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Besides, if the chorus of Stesichorus, which was | as, for instance, when the debt arose upon a merantistrophic, and therefore quadrangular, consisted of 48, as it is not improbable, and this chorus of 48 was divided into rows of eight (as in ávта ÕкTw), six would be an element of the regular chorus, and, therefore, a fit number to represent its least important part. See on this subject Müller, from whose view the account here given differs in some particulars.

The tragic chorus, though quadrangular, still mustered around the thymele, or altar of Bacchus in the theatre, thereby showing some last traces of its dithyrambic origin; and though the lyre was its general accompaniment, it did not by any means repudiate the flute, the old accompaniment of the dithyramb. When the chorus consisted of 15, it entered the orchestra either in ranks three abreast, or in files five abreast; in the former case it was said to be divided karà (vyá, in the latter karà σToíXovs. No doubt a similar distinction was made in the case of the chorus of 12.

The expense of the chorus, as it is stated in the article CHORAGUS, was defrayed by the choragus, who was assigned to the poet by the archon. In the case of a dramatic chorus, the poet, if he intended to represent at the Lenæa, applied to the king archon; if at the great Dionysia, to the chief archon, who “ gave him a chorus" if his play was thought to deserve it; hence xopòv didóvaι signifies "to praise or approve a poet."* The successful poet was said to "receive the chorus." The comic dance was not at first thought worthy of a public chorus, but the chorus in that species of drama was at first performed by amateurs (¿0ɛλovrai1), as was also the case with the dithyramb in later times."

CHOUS or CHOEUS (xovç, or yoɛúç), a Greek measure of liquids, which is stated by all the authorities to be equal to the Roman congius, and to contain six oral or sextarii (=5 9471 pints English). Suidas alone makes a distinction between the your and the xocus, making the former equal to two sextarii, and the latter equal to six. Now when we remember that the xous was commonly used as a drinking vessel at Athenian entertainments; that, on the day of the xóɛç (vid. DIONYSIA), a prize was given to the person who first drank off his xoc; and that Milo of Croton is said to have drunk three xoes of wine at a draught, it is incredible that, in these cases, the large youç mentioned above could be meant. It seems, therefore, probable that there was also a smaller measure of the same name, containing, as Suidas states, two sextarii, 1 9823 pints English. At first it was most likely the common name for a drinking vessel. According to Crates, the youç had originally a similar form to the Panathenaic amphora, and was also called πελίκη.

cantile transaction, the thesmothetæ would still have jurisdiction in it, though one of the parties to the suit were an alien; otherwise it seems that when such a person was the defendant, it was brought into the court of the polemarch. If the cause were treated as a dikη 'Eμжорiký, as above mentioned, the plaintiff would forfeit a sixth part of the sum contested upon failing to obtain one fifth of the votes of the dicasts; but we are not informed whether this regulation was applicable, under similar circumstances, in all prosecutions for debt. The speech of Demosthenes against Timotheus was made in a cause of this kind.

*CHROMIS or CHREMPS (χρόμις, χρώμις, οι xpéμy), a species of Fish, the same with the Sparus Chromis, L., and called in French Marron. Rondelet says it is a small fish, and little esteemed. According to Cuvier, it is a chestnut-brown fish, taken by thousands in the Mediterranean. fishermen on the coast of Genoa call it Castagno, on account of its chestnut colour. The Chromis Nilotica, on the other hand, is of an agreeable flavour, and is considered the best fish in the Nile."

The

*CHRYSALIS or CHRYSALLIS, a name applied to the first apparent change of the eruca, or maggot, of any species of insect. In a special sense, it denotes the "tomb of the caterpillar and the cradle of the butterfly.' The name has reference to the golden colour (xpvoós, "gold") which the chrysalis generally assumes.*

*CHRYSANTH EMUM (χρυσάνθεμον), the Corn Marygold, or Chrysanthemum coronarium. The Greek name has reference to its golden-hued flowers. Another appellation is βούφθαλμον, though this in strictness belongs to the Ox-eyed Daisy, or Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. Fée thinks that Virgil means the C. coronarium by the Chrysanthus of which he speaks in the Culex. The modern Greeks call this plant TTSμbóλa, and in the Archipelago, Mavrakiva. Sibthorp found it among the villages, and by the margins of roads."

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*CHRYSELECTRUM (xpvoŋkɛктpov), a variety of Amber. Fourcroy calls it "transparent amber of a golden yellow colour."

