It only remains briefly to notice the condition of the public land with respect to the fructus, or vectigal, which belonged to the state. This, as already observed, was generally a tenth, and hence the ager publicus was sometimes called decumanus; it was also sometimes called ager vectigalis. The tithes were generally farmed by the publicani, who paid their rent mostly in money, but sometimes in grain. The letting was managed by the censors, and the lease was for five years. The form, however, of leasing the tenths was that of a sale, mancipatio. In course of time, the word locatio was applied to these leases. The phrase used by the Roman writers was originally fructus locatio, which was the proper expression; but we find the phrase agrum fruendum locare also used in the same sense, an expression which might appear somewhat ambiguous; and even agrum locare, which might mean the leasing of the public lands, and not of the tenths due from the possessors of them. It is, however, made clear by Niebuhr, that in some instances, at least, the phrase agrum locare does mean the leasing of the tenths; whether this was always the meaning of the phrase, it is not possible to affirm.

maintaining his argument; and, secondly, because | lege established under the Roman emperors. Like it was a subject on which his knowledge was prob- the jurisconsults, they had regular schools, and ably not very exact. were paid handsome salaries by the state. Their business was to measure unassigned lands for the state, and ordinary lands for the proprietors, and to fix and maintain boundaries. Their writings on the subject of their art were very numerous; and we have still scientific treatises on the law of boundaries, such as those by Frontinus and Hyginus. They were sometimes vested with judicial power, and were called spectabiles and clarissimi in the time of Theodosius and Valentinian. As partitioners of land, the agrimensores were the successors of the augurs, and the mode of their limitatio was derived from the old augurial method of forming the templum. The word templum, like the Greek réuevos, simply means a division; its application to signify the vault of the heavens was due to the fact that the directions were always ascertained according to the true cardinal points. At the inauguration of a king1 or consul, the augur looked towards the east, and the person to be inaugurated towards the south. Now, in a case like this, the person to be inaugurated was considered the chief, and the direction in which he looked was the main direction. Thus we find that in the case of land-surveying the augur looked to the south: for the gods were supex-posed to be in the north, and the augur was considered as looking in the same manner in which the gods looked upon the earth. Hence the main line in land-surveying was drawn from north to south, and was called cardo, as corresponding to the axis of the world; the line which cut it was termed decumanus, because it made the figure of a cross, like the numeral X. These two lines were produced to the extremity of the ground which was to be laid out, and parallel to these were drawn other lines, according to the size of the quadrangle required. The limits of these divisions were indicated by balks, called limites, which were left as high roads, the ground for them being deducted from the land to be divided. As every sixth was wider than the others, the square bordering upon this would lose pro tanto. The opposition of via and limes in this rectangular division of property has not been sufficiently attended to by scholars. It appears that, if the line from north to south was called limes, that from east to west would be named via, and vice versa. Virgil was, as is well known, very accurate in his use of words, and we may entirely depend on inferences drawn from his lanAGRAULIA (aypavλía) was a festival celebra-guage. First, he uses limes in its stricter sense as

Though the term ager vectigalis originally pressed the public land, of which the tithe was leased, it afterward came to signify lands which were leased by the state or by different corporations. This latter description would comprehend even the ager publicus; but this kind of public property was gradually reduced to a small amount; and we find the term ager vectigalis, in the later period, applied to the lands of towns which were so leased that the lessee, or those who derived their tithe from him, could not be ejected so long as they paid the vectigal. This is the ager vectigalis of the Digest, on the model of which was formed the emphyteusis, or ager emphyteuticarius. (Vid. EMPHYTEUSIS.) The rights of the lessee of the ager vectigalis were different from those of a possessor of the old ager publicus, though the ager vectigalis was derived from, and was only a new form of, the ager publicus. Though he had only a jus in re, and though he is distinguished from the owner (dominus), yet he was considered as having the possession of the land. He had, also, a right of action against the town, if he was ejected from his land, provided he had always paid his vectigal.❜

ted by the Athenians in honour of Agraulos, the daughter of Cecrops. We possess no particulars respecting the time or mode of its celebration; but it was, perhaps, connected with the solemn oath, which all Athenians, when they arrived at manhood (tonbot), where obliged to take in the temple of Agraulos, that they would fight for their country, and always observe its laws.3

Agraulos was also honoured with a festival in Cyprus, in the month Aphrodisius, at which human victims were offered.*

AG'RETAI (ȧypérai), the name of nine maidens, who were chosen every year, in the Island of Cos, as priestesses of Athena (Minerva).

