ANETHUM.

games of the Panathenæa, and was afterward killed by order of Ægeus. According to Hesychius, the hero also bore the name of Eurygyes (the possessor of extensive lands), and under this title games were celebrated in his honour, ὁ ἐπ' Εὐρυγύῃ ἀγών. ANDROLEPSIA or ANDROLEPSION (ȧvdpompia or avôpoλýpɩov), the right of reprisals, a custom recognised by the international law of the Greeks, that, when a citizen of one state had killed a citizen of another, and the countrymen of the former would not surrender him to the relatives of the deceased, it should be lawful to seize upon three, and not more, of the countrymen of the offender, and keep them as hostages till satisfaction was af forded, or the homicide given up. The trierarchs and the commanders of the ships of war were the persons intrusted with this office. The property which the hostages had with them at the time of seizure was confiscated, under the name of ouλa or σύλαι.

*ANDROS.Æ'MON (ávôpóσaov), a species of St. John's-wort, but not the Hypericum androsamum of modern botanists. Such, at least, is the opinion of Sibthorp, who refers it to the H. ciliatum, Lam. Stephens and Matthiolus give it the French name of Millepertuis.

ANDROS'ACES (ȧvdpóσakes). Sprengel justly pronounces this the "crux exegetarum!" In his History of Botany he inclines to the opinion of Gonanas, that it is the Madrepora acetabulum, a zoophyte; a most improbable conjecture. But, in his edition of Dioscorides, he prefers the plant named Olivia Androsace, Brestol. The avopóσakes occurs in the Materia Medica of Dioscorides, Galen, Oribasius, and Paulus Ægineta."

ANNALES.

ophrastus the Anethum graveolens; but, according to Stackhouse, the avnbov of Theophrastus is the A. hortense, or Garden Dill.'

ANGOTHEKE (ἀγγοθήκη). (Vid. INCΙΤΕΘΑ.) *ANGUILL'A (eyxεhus), the Murana anguilla, L., or Eel. (Vid. CONGER and MURENA.) Volumes have been written respecting the mode of reproduction on the part of eels. Aristotle believed that they sprang from the mud; Pliny, from fragments which they separated from their bodies by rubbing them against the rocks; others of the ancient writers supposed that they came from the carcasses of animals. The truth is, that eels couple after the manner of serpents; that they form eggs, which, for the most part, disclose in their belly; and that in this case they are viviparous, after the manner of vipers. *ANGUIS (õpis), the Snake. (Vid. ASPIS, DRAco, &c.) ANGUSTICLA VII. (Vid. CLAVUS.)

*ANI'SUM (ǎvicov) the Pimpinella anison, or Anise. It is described by Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Galen, and the other writers on the Materia Medica.

ANNA'LES (i. e., annales libri, year-books) were records of the events of each year, which were kept by the chief pontiff (pontifex maximus) at Rome, from the commencement of the state to the time of the chief pontiff Publius Mucius Scævola (consul in 621 A.Ú.C., 133 B.C.). They were written on a white board (album), which the chief pontiff used to put in some conspicuous place in his house, that the people might have the opportunity of reading them. They were called annales maximi, or annales pontificum maximorum; and the commentarii pontificum mentioned by Livy3 are in all probability the same. These documents appear to have been very meager, recording chiefly eclipses, prodigies, and the state of the markets; but they were the only historical records which the Romans possessed before the time of Fabius Pictor. The greater part of those written before the burning of Rome by the Gauls, perished on that occasion; but some fragments seem to have escaped destruction. This circumstance is a chief cause of the uncertainty of the early history of Rome.7