*CHRYSELECTRUS (xpvoλεктроs), a name applied to the Indian Chrysoliths (Yellow Sapphire, or Oriental Topaz), having a foil of brass laid under them, and hence approaching in their colour to amber, or electrum.

CHRYSE'NDETA, costly dishes used by the Romans at their entertainments. They are mentioned several times by Martial, and, from the epithet flava which he applies to them, as well as from the analogy of the name, they appear to have been of silver, with golden ornaments. Cicero1 mentions vessels of this kind. He calls their golden ornaments in general sigilla, but again distinguishes them as crusta and emblemata; the former were probably embossed figures or chasings fixed on to the silver, and the latter inlaid or wrought into it.12 The embossed work appears to be referred to by Paullus (cymbia argenteis crustis illigata”), and the inlaid ornaments by Seneca (argentum, in quod solidi auri cælatura descenderit1*).

XPEOYE AIKH (xpéovç díkŋ), a simple action for debt, was, like most of the other cases arising upon an alleged breach of contract, referred to the jurisdiction of the thesmothetæ when the sum in question amounted to more than ten drachmæ. If otherwise, it fell under the cognizance of those itinerant magistrates, who were originally thirty in number, and styled, accordingly, oi rplákovтa: but afterward, in consequence of the odium attached to this name, which had also served to designate the oligarchic tyrants, received an accession of ten col-ing gold.15 leagues and a corresponding change of title.10 If the cause could be classed among the έμμηνοι δίκαι,

*CHRYSITES (xpvoirne), another name for the Basanites lapis, or Touchstone, from its use in test

1. (Meier, Att. Proc., 55.)-2. (Suid., s. v. 'Enwbeλía.)—3. (Aristot., H. A., iv., 8.-Elian, N. A., ix., 17.-Ovid, Hal., 121. 1. (Eumeniden, 1, &c.)-2. (Plato, Rep., p. 383, C.)—3. —Plin., H. N., ix., 16.-Adams, Append., s. v.)-4. (Plin., H. (Aristoph., Rau., 94.)-4. (Aristot., Poet., 5.)-5. (Vid. Aristot., N., xi., 32, 35.)—5. (v., 404.)-6. (Billerbeck, Flora Classica, p. Probl., xv., 9.-Rhet., ii., 9.)-6. (Aristoph., Acharn., v., 1086, 219.)-7. (Fourcroy's Chemistry, c. 14.-Adams, Append., s. v.) ed. Dind.)-7. (Athen., lib. x.)-8. (Athen., xi., p. 496.)-9.-8. (Plin., H. N., xxxvii., 9.)-9. (ii., 43, 11; vi., 94, xiv., 97.)(Pollux, Onom., x., 73.-Wurm, De Pond., &c., p. 127, 136, 10. (Verr., iv., 21-23.)-11. (c. 23.)-12. (Compare c. 24.)-13. 141, 198.-Hussey on Anc. Money, Measures, &c., p. 211-213.) (Dig. 34, tit. 2, s. 33.)-14. (Ep., v.)-15. (Plin., H. N., xxving -10. (Pollux, Onom., viii., 100.) 22.)

CHRYSOPHRYS.

CHTHONIA.

*CHRYSITIS (xpvoiriç), supposed to have been | ception of the bright band between the eyes, we can the yellow oxide of lead, used as a pigment by the ancients, and forming one of the three varieties of litharge (AOúpyvpos) described by Dioscorides1 and Pliny. Its name was, in all likelihood, derived from its yellow and shining colour, resembling that of gold. *CHRYSOCOLLA (χρυσοκόλλα). "The ancients," remarks Adams, "applied this term to two distinct substances: First, to a mineral called Chrysocolla by Aiken, Malachite by Kidd, and Copper Green by Jameson and Cleaveland. It consists almost entirely of oxide of copper and silex.-Second, to a factitious substance prepared from soda and copper in the manner described by Pliny. It is often confounded with the Borax, or Soda Boras of the moderns, from its being used like Borax in soldering gold. There is much misapprehension in the descriptions of the ancient Chrysocolla given by Matthiolus, Agricola, Milligan, and most of the modern commentators, which it is proper to caution the student of ancient science not to be misled by."