AGRIA'NIA (ȧypiavia) was, according to Hesychius, a festival celebrated at Argos, in memory of a deceased person, and was, probably, the same as the festival called AGRANIA. The Agriania was also celebrated at Thebes, with solemn sports.

AGRIMENSORES, or "land-surveyors," a col

1. (vi., tit. 3.)-2. (Niebuhr, Rom. Hist.-Savigny, das Recht des Besitzes, 5th ed.-Cicero, c. Rull.; and the other author ties already referred to in the course of the article.)-3. (Lycurg., c. Leocr., c. 18, p. 189.-Demosth., de Legat., c. 84, p. 438.-Plut., Alcib., c. 15.-Stobæus, Serm., xli., 141.-Schomann, de Comit. Athen., p. 331.-Wachsmuth, Hellen. Alterth., L., ., p. 252.)-4. (Porphyr., de Abstin. ab Anim., i., 2.)

a term of land-surveying :

"Ante Jovem nulli subigebant arva coloni,
Nec signare quidem, aut partiri limite campum
Fas erat."

175

Again, in speaking of planting vines in regular rows, he says:

"Omnis in unguem

Arboribus positis secto via limite quadret ;" i. e., let every via be exactly perpendicular to the limes which it cuts." He says quadret, for the term via might be used in speaking of a line which cut another obliquely, as it is used in the description of the ecliptic, in Virgil:

"Via secta per ambas, Obliquus qua se signorum verteret ordo.""" These passages are sufficient to prove that via and limes are used in opposition to one another. The following authorities will show that via means the principal or high road; and limes, a narrower cross road, where roads are spoken of. In the first place, the Twelve Tables laid down that the via should be eight feet wide when straight, but twelve

1. (Liv., i., 18.)-2. (Dionys., ii., 5.)-3. (Varro, ap. Frontin., p. 215.)-4. (Festus, s. v. Sinistræ.)-5. (Georg., i., 126.)6. (Georg, ii., 278.)-7. (Georg., i., 238.)

simply marking the dypworts of Theophrastus as the Agrostis. The brief description of the dypworIÇ ÈV τῷ Παρνασσῷ, given by Dioscorides, would seem to *AIGEIROS (aiye pos), without doubt the Popupoint to the Parnassia palustris, or "Grass of Par-lus nigra, or Black Poplar.1 nassus, "11

ceived, and the judges determined on the justice of the claim.'

*AIGITH'ALOS (alyibañóç), a species of bird. | Aristotle applies this term to the genus Parus, of which he describes the following species: 1. The AIKLON (uikλov, alkhov, or ůikvov, alкvov),2 is Onilirns, which is the Parus major, L., the Great said by Polemo3 to be a Doric word; its derivatives, Titmouse or Ox-eye. 2. The opɛivos, which would πúixλa and μeoaîkhíaι, were used only by the Doseem to correspond to the Parus caudatus, L., or rians. Modern writers differ greatly respecting its Long-tailed Titmouse. 3. The èλáxiσros, which an- meaning; but, from an examination of the passages swers to the Parus cæruleus, L., or Blue Titmouse.' in which it occurs, it appears to be used in two sen*AIG'ILOPS (aiyiλw), a plant about which there ses : I. A meal in general. Thus Alcman uses ovvahas been great diversity of opinion. Robert Ste-ikhial for ovvdeírvia. II. The chief dish or course phens and most of the older commentators contend in a meal. The dessert or after-course was called that it is the Avena sterilis, or Folle avoine of the émáikλov.5 The dikλov among the Spartans was French. Matthiolus rejects this opinion, and holds composed of the contributions which every one who it to be an herb called Coquiele in French, which came to the public banquets (pediria) was bound to grows in fields of barley. Dodonæus, Sibthorp, bring, and consisted chiefly of pork and black broth, Stackhouse, and Sprengel agree in referring it to or blood-broth (uéλas Swuós, alμária), with the addithe Egilops ovata. Theophrastus farther applies tion of cheese and figs; sometimes, but rarely, they the name to a species of Oak, which Stackhouse received contributions of fish, hares, and poultry. makes to be the Quercus Egilops. The émáikhov, or dessert, which varied the plainAIG'IPYROS (aiyinvpos), Buckwheat. Spren-ness of the meal, consisted of voluntary gifts to the gel mentions that the learned Anguillara believed table. The richer citizens sent maize bread, fowls, it to be the Ononis Antiquorum, or Rest-harrow; he hares, lambs, and other dishes, cooked in a superior himself, however, in the second edition of his "Rei manner, a part of a sacrifice, or the fruits of the Herbaria Historia," inclines to a species of Eryn-season, while others contributed the proceeds of the gium All this, however, is merely conjectural.3 *AIGOTHELAS (alyo0n2as), the Goat-sucker, a bird of the genus Caprimulgus. It applies more especially to the species called Fern-owl in England, to which Professor Rennie gives the scientific name of Nyctichelidon Europæus.*