*ANEMO ́NE (áveμúvn), the Anemone or Windrose. Dioscorides describes three species: the first, which he calls huepos, or cultivated, is, according to Sprengel, the Anemone coronaria; the second kind, denominated dypía, or wild, is the A. stellata; the third kind, with dark leaves, is the A. nemorosa, or Wood Anemone. The cultivated kind was very variable in the colour of its flowers, these being either blue, violet, purple, or white, whereas the wild kind has merely a flower of purple hue. This may serve to explain the discrepance in the poetic legends respecting the origin of the anemone. Ac- In process of time, individuals undertook to write cording to one account, it sprang from the tears portions of the Roman history, in imitation of the shed by Venus for the loss of Adonis when slain pontifical annals. The first of these was Quintus by the wild boar; according to another," from the Fabius Pictor, who lived during the second Punic blood of Adonis himself. The reference may be, in War, and wrote the history of Rome from its foundthe one case, to the white flower of the wind-rose; ation down to his own time. Contemporary with in the other, to that of purple hue. The anemone him was Lucius Cincius Alimentus, whose annals has its name from the Greek term aveμoç, "wind." embraced the same period.10 Dionysius states that The cause of this name's having been given is dif- both Fabius and Cincius wrote in Greek; but it ferently stated. Pliny says that the flower was so would seem that Fabius wrote in Latin also.1t styled, because it never opens except when the wind Marcius Porcius Cato, consul in 559 A.U.C., and blows; Hesychius, because its leaves are quickly afterward censor, wrote an historical work in scattered by the wind. The best explanation, how-seven books, which was called "Origines." Auever, is the following: the blossoms of the anemone lus Postumius Albinus, consul in 603 A.U.C., wrote contain no distinct calyx, and are succeeded by a annals of the Roman history in Greek.13 cluster of grains, each terminated by a long, silky, Calpurnius Piso Frugi, consul in 621 A.U.C., and feathery tail. As the species generally grow on afterward censor, wrote annals. Quintus Valeriopen plains, or in high, exposed situations, their us Antias (about 672 A.U.C.) is frequently cited by feathery grains produce a singular shining appear- Livy, and contemporary with him was Caius Liance when waved by the breeze, and hence, no cinius Macer.15 The Roman annalists were Lucius doubt, the name of the flower has originated, for it Cassius Hemina (A.U.C. 608), Quintus Fabius means, literally, "Wind-flower;" and this is the appellation actually bestowed upon it by the English.-Sibthorp found the anemone on Mount Par-3. (vi., 1.)-4. (Cato in Aul. Gell., ii., 28.)-5. (Cic., de

nassus.

*ANE'THUM (¿vnsov), the herb Anise or Dill. Sprengel makes the abov of Dioscorides and The

1. (Diod. Sic., IV., 60, 61.)-2. (Harpocrat., s. v.-Demosth,, e. Aristocrat., p. 647, 1. 24.)-3. (Vid. Demosth., Tepi To ETEO. Tis Tpinpapxías, p. 1232, 1. 5.)-4. (Dioscor., iii., 163.-Adams, Append., s. v.)-5. (Adams, Append., s. v.)-6. (Bion, Id., i., 66.-7. (Ovid, Met., 10, 735, seqq.)-8. (H. N., 21, 23.)-9. (5. ν. ἀνεμώνη.)

Lucius

1. (Dioscor., iii., 60,-Theophrast., H. P., vii., 1.-Adams, Append., s. v.)-2, (Cic., de Orat., ii., 12.-Id., de Legg., i., 2.)

Legg., 1., 2.)-6. (Liv., i., 6.-Cic., de Rep., i., 16.)-7. (Niebuhr, vol. i., p. 213.)-8. (Cic., de Orat., it., 12.)—9. (Cic., de Legg., i., 2.-Polyb., i, 14; iii., 8, 9.-Dionys., i., 6; vii., 71.Liv., i., 44; ii., 40.)-10. (Dionys., i., 6, 74.-Liv., vii., 3; xxi., 38.)-11. (Cic., de Orat., ii., 12.—Aul. Gell., x., 15.)-12. (Cic., de Orat., ii., 12.-De Legg, i., 2.-Liv., xxxix., 40.-Corn. Nep., Cato, c. 3.)-13. (Gell., xi., 8.-Cic., Brut., c. 21.-Macrob., Sat. Procem., i.; ii., 16.-Plutarch, Cat. Maj., c. 12.) -14. (Cic., de Orat., ii., 12.-Ep. ad Div., ix., 22.-Varro, de Ling. Lat., iv., 42.-Dionys., il., 38; iv., 7.)-15. (Cic,, de Legg.,, 2.-Liv., vi, 9.)

Maximus Servilianus (612), Caius Fannius (618), Caius Sempronius Tuditanus (625), Lucius Caelius Antipater (631), Caius Sempronius Asellio (620), and, about the end of the same century, Publius Rutilius Rufus, Lucius Cornelius Sisenna, and Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius. Farther information concerning these writers will be found in Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, vol. iii.