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*CHRYSOCOME (xрvσoкóμп), а species of Toadflax, the Linaria Linosyris of Bauhin, which is the same with the Chrysocome Linosyris, L. Pliny says it wants a proper appellation in the Latin language. Anguillara and Matthiolus were unable to determine what kind of plant it was.

find nothing in the Chrysophrys of the ancients," observes Griffith, "that is absolutely characteristic of the modern fish of the same name; though, at the same time, we find nothing which can give rise to exclusion. According to Aristotle, the chrysophrys has two pairs of fins; its pyloric appendages are few in number; it remains close to the coasts, and in salt marshes or pools; it spawns in summer, and deposites its eggs at the mouths of rivers; the great heats oblige it to conceal itself; the cold also causes it to suffer; it is carnivorous, and the fishermen take it by striking it with a trident while asleep. Elian tells us that it is the most timid of fishes: some branches of poplar, implanted in the sand during a reflux, so terrified the chrysophrys which were brought back by the flood, that on the succeeding reflux they did not dare to move, and suffered themselves to be taken by the hand. That the Aurata of the Latins was the same fish as the Chrysophrys of the Greeks, is evident from a passage in Pliny, which is manifestly taken from Aristotle, and where the first word is put as a translation of the second. Columella tells us that the Aurata was of the number of those fishes which the Romans brought up in their vivaria; and even the inventor of vivaria, Sergius Orata, appears to have derived from this fish the surname which he bore, and which he left to his branch of the family. It was, above all, the Aurata of the Lucrine lake that the Romans esteemed; and Sergius, who obtained nearly entire possession of that lake, in all probabil

CHRYSO LITHUS (xpvσóλ0oç), a Precious Stone, the same with the modern Topaz. Its prevailing colour is yellow, whence the ancient appellation. The evôoxpvoónubos was stained crystal.' "The name Chrysolithus," remarks Dr. Moore, "ap-ity introduced the species there." pears to have been applied somewhat loosely by the ancients, as the modern term is, to a great variety of minerals. The Chrysolites obtained from Ethiopia were aureo fulgore translucentes ;' but to these were preferred the Indian, which may have been the yellow sapphire, or Oriental topaz. The best were set open. Underneath others a foil of brass was laid. These were called chryselectri, whose colour approached to that of amber (electrum). Those of Pontus might be distinguished by their lightness. They were, perhaps, yellow quartz, the Bohemian topaz; or yellow fluor spar, the false topaz, whose specific gravities are to that of the Oriental topaz as three and four respectively to five. The Chrysolite obtained in Spain, from the same locality with rock-crystal, we may suppose was yellow quartz. Such as had a white vein running through them, called hence leucochrysi, were probably agate; yellow quartz with a vein of chalcedony; and the capnia we may translate smoke-topaz. Some resembled glass of a bright saffron colour; and those made of glass could not be distinguished by the sight, but might be detected by the touch (of the tongue, no doubt), as being warmer.

*CHRYSOPRAS'IUS LAPIS (xpνσóπраσoç), the Chrysoprase, a precious stone, resembling in colour the juice of the leek (páσov), but with somewhat of a golden tinge (xpoos, "gold"), whence the name given it. What is now called Chrysoprase, however, by Jameson and Aiken, could hardly, as Adams thinks, have been known to the ancients, since it is found only in Lower Silesia. It is composed almost entirely of silex, with a small admixture of nickel, to which it owes its colour. The Chrysoprase of the ancients, on the other hand, was most probably a variety of the Prasus.

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*CHRYSOME'LUM (xpvcóμnλov), according to Billerbeck, the sweet Orange, and not a species of Quince, as it is sometimes styled. It is a variety of the Citrus Aurantium, L.