*AIGY PIOS (alyvios). Elian describes it as being a bird intermediate between the Eagle and the Vulture. Gesner decides that it is the same as the yunaiɛroç and the Vultur niger of Pliny; and Schneider suggests that it probably was the Vultur percnopterus, or Alpine eagle. (Vid. GYPS.)

*AIGO'LIOS (alyúhos), a bird of the rapacious tribe, briefly noticed by Aristotle. It is rendered Ulula by Gaza, but cannot be satisfactorily determined. (Vid. GLAUX.)

ΑΙΚΙΑΣ ΔΙΚΗ (αἰκίας δίκη), an action brought at Athens before the court of the Forty (oi TETTаpáKOVтa), against any individual who had struck a citizen of the state. Any citizen who had been thus insulted might proceed in two ways against the offending party, either by the aixíaç dikη, which was a private action, or by the vбpews ypapń, which was looked upon in the light of a public prosecution, since the state was considered to be wronged in an injury done to any citizen. It appears to have been a principle of the Athenian law, to give an individual who had been injured more than one mode of obtaining redress."

It was necessary to prove two facts in bringing the aixias dixn before the Forty. First, That the defendant had struck the plaintiff with the intention of insulting him (è' üбpɛt), which, however, was always presumed to have been the intention, unless the defendant could prove that he only struck the plaintiff in joke. Thus Ariston, after proving that he had been struck by Conon, tells the judges that Conon will attempt to show that he had only struck him in play.10 Secondly, It was necessary to prove that the defendant struck the plaintiff first, and did not merely return the blows which had been given by the plaintiff (äpxεi xeɩpwv áðíkov, or merely ἀδίκων ἄρχειν). 11

chase. It was the custom, when one of these presents was helped round, to name the person who sent it. Sometimes they procured a good dessert by imposing penalties on each other, or by giving the place of honour at the table to him who contributed the best dish. The contributions were eaten as they were sent; or, if their flavour was not approved, they were made up afresh into a savoury mess called a parrún. Boys were allowed an έráix2ov consisting of barley meal kneaded with oil, and baked in laurel leaves."

ΑΙΓΙΝΗΤΩΝ ΕΟΡΤΗ (Αιγινητῶν ἑορτή), a festival of the Æginetans in honour of Poseidon, which lasted sixteen days, during which time every family took its meals quietly and alone, no slave being allowed to wait, and no stranger invited to partake of them. From the circumstance of each family being closely confined to itself, those who solemnized this festival were called povopάyou. Plutarch' traces its origin to the Trojan war, and says that, as many of the Eginetans had lost their lives, partly in the siege of Troy and partly on their return home, those who reached their native island were received indeed with joy by their kinsmen; but, in order to avoid hurting the feelings of those families who had to lament the loss of their friends, they thought it proper neither to show their joy nor to offer any sacrifices in public. Every family, therefore, entertained privately their friends who had returned, and acted themselves as attendants, though not without rejoicings.

*AITHUI'A (aiovia), the Mergus of the Latins, the modern Cormorant. As there are several species of this genus, it is difficult to say, in general, to which of them the ancient name is most applicable. The Pelicanus corbo is a common species.10

*AIX (ai). I. (Vid. TRAGOs.)-II. The name of a bird briefly noticed by Aristotle." Belon conjectures that it was the Lapwing, namely, the Vanellus Cristatus."

*AILOU ́ROS (alλovpoç), the Felis Catus, or Wild Cat. Some apply the name kárrns to the Domestic Cat.13 (Vid. FELIS.)