ANQUISITIO. In criminal trials at Rome, the accuser was obliged, after the day for the trial (diei dictio) had been fixed, to repeat his charge three times against the accused, with the intervention of a day between each. The anquisitio was that part of the charge in which the punishment was specified. The accuser could, during this repetition of the charge, either mitigate or increase the punishment. After the charge had been repeated three times, the proper bill of accusation (rogatio) was then first introduced. (Vid. JUDICIUM.) Under the emperors, the term anquisitio lost its original meaning, and was employed to indicate an accusation in general; in which sense it also occurs even in the times of the Republic."

ANSA, the handle of any thing, more particularly of a cup or drinking-vessel; also, the handle of a rudder, called by us the tiller. Ennius speaks of the ansa or handle of a spear: “Hastis ansatis concurrunt undique telis."7 "Ansatas mittunt e turribus hastas."

The ansa must have been different from the amentum of a spear. Perhaps it was a rest for the hand, fixed to the middle of the shaft, to assist in throwing it. On this supposition, the hasta ansata of Ennius was the same with the peoάykvλov or dópu áуkvλntóv of Greek authors. Euripides calls the same weapons simply ἀγκύλας 10

11

The precise difference between the terms annales and historia is still a matter of discussion. Cicero says that the first historical writers among the Romans composed their works in imitation of the annales maximi, and merely wrote memorials of the times, of men, of places, and of events, without any ornament; and, provided that their meaning was intelligible, thought the only excellence of style was brevity; but that, in history, ornament is studied in the mode of narration, descriptions of countries and battles are often introduced, speeches and harangues are reported, and a flowing style is aimed at. Elsewhere he mentions history as one of the highest kinds of oratory, and as one which was as yet either unknown to, or neglected by, his countrymen.3 Aulus Gellius says that the difference between annals and history is, that the former observe the order of years, narrating under each year all the events that happened during that year. Servius says that history (ἀπὸ τοῦ ἱστορεῖν) relates to events which have happened during the writer's Xenophon, speaking of the large arrows of the life, so that he has, or might have, seen them; but Carduchi, says that his soldiers used them as darts annals to those things which have taken place in ακόντιοις), by fixing the ἀγκύλη upon them (ένα γκυ former times. The true distinction seems to be that λvres).11 ́ ́ Plutarch12 relates that Alexander the which regards the annalist as adhering to the suc- Great, observing one of his soldiers to be attaching cession of time, while the historian regards more the ἀγκύλη to his dart (το ακόντιον ἐναγκυλούμενον), the succession of events; and, moreover, that the obliged him to leave the ranks, for preparing his former relates bare facts in a simple, straightfor-arms at a moment when he ought to have had them ward style, while the latter arranges his materials ready for use. These authorities show that the with the art of an orator, and traces the causes and dykun was something fastened to the dart, about results of the events which he records. (See a the middle of the shaft, before the engagement compaper by Niebuhr in the Rheinisches Museum, ii,menced. That it was crooked, or curved, may be 2, p. 283, translated by Mr. Thirlwall in the Philolo- concluded from the term itself; and, if so, it would gical Museum, vol. ii., p. 661.) agree with the Latin ansa, a handle, though not with ANNO'NA (from annus, like pomona from po-amentum, which was a leather thong fastened to mum) is used, 1. for the produce of the year in the same part of the lance. (Vid. AMENTUM.) corn, fruit, wine, &c., and hence, 2. for provisions in general, especially for the corn which, in the latter years of the Republic, was collected in the storehouses of the state, and sold to the poor at a cheap rate in times of scarcity; and which, under the emperors, was distributed to the people gratuitously, or given as pay and rewards. 3. For the price of provisions. 4. For a soldier's allowance of provisions for a certain time. It is used also in the plural for yearly or monthly distributions of pay in corn, &c. Similar distributions in money were called annona araria. In the plural it also signifies provisions given as the wages of labour.

Annona was anciently worshipped as the goddess who prospered the year's increase. She was represented on an altar in the Capitol, with the inscription "Annona Sanctæ Ælius Vitalio," &c., as a female with the right arm and shoulder bare, and the rest of the body clothed, holding ears of corn in her right hand, and the cornucopia in her left. ANNA'LIS LEX. (Vid. EDILES, p. 25.) AN'NULI. (Vid. RINGS.) AN'NUS. (Vid. YEAR.) *ANO'NIS (¿vwvis), a plant. Stephens says its popular name is Resta bovis, i. e., Rest-harrow. Modern botanists have accordingly given the name of Anonis antiquorum to the Rest-harrow of English herbalists. The popular name is derived from the circumstance of this plant's stopping the plough, or harrow, in its progress, by its stringy roots.