CHTHON IA (X0óvia), a festival celebrated at Hermione in honour of Demeter, surnamed Chthonia. The following is the description of it given by Pausanias: "The inhabitants of Hermione celebrate the Chthonia every year, in summer, in this manner: They form a procession, headed by the priests and magistrates of the year, who are followed by men and women. Even for children it is customary to pay homage to the goddess by joining the procession. They wear white garments, and on their heads they have chaplets of flowers, which they call κоoμoσávdaλot, which, however, from their size and colour, as well as from the letters inscribed on them, recording the premature death of Hyacinthus, seem to me to be hyacinths. Behind the procession there follow persons leading by strings an untamed heifer, just taken from the herd, and drag it into the temple, where four old women perform the sacrifice, one of them cutting the animal's throat with a CHRY SOPHRYS (xpvσógpuç), a large species scythe. The doors of the temple, which during of Fish, answering to the Gilt Head or Gilt Poll, the this sacrifice had been shut, are thrown open, and Sparus aurata, L. The Greek name, which means persons especially appointed for the purpose lead "golden eyebrow," was given to it on account of a in a second heifer, then a third and a fourth, all of crescent-shaped band of a golden hue extending which are sacrificed by the matrons in the manner from one eye to the other. Du Hamel says its described. A curious circumstance in this solemflesh is delicate, but rather dry; according to Xen-nity is, that all the heifers must fall on the same ocrates, it is firm and nutritious. "With the ex-side on which the first fell." The splendour and 1. (v., 102.)—2. (H. N., xxxiii., 35.)-3. (Moore's Anc. Min-rich offerings of this festival are also mentioned eralogy, p. 61.)-4. (H. N., xxxiii., 29.)-5. (Adams, Append., 8.1.) (Dioscor., iv., 55.-Adams, Append., s. v.)-7. (Diod. Sic, n. 51.-8. (Anc. Mineral., p. 170.)-9. (Billerbeck, Flora Classica, p. 132.)—10. (Plin., H. N., xxxvii., 10.)

*CHRYSO'PIS (xрvowñiç), a species of Precious Stone, having, according to Pliny, the appearance of gold. Dalecamp takes it for Hyacinth.10

1. (Aristot., H. N., i., 5.- Ælian, N. A., xii., 28. Cuvier, An. King., vol. x., p. 163, 312, ed. Griffith.) — 2. (Adams, Ap pend., s. v.) — 3. (ii., 35, ◊ 4.)

by Elian, who, however, makes no mention of the matrons of whom Pausanias speaks, but says that the sacrifice of the heifers was performed by the priestess of Demeter.

Gryllus, though existing but for a single season, since it dies at the close of the summer, casts its skin in the same manner as the caterpillar, and deposites in the fields a membrane so accurate

The Lacedæmonians adopted the worship of De-ly true to its entire shape, that it is often mistaken, meter Chthonia from the Hermioneans, some of whose kinsmen had settled in Messenia; hence we may infer that they celebrated either the same festival as that of the Hermioneans, or one similar to it.

CHYTRA (xúτpa), an earthen vessel for common use, especially for cooking. It was commonly left unpainted, and hence all unprofitable labour was described by the proverb χύτραν ποικίλλειν.

at first sight, for the Tettix itself. The belief that
this insect was indigenous, or, in other words,
sprang from the very earth, appears to have arisen
from the circumstance of large numbers being seen
immediately after showers, though not visible pre-
viously.

*CICER. (Vid. EREBINTHUS.)
*CICHORIUM. (Vid. INTYBUM.)

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*CICI (kiki), a plant, the same as the Palma Christi or Ricinus communis. This plant," observes Woodville, speaking of the Palma Christi, "appears to be the Kikι, or кρóτшv of Dioscorides, who observes that the seeds are powerfully cathartic: it is also mentioned by Aëtius, Paulus Ægineta, and Pliny."

*CICONIA, the Stork. (Vid. PELARGOS.)
*CICUTA, Hemlock. (Vid. CONEION.)
CI'DARIS. (Vid. TIARA)

CILICIUM (déppiç), a Haircloth. The material of which the Greeks and Romans almost universally made this kind of cloth, was the hair of goats. The Asiatics made it of camel's-hair. Goats were bred for this purpose in the greatest abundance, and with the longest hair, in Cilicia; and from this country the Latin name of such cloth was derived. Lycia, Phrygia, Spain, and Libya also produced the same article. The cloth obtained by spinning and weaving goat's-hair was nearly black, and was used for the coarse habits which sailors and fishermen wore, as it was the least subject to be destroyed by being wet; also for horse-cloths, tents, sacks, and bags to hold workmen's tools (fabrilia vasa), and for the purpose of covering military engines, and the walls and towers of besieged cities, so as to deaden the force of the ram (vid. ARIES), and to preserve the woodwork from being set on fire."