* AIMÀTITHE (aluarirns), the well-known stone called Bloodstone. (Vid. HEMATITES.)

1. (Demosth., adv. Conon.-Isocrates, adv. Lochit.-Meier, Att.

In this action, the sum of money to be paid by the defendant as damages was not fixed by the laws; but the plaintiff assessed the amount ac- Process, p. 547-Böckh, Public Econ. of Athens, vol. ii., p. 101, cording to the injury which he thought he had re-transl.)-2. (Eustath. in Il., xviii., 245.)-3. (Athenæus, p. 140, c.) 4. (Athenæus, p. 140, c.-See also Epicharmus and Aleman 1. (Aristot., H. A., ix., 16.-Adams, Append., s. v.)-2. (Dios- in Athenæus, p. 139, b, and p. 140, c.)-5. (Polemo in Athen., cor., iv., 137.-Theophrast., H. P., iv., 16.-Adams, Append., p. 140, c.)-6. (Polemo in Athen., p. 139, e.)-7. (Athen., p. 140, s. v.)-3. (Theocrit., Id., iv., 25.-Theophrast., H. P., i., 8.-f)-8. (Müller, Dorians, iii., X., 7; iv, iii., 3.-Wachsmuth, Adams, Append., s. v.)-4. (Ælian, N. A., iii., 39.)-5. (N. A., Hellen. Alterthum., II., ii., p. 24.)-9. (Quæst. Græc., 44.)ii., 46.)-6. (Adams, Append., s. v.)-7. (H. A., vi., 6.)—8. 10. (Aristot., H. A., v., 8.-Elian, N. A., iv., 5.)-11. (H. A., (Adams, Append., s. v.)-9. (Demosth., adv. Androt., c. 8, p. viii., 3.)-12. (Adams, Append., s. v.)-13. (Aristot., H. A., v., 601.)-10. (Demosth., adv. Conon., c. 5, p. 1261.)-11. (Demosth., 2.-Suid., s. v. kárras et olkoyevs-Toup in Suid., I. c.--Ad adv. Euerg. c. 3, p. 1141; c. 11, p. 1151.) ams, Append., s. v. acλoupos.)

Theodorus of Colophon, which persons used to sing while swinging themselves (ev raiç aiúpaiç). It is therefore probable that the Athenian maidens, in remembrance of Erigone and the other Athenian women who had hung themselves, swung themselves during this festival, at the same time singing the above-mentioned song of Theodorus.' ALABAS TER, the name usually given by art

►AIMOPPOYΣ (a¡μópóovç), (-ots, or -oç), a species of Serpent. The celebrated Paul Hermann told Dr. Mead that he had found in Africa a serpent, the poison of which was immediately followed by hæmorrhages from all the pores of the body, and which he concluded to be the same as the Hæmorrhus of antiquity. It should also be remarked, that the effects produced by the poison of the Coluber urens of India are said to be very simi-ists and antiquaries to that variety of marble which lar to those of the Hæmorrhus as described by the ancients.1

*AIRA (aipa), a plant, the same with the Lolium temulentum, L., or Darnel. It may be confidently pronounced to be the "infelix lolium” of Virgil; and that it is the SiSavia of Scripture was first suggested by Isidorus, an opinion which has been espoused, without acknowledgment, by Henry Stephens, and by Dr. Campbell of Aberdeen, and other Biblical commentators. It farther deserves to be mentioned, that the translators of the works of the Arabian medical authors render the aipa of the Greeks by

zizanien.

AISUMNETES (alovμvýtns), an individual who was sometimes invested with unlimited power in the Greek states. His power, according to Aristotle, partook in some degree of the nature both of kingly and tyrannical authority, since he was appointed legally, and did not usurp the government, but, at the same time, was not bound by any laws in his public administration. Hence Theophrastus calls the office Tupavvis alpern. It was not hereditary, nor was it held for life; but it only continued for a certain time, or till some object was accomplished. Thus we read that the inhabitants of Mytilene appointed Pittacus aiovuvnτns, in order to prevent the return of Alcæus and the other exiles. Dionysius compares it with the dictatorship at Rome. In some states, such as Cyme and Chalcedon, it was the title borne by the regular magis

trates.