1. (De Orat., ii., 12.)-2. (Orator., c. 20.)-3. (De Legg., i., 2.) 4. (v., 18.)-5. (in En., i., 373.)-6. (Cod. Just., i., tit. 48; I., tit. 16; xi., tit. 24.)-7. (Cod. Theodos., vii., tit. 4, s. 34, 35, 36.)-8. (Salmas. in Lamprid., Alex. Sev., c. 41.)-9. (Gruser, p. 8, n. 10.)-10. (Dioscor., iii., 17.-Adams, Append., s. v.)

*ANSER (x), the Goose. Aristotle briefly describes two species, the Great and the Small gregarious goose.13 The latter, no doubt, is the Brent Goose, or Anas Bernicula. The other cannot be satisfactorily determined; but it is not unlikely that it was the Anas anser. Dr. Trail, however, is inclined rather to think that it was the Anas Egyptiaca, or Sacred Goose of Egypt."

ANTE (napaorudes), square pillars (quadra columna, Nonius). They were commonly joined to the side walls of a building, being placed on each side of the door, so as to assist in forming the portico. These terms are seldom found except in the plural, because the purpose served by antæ required that, in general, two should be erected corresponding to each other, and supporting the extremities of the same roof. Their position, form, and use will be best understood from the following woodcut, in which A A are the antæ.

Vitruvius15 describes the temple in antis (vaòç ¿v Tараσтáo) to be one of the simplest kind. It had, as he says, in front, antæ attached to the walls which enclosed the cella; and in the middle, between the antæ, two columns supporting the architrave. According to him,16 the antæ ought to be of the same thickness as the columns. The three spaces (intercolumnia) into which the front of the

1. (Cic., pro. Dom., c. 17.)-2. (Liv., 11., 52.)-3. (Liv., xxvi., 3.)-4. (Tacit., Ann., iii., 12.)-5. (Liv., vi., 20; viii., 33.)-6. (Vitruv., X., 8.)-7. (Ap. Macroo., Saturn., vi., 1.)-8. (Ap. Nonium.)-9. (Athenæus, xi.-Eurip., Phon., 1148.-Androm., 1133.-Schol. in loc.-Menander, p. 210, ed. Meineke.-Gell., x., 25.-Festus, s. v. Mefancilium.)-10. (Orest., 1477.)-11. (Anab., iv., 2, ◊ 28.)-12. (Apophth.)-13. (Aristot., H. A., viii., 5.)-14. (Adams, Append., s. v.)-15. (iii., 1.)—16. (iv., 4.)

1. (Eurip., Androm, 1098.)-2. (Iph. in Taur., 1126.)-3. (Phon., 427.)-4. (Vid. Cratini, Fragin., ed. Runkel, p. 16.Xea, Hier., xi.-Schneider, Gr.-Deutsch. Handwörterbuch.- 1. (Ep. iii., 14, sub fin.)-2. (Martial, ii., 18; iii., 7; x., 74.) 1. Epum, in Xen., Mem., p. 277.-Id., in Vitruv., vi., 7, 1.)-5.-3. (Hirt., Bell. Afr., 12, who speaks of speculatores et ante(Vitrov, iv, 2, p. 94; v., i., p. 116, 117, ed. Schneider.-Plin., cessores equites.-Suet., Vitell., 17.-Cres., B. G., v., 47.)-4. 15.-6. (Athenæus, vii., p. 284, e.-Schweigh. in loc.; (Cod. 1, tit. 17, s. 2, ◊ 9, 11.)-5. (Pompeii, Lond., 1836, vol. i., Elna, N. A-, xiv, 23.)—7. (Suut., Vesp., c. 2.) p. 281.)

proves that the Volsci had attained to considerable | hung from the horns of the antenna, the use of which taste in their architecture. Their antefixa are re- was to turn it round as the wind veered, so as to markable for being painted: the ground of that here keep the sail opposite to the wind. This operation represented is blue; the hair of the six men is black is technically described by Virgil in the following or brown; their flesh red; their garments white, yel- line: "Cornua velatarum obvertimus antennarum.' low, and red: the chairs are white. The two holes And more poetically where he uses brachia for anmay be observed by which this slab was fixed upon tenna, and adds, "Una ardua torquent Cornua, dethe building. torquentque."