*CICA'DA (TÉTTIE), a species of Insect, frequently mentioned by the classical writers. According to Dodwell, it is formed like a large fly, with long transparent wings, a dark brown back, and a yellow belly. It is originally a caterpillar, then a chrysalis, and is converted into a fly late in the spring. Its song is much louder and shriller than that of the grasshopper, as Dodwell terms the latter. This writer says that nothing is so piercing as their note; nothing, at the same time, so tiresome and inharmonious; and yet the ancient writers, and especially the poets, praise the sweetness of their song; and Plutarch says they were sacred to the Muses. According to Elian, only the male Cicada sings, and that in the hottest weather. This is confirmed by the discoveries of modern naturalists. The Cicada is extremely common in the south of Italy. It is found also in the United States, being called in some parts "the Harvest-fly," and in others, very erroneously, "the Locust." The Cicada has a sucker instead of a mouth, by which it lives entirely on liquids, such as dew and the juices of plants. The song of the Cicada, as it has been called, is made by the males for the purpose of calling to their females in the season of reproduction, and it is made by the action of certain muscles upon two membranes, turned in the form of a kettle-drum, and lodged in the cavity of the belly. Sev- Among the Orientals, sackcloth, which was with eral species of Cicada are described by Aristotle,' them always haircloth, was worn to express mortiSuidas, and Ælian," but more especially two, name-fication and grief. After the decline of the Roman 1y, οἱ μεγάλοι τέττιγες, οἱ ᾄδοντες, called also άχεται, and oi poi, called also TETTIуovía. The former would appear to be the Cicada plebeia, the latter the Cicada orni. This insect is called Cicale in Italian, and Cigale in French. "The Tettix," observes Kirby, "seems to have been the favourite of every Grecian bard, from Homer and Hesiod to Theocritus. Supposed to be perfectly harmless, and to live only on the dew, they were addressed by the most endearing epithets, and were regarded as all but divine. So attached, indeed, were the Athenians to these insects, that they were accustomed to fasten golden images of them in their hair, implying, at the same time, a boast, that they themselves, as well as the Cicada, were 'terra filii,' or children of the earth."9 Anacreon, in one of his odes,10 says of the Tettix, that old age wastes it not away. In this he has reference to the fable of Tithonus, the favourite of Aurora, who, having wished for immortality, without having asked, at the same time, for perpetual youth, became so decrepit, that Aurora, out of compassion, changed him into a tettix, because this insect, as the ancients believed, laid aside its skin every summer, and thus renewed its youth. The truth is, the Tettix or Cicada, like all the other species of the

1. (H. A., xi., 4.)-2. (Paus., iii., 14, ◊ 5.)-3. (Athen., ix., p. 407.-Suidas, s. v. Xúrpa and "Ovou Tókat.-Panofka, Recherches, &c., i., 28.)-4. (Travels in Greece, vol. ii., p. 45.)-5. (Sympos. Probl., 8.)-6. (N. A., xi., 26.)-7. (H. A., iv., 9.)-8. (N. A., x., 44.)-9. (Griffith's Cuvier, vol. xv., p. 254.)-10. (Od. xliii., 15, ed. Fischer.)

power, it passed from its other uses to be so employed in Europe also. Monks and anchorites almost universally adopted the cilicium as fit to be worn for the sake of humiliation, and they supposed their end to be more completely attained if this part of their raiment was never washed. Hence Jerome, describing the life of the monk Hilarion, says of his hair shirt, "Saccum, quo semel fuerat indutus, nunquam lavans, et superfluum esse dicens, munditias in cilicio quærere.”

*CIMEX (Kópiç), the Bug, under which name many species are included by the ancients, which modern naturalists have distinguished from one another. Aristotle makes the Kópur to be engendered by the vapory secretions from the skins of animals. Pliny, after calling the Cimex "animal fadissimum, et dictu quoque fastidiendum" (where he evidently alludes to the Cimex lectularius, or bedbug), goes on to state some marvellous uses of this insect in the healing art. It was considered an excellent remedy against the bite of serpents, and especially of asps fumigations made with cimices caused leeches to loosen their hold; and if any animal had swallowed leeches in drinking, cimices, taken internally, served as a cure. They were good for weak eyes when mixed with salt and the milk of a female, and for complaints of the ears

1. (Dioscor., iv., 161.-Adams, Append., s. v.)-2. (Aristot., H. A., viii., 28.-Elian, N. A., xvi., 30.-Varro, De Re Rust. ii., 11.-Virg., Georg., iii., 322.-Avieni, Ora Marit., 218-221.Vegetius, Ars. Vet., i., 42.)-3. (Epist., lib. iii.)-4. (H. N., xxix., 4.)