mineralogists call gypsum. Alabaster is sometimes described as of two kinds; but this is an error, as one of the substances so called is a carbonate of lime, and therefore not alabaster in the common acceptation of the term; while the other, the real alabaster or gypsum, is a sulphate of lime. Alabaster (gypsum) is translucent or semi-transparent, and is usually of a white-a yellowish white-and greenish colour, though sometimes strong brown tints and spots appear in it. When the varieties of colour occur in the same stone, and are disposed in bands or horizontal strata, it is often called onyx alabaster; and when dispersed irregularly, as if in clouds, it is in like manner distinguished as agate alabaster. These varieties in the colour are alluded to by Pliny: "Candore interstincto variis coloribus." Though much softer than other marbles, and on that account ill adapted for sculpture on a large scale, it is capable of being worked to a very fine surface, and of receiving a polish.

Alabaster has been supposed to derive its name originally from Alabastron, a town of Egypt, where there was a manufactory of vessels made of a stone which was found in the neighbouring mountains. Pliny speaks of alabastrites, using that term for the various kinds of this marble, as well as onyx, probably from the texture being somewhat different from that of the Greek, Sicilian, and Italian marbles, which he was more accustomed to see, and which were commonly used by sculptors, and from which he thus desired to distinguish it. He observes that it was chiefly procured in his time from Alabastron and Damascus.

AIORA, or EO'RA (alúpa, kúpa), a festival at Athens, accompanied by sacrifices and banquets, whence it is sometimes called evdevoç. The common acAlabaster, both in its form of carbonate of lime count of its origin is as follows: Icarius was killed and gypsum (for, from the confusion that exists in by shepherds to whom he had given wine, and who, the description of some monuments of antiquity, it being unacquainted with the effects of this bever- becomes necessary to advert to both varieties under age, fancied, in their intoxication, that he had given that denomination), was employed very extensively them poison. Erigone, his daughter, guided by a by the ancients. It was much used by the Egypfaithful dog, discovered the corpse of her father, tians for different sorts of vases, rilievi, ornaments, whom she had sought a long time in vain; and, covers of sarcophagi, canopies, and sculpture in praving to the gods that all Athenian maidens general; but, from the absence of any remains of might perish in the same manner, hung herself. sculpture in that material, it may be assumed that After this occurrence, many Athenian women ac- alabaster (gypsum) was little, if ever, used by the tually hung themselves, apparently without any artists of ancient Greece and Italy for statues, rimotive whatever; and when the oracle was con- lievi, or busts. Vessels or pots used for containing sulted respecting it, the answer was, that Icarius perfumes, or, rather, ointments, were often called and Erigone must be propitiated by a festival." by the ancients alabastra or alabastri. It appears, According to the Etymologicum Magnum, the festi- from the account of Pliny, that these pots were val was celebrated in honour of Erigone, daughter usually made of the onyx alabaster, which was of Ægisthus and Clytemnestra, who came to Ath-considered to be better adapted than any other ens to bring the charge of matricide against Orestes stone for the preservation of perfumes. Martial before the Areopagus; and, when he was acquitted, says cosmis redolent alabastra, and Horace appears hung herself, with the same wish as the daughter to allude to the same vessels in his invitation to of Icarius, and with the same consequences. Ac-Virgil.' The term seems to have been employed cording to Hesychius, the festival was celebrated to denote vessels appropriated to these uses, even in commemoration of the tyrant Temaleus, but no reason is assigned. Eustathius calls the maiden who hung herself Acora. But, as the festival is also called 'Aris (apparently from the wanderings of Erigone, the daughter of Icarius), the legend which was first mentioned seems to be the most entitled to belief. Pollux mentions a song made by

1. (Nicand., Ther., 292.-Adams, Append., s. v.)-2. (Theophrast., H. P., 1., 5.-Dioscor., ii., 122.-Matth., xiii., 25.-Adams, Append., s. v.)-3. (Polit., iv., 8, 2.)-4. (Apud Dionys. Hahe,, 73.)-5. (Theophrast. ap. Dionys. Halic., v., 73.)-6. (Wachsmath, Hellen. Alterthum., I., i., p. 200.-Hermann, Pol. Antiq. of Greece. 63.)—7. (Hygin., Poet. Astron., ii., 4.)-8. (in I., ., p. 389.)-9. (iv., 7, § 55.)'

