, the victim was removed; when no objections were raised, the father, or he who supplied his place, was obliged to establish by oath that the child was the offspring of free-born parents and citizens of Athens. After the victim was sacrificed, the phratores gave their votes, which they took from the altar of Jupiter Phratrius. When the majority voted against the reception, the cause might be tried before one of the courts of Athens; and if the claims of the child were found unobjectionable, its name, as well as that of the father, was entered in the register of the phratria, and those who had wished to effect the exclusion of the child were liable to be punished. Then followed the distribution of wine and of the victim, of which every phrator received his share; and poems were recited by the elder boys, and a prize was given to him who acquitted himself the best on the occasion. On this day, also, illegitimate children, on whom the privileges of Athenian citizens were to be bestowed, as well as children adopted by citizens, and newly-created citizens, were introduced; but the last, it appears, could only be received into a phratria when they had previously been adopted by a citizen; and their children, when born by a mother who was a citizen, had a legitimate claim to be inscribed in the phratria of their grandfather, on their mother's side.10 In later times, however, the difficulties of being admitted into a phratria seem to have been greatly diminished. Some writers have added a fourth day to this APERTA NAVIS. (Vid. APHRActus.) 1. (Lex., s. v. Aopria.)—2. (s. v. Aaμnás.)—3. (Tim., p. 21, b.) | 5 Dionysius of Halicarnassus describes the cap as being of a conical form. On ancient monuments we see it round as well as conical. From its various forms, as shown on bas-reliefs and on coins of the Roman emperors, who, as priests, were entitled to wear it, we have selected six for the annexed woodcut. The middle figure is from a bas-relief, showing one of the salii with the rod in his right hand. (Vid. ANCILE.) From apex was formed the epithet apicatus, applied to the flamen dialis by Ovid." *APH'ACE (ảøúkŋ), a kind of pulse or vetch. Fuchsius and Matthiolus refer it to the Vicia sepium; Dalechamp to the Vicia angustifolia; Dodonæus and Stackhouse to the Lathyrus aphace. To this last Sprengel refers it in the first edition of his R. H. H., but in his edition of Dioscorides he hesitates as to whether it was the Vicia Bithynica, the v. lutea, or the V. hybrida. *APHAR CE (άpúркŋ), a plant mentioned by Theophrastus, which Stackhouse suggests may be the Rhamnus alaternus, or Evergreen Privet. Sprengel, however, is in favour of the Philyrea angustifolia. Schneider remarks, that some of the characters given by Theophrastus are wanting in the Philyrea. 10 ΑΦΈΤΟΙ ΗΜΕΡΑΙ (ἀφετοὶ ἡμέραι) were the days, usually festivals, on which the Bovan did not meet at Athens.11 *APH'IA (àøía), a plant mentioned by Theophrastus, but of which nothing can be made satisfactorily, in consequence of the short notice given by him. Stackhouse suspects that it may be a false reading for úpía. In another place he suggests that it may be the Caltha palustris, or Marsh Marigold.12 1. (Lucilius, Sat. ix.-Compare Virgil, Æn., viii., 663.)-2. (Serv. in Virg., 1. c.)—3. (Festus, s. v. Offendices.)-4. (Scaliger in Fest., s. v. Apiculum.)-5. (Val. Max., i., 1.)—6. (Ant. Rom., ii.)-7. (Fast., iii., 369.)-8. (Dioscor., ii., 177.-Theophrast., H. P., viii., 8.-Adams, Append., s. v.)—9. (H. P., i,, 9; vii., 3, &c.)-10. (Adams, Append., s. v.)—11. (Pollux, viii., 95.-Demosth., c. Timocr., c 7, p. 708.-Xen., Rep. Athen., iii., 2, 8.-Aristoph., Thesmoph., 79, 80.)-12. (Theophrast., HL, P., vii, 8.-Adams, Append., s. v.) |