CINCIA LEX.

when mingled with honey and oil of roses. Numerous other medical virtues were ascribed to them, which, like the preceding, were purely fabulous, although Guettard, in modern times, recommends them in hysterical cases.1

*CIMOLIA TERRA (Kuohia y), Cimolian Earth, so called from the island Cimolus, one of the Cyclades, whence it was principally obtained, although found also in other of the adjacent islands, particularly Siphnus. It was used by the ancients in cleaning their clothes, pretty much in the same way as fuller's earth is now employed. The ancients used it likewise in medicine: Galen speaks of it as good in St. Anthony's fire; and Dioscorides highly commends it, mixed with vinegar, in swellings, inflammations, and many other external affections. The ancient writers mention two kinds of Cimolian Earth, a white and a purplish. Galen says that the white kind was dry, and the purple fattish, and that the purple was accounted the better of the two. Dioscorides says that the purple kind was cold to the touch, a particular very observable in steatites. "Many authors," remarks Sir John Hill, “have ranked Cimolian Earth among the clays, and Tournefort makes it a chalk; but it appears to me to have been neither of these, but properly and distinctly a marl. Many have imagined our fuller's earth to have been the Cimolian of the ancients, but erroneously; the substance which comes nearest it of all the now known fossils, is the steatite of the soap rock of Cornwall."4

*CIN'ARA (Kivápa), the Artichoke. The Cinara scolymus, our common artichoke, is described in distinct terms in Columella, and he is the only ancient author that has done so.5

CINNABARIS.

cept in the case of near relatives) were to be accompanied with certain formalities." The object of the law, according to Savigny, was to prevent foolish and hasty gifts to a large amount, and, consequently, was intended, among other things, to prevent fraud. This was effected by declaring that certain forms were necessary to make the gift valid, such as mancipatio and in jure cessio, both of which required some time and ceremony, and so allowed the giver opportunity to reflect on what he was doing. These forms, also, could not be observed, except in the presence of other persons, which was an additional security against fraud. It is true that this advantage was not secured by the law in the case of the most valuable of things, nec mancipi, namely, money, for the transferring of which bare tradition was sufficient; but, on the other hand, a gift of a large sum of ready money is one that people of all gifts are least likely to make. The lex, however, was a complete protection against simple stipulations; that is, mere promises to give without an actual completion of the promise at the time. Savigny concludes, and principally from a passage in Pliny's letters,' that the Cincian law originally contained no exception in favour of relatives, but that all gifts above a certain amount required the formalities already mentioned. The Emperor Antoninus Pius introduced an exception in favour of parents and children, and also of collateral kinsmen. It appears that this exception was subsequently abolished,2 but was restored by Constantine (A.D. 319) so far as it was in favour of parents and children; and so it continued as long as the provisions of the Cincian law were in force.

The matter of the lex Cincia is also discussed in an elaborate essay by Hasse, which, together with the essay of Savigny, will furnish the reader with all the necessary references and materials for investigating this obscure subject. Anything farther on the matter would be out of place here.

As to the amount beyond which the law forbade CINCIA LEX, or MUNERA LIS. This lex a gift to be made, except in conformity to its prowas a plebiscitum passed in the time of the trib-visions, see Savigny, Zeitschrift, &c., iv., p. 36. une M. Cincius Alimentus (B.C. 204), and entitled De Donis et Muneribus. One provision of this law, which forbade a person to take anything for his pains in pleading a cause, is recorded by Tacitus," Ne quis ob causam orandam pecuniam donumve accipiat." In the time of Augustus, the lex Cincia was confirmed by a senatus consultum, and a penalty of four times the sum received was imposed on the advocate. This fact of confirmation will explain a passage in Tacitus. The law was so far modified in the time of Claudius, that an advocate was allowed to receive ten sestertia; if he took any sum beyond that, he was liable to be prosecuted for repetundæ (repetundarum tenebatur1o). (Vid. REPETUNDE.) It appears that this permission was so far restricted in Trajan's time, that the fee could not be paid till the work was done."1

So far the Cincian law presents no difficulty; but it appears that the provisions of the law were not limited to the case already stated. They applied, also, to gifts in general; or, at least, there were enactments which did limit the amount of what a person could give, and also required gifts to be accompanied with certain formalities; and it does not seem possible to refer these enactments to any other than the Cincian law. The numerous contradictions and difficulties which perplex this subject are, perhaps, satisfactorily reconciled and removed by the following conjecture of Savigny:12 "Gifts which exceeded a certain amount were only valid when made by mancipatio, in jure cessio, or by tradition: small gifts, consequently, were left to a person's free choice, as before; but large gifts (ex

In every system of jurisprudence, some provisions seem necessary on the subject of gifts. In our own system gifts are valid as against the giver; and though the general rule be that an agreement to give cannot be enforced, this rule is subject to exceptions in the case of persons standing in a certain relation to the giver.