when they were not made of the material from which it is supposed they originally received their name. Theocritus thus speaks of golden alabastra (xpúσ‹‹ àλábaσrpa"). These vessels were of a tapering shape, and very often had a long narrow neck, which was sealed; so that when Mary, the sister of Lazarus, is said by St. Mark' to break the alabaster-box of ointment for the purpose of anointing our Saviour, appears probable that she only broke the extremity of the neck, which was thus

1. (Vid. etiam Athen., xiv., p. 618.)-2. (H. N., xxxvi., 12; xxxvii., 54.)-3. (H. N., xxxvi., 12.)-4. (H. N., xxxvii., 54.) |--5. (H. N., xiii., 3; xxxvi., 12.)—6. (xí., viit., 9.)—7. (Carm iv., xii., 7.)--8. (Idyl.,xv., 114.)-9. (xiv., 3.)

closed. The alabastron mentioned by the Evange-pean Elk was not known to the Greeks, nor does it lists was, according to Epiphanius, a measure, which containedéστηs, or one kotúλŋ (16.47 cubic inches, or .48 pints).

appear to have been noticed by Aristotle. That it
was, however, the "Aλкŋ of Pausanias, the Alce
of Cæsar and Pliny, the Elch of the Celts, and the
Elg or Elg of the northern Europeans, there can
be little doubt. Pausanias describes it as being
"between a stag and a camel;" and though the
accounts of Cæsar2 and Pliny3 are mingled with fa-
ble, and the former states that his Alces are
tila cornibus" (which might arise from the accounts
of those who had seen the animal at the period
when the horns had exfoliated), the general de-
scription and the localities given by both are al-
most conclusive as to the animal meant to be des-
ignated. The "labrum superius prægrande,” “huge
upper lip," of Pliny is very expressive, and the ex-

mu

ALABASTRI'TES. (Vid. ALABASTER.) ALAIA (ảλaia) is the name of the games which were annually celebrated at the festival of Minerva, surnamed Alea, near Tegea, in the neighbourhood of the magnificent temple of the same goddess.1 ALA'RII were the troops of the allies in the Roman army, and were so called because they were usually stationed in the wings (Ala). The alarii consisted both of horse and foot soldiers, and were commanded by præfecti, in the same manner as the legions were commanded by tribuni. The cavalry of the allies was called equites alarii, to distinguish them from the cavalry of the legions (equites legio-traordinary development of this part might well renarii); and the infantry was called cohortes alaria, to distinguish them from the cohortes legionaria. *ALAŬ ́DA (κópvdos, kopúdaλos, and kopudwv), the Lark. Aristotle describes two species of this bird, the one of which is evidently the Alauda cristata, L., or Crested Lark; the other the Alauda campestris, or Field Lark. The former is the Galerita of Pliny, and is clearly the species alluded to by Aristophanes in his Aves."

call to a casual observer the general traits of the head of a camel. Whether it was the inneλapoç (hippelaphus) of Aristotle, is a question which will admit of much discussion. (Vid. HIPPELAPHUS.)— The movements of the Elk are rather heavy, and, the shoulders being higher than the croup, it can never gallop, but shuffles or ambles along, its joints cracking at every step, with a sound heard to some distance. Increasing its speed, the hind feet ALBUM is defined to be a tablet of any material straddle to avoid treading on its fore heels, and it on which the prætor's edicts, and the rules relating tosses the head and shoulders like a horse about to to actions and interdicts, were written. The tablet break from a trot to a gallop. It does not leap, but was put up in a public place, in order that all the steps without effort over a fallen tree, a gate, or a world might have notice of its contents. Accord- split fence. During its progress, it holds the nose ing to some authorities, the album was so called, up, so as to lay the horns horizontally back. This because it was either a white material or a mate-attitude prevents its seeing the ground distinctly; rial whitened, and, of course, the writing would be and, as the weight is carried very high upon the elea different colour. According to other authorities, vated legs, it is said sometimes to trip by treadit was so called because the writing was in white ing on its fore heels, or otherwise, and occasionally letters. If any person wilfully altered or erased to give itself a heavy fall. It is probably owing to (corrupit) anything in the album, he was liable to this occurrence that the Elk was believed by the an action albi corrupti, and to a heavy penalty." ancients to have frequent attacks of epilepsy, and to be obliged to smell its hoof before it could recover; hence the Teutonic name of Elend ("miserable"), and the reputation especially of the fore hoofs as a specific against the disease."

Probably the word album originally meant any tablet containing anything of a public nature. Thus, Cicero informs us that the Annales Maximi were written on the album by the pontifex maximus. But, however this may be, it was, in course of time, used to signify a list of any public body; thus we find the expression album senatorium, used by Tacitus,' to express the list of senators, and corresponding to the word leucoma used by Dion Cassius.10 The phrase album decurionum signifies the list of decuriones whose names were entered on the album of a municipium, in the order prescribed by the lex municipalis, so far as the provisions of the lex extended.11

ALBUS GALE'RUS, or ALBOGALE'RUS, a white cap worn by the flamen dialis at Rome.12 According to Festus (s. v.), it was made of the skin of a white victim sacrificed to Jupiter, and had an olive twig inserted in the top. Its supposed form, as derived from coins, and from a bas-relief on a Roman temple, is that of a cap fitted closely to the head, and tied under the chin.13 (Vid. APEX.)

ALCATHOI'A (άλκabola) is the name of games celebrated at Megara, in commemoration of the hero Alcathous, son of Pelops, who had killed a lion which had destroyed Euippus, son of King Megareus.1

*ALICE or ALCES15 (in Greek 'A2kn), the name of an animal described by Cæsar and other ancient writers, and the same with the modern Elk or Moose Deer. "It was the opinion of Buffon, that the Euro

1. (Paus., viii., 47, ◊ 3.)-2. (Liv., x., 43; xxxi., 21.-Cas., Bell. Gall., i., 51.-Cincius, ap. Gell., xvi., 4.)-3. (Cæs., Bell. Gall., i., 39.-Suet., Octav., 38.-Plin., Ep.,x., 19.)-4. (Liv., xxxv., 5; xl., 40.)-5. (Cæs., Bell. Civ., i., 73, 83; ii., 18.)6. (Aristot., H. A., ix., 19.-Aristoph., Av., 472.)-7. (Dig. 2, tit. 1, s. 79.)-8. (De Orat., ii., 12.)-9. (Ann., iv., 42.)-10. (lv., 3.)-11. (Dig. 50, tit. 3.)-12. (Varro, ap. Gell., x., 16.)-13. (Causæi, Mus. Rom.-Sigonius, de Nom. Rom., 5.-Hope, Costumes, ii., 266.)-14. (Pind., Isthm., viii., 148.-Paus., i., 42, 1.)-15 (Salmas. ad Solin., 20.)

*AL'CEA (àλкéα or áλкaíα), most probably the Malva alcea, or Vervain Mallow.

*ALCE DO. (Vid. HALCYON.) *ALCIBIADIUM ('Aλkibiúdiov), a species of Anchusa. (Vid. ANCHUSA.)

*ALCY'ONE. (Vid. HALCYON.)

ALEA, gaming, or playing at a game of chance of any kind. Hence aleo, aleator, a gamester, a gambler. Playing with tali, or tessera, was generally understood, because this was by far the most common game of chance among the Romans.

Gaming was forbidden by the Roman laws, both during the times of the Republic and under the emperors. Hence Horace, alluding to the progress of effeminate and licentious manners, says that boys of rank, instead of riding and hunting, now showed their skill in playing with the hoop, or even at games of chance, although they were illegal (vetita legibus alea). Gaming was also condemned by public opinion. "In his gregibus," says Cicero, "omnes aleatores, omnes adulteri, omnes impuri impudicique versantur." To detect and punish excesses of this description belonged to the office of the ædiles."

Games of chance were, however, tolerated in the month of December at the Saturnalia, which was a period of general relaxation; and among the Greeks, as well as the Romans, old men were allowed to amuse themselves in this manner.10

The following line of Publius Syrus shows that

1. (ix., 21.)-2. (Bell. Gall., vi., 26.)-3. (H. N., viii., 15.)4. (Dioscor., iii., 154.)-5. (Cic., Philip., ii., 23.-Cod. 3, tit. 43.) -6. (Carm. iii., 24.)-7. (in Cat., ii., 10.)-8. (Martial, xiv., 1.) 9. (Martial, iv., 14.-Gellius, xviii., 13.)-10. (Eurip., Med, 67.-Cic., Senect., 16.-Juv., xiv., 4.)