It might be conjectured that one object of the Cincian law was to prevent debtors from cheating their creditors by gifts of their property, or by pretended gifts; but perhaps it would be difficult to establish this point satisfactorily in the present state of our knowledge on this subject.

CINCTUS GABI'NUS. (Vid. TOGA.)
CI'NGULUM. (Vid. ZONA.)
CINERA'RIUS. (Vid. CALAMISTRUM.)
CINERES. (Vid. FUNUS.)

CI'NIFLO. (Vid. CALAMISTRUM.)

*CINNAB'ARIS (Kivvabápis, or ), Cinnabar. Martyn writes thus concerning it: "Minium is the native Cinnabar, or ore out of which the quicksilver is drawn. Minium is now commonly used to designate red lead; but we learn from Pliny that the Minium of the Romans was the Miltos or Cinnabari of the Greeks." Woodville says of it, "the Cinnabaris and Sanguis Draconis seem to have signified the same thing with the Greeks." Adams thinks that the ancients had three kinds of Cinnabar: 1st, the 1. (Plin.. ed. Panckouck, vol. xvii., p. 346.)-2. (Galen, De Vegetable Cinnabar, or Sanguis Draconis, being the Simpl., ix.)—3. (v., 175.)-4. (History of Fossils, &c., p. 36.)-resin of the tree called Dracana Draco; 2d, the Na5. (Droscor., ., 10.-Adams, Append., s. v.)-6. (Cic., De Orat, 11, 71.—Ad Att., i., 20.)—7. (Ann., xi., 5.)-8. (Dion tive Cinnabar, or Sulphuret of Quicksilver; and, 3d, Cass., liv., 18.)-9. (Ann., xii, 42.)-10. (Tacit., Ann., xi., 7.) -11. (Pl., Ep., v., 21.)-12. (Ueber die Lex Cincia, Zeitschrift, &c., iv.)

1. (x.. 3.)-2. (Cod. Hermog., vi., 1.)-3. (Rheinisches Museum, 1827.)-4. (ad Virg., Eclog., x., 27.)

On several cippi we find the letters S. T. T. L., that is, Sit tibi terra levis, whence Persius, in the passage already referred to, says, "Non levior cippus nunc imprimit ossa."

It was also usual to place at one corner of the burying-ground a cippus, on which the extent of the burying-ground was marked, towards the road (in fronte), and backward to the fields (in agrum1). CIRCE'NSES LUDI. (Vid. CIRCUS.)

the Sil Atticum, or Factitious Cinnabar, which was | who died at the age of eighteen years, one month, very different from ours, being a preparation of a and twenty-four days. Below the tablet, a festoon shining arenaceous substance. of fruits and flowers is suspended from two rams' *CINNAMOMUM (κevváμwμos), the Cinnamon-heads at the corners; and at the lower corners are tree, and also Cinnamon itself. It is supposed by two sphinxes, with a head of Pan in the area bemany that the Kivváμwμos of the ancients was the tween them. Laurus Cinnamomum. The only objection to this opinion, as Adams remarks, is, that the latter is a native of Ceylon (the ancient Taprobane), and that it is scarcely to be believed that they could have been so familiar with a production of that island, as it appears they were with their own Cinnamon. Yet, notwithstanding this, many of the authorities, as, for example, Sprengel and Dierbach, hold it to be the Laurus Cinnamomum. It is probable, however, that the Laurus Cassia was often confounded with it. Various kinds of cinnamon are mentioned by ancient writers, such as the póovλov, which was the best, of a dark wine colour, sometimes of a dark gray, the bark smooth, the branches small and slender, and having many knots; pungent in taste, and, when warmed, somewhat saltish: the opeivov, or mountain Cinnamon; the μéhav, or "black;" the Zevkov, or "white;" the vπóкippov, or "yellowish;" to which some add the xylo-cinnamomum and the pseudo-cinnamomum. The main difference between the κivvάuwμoç and кaσσía appears to have been, that the former far surpassed the latter in odour and taste; and, in fact, Galen remarks that the highest kind of cassia did not differ much from the lowest

CI'RCINUS (diabýτnç), a Compass. The compass used by statuaries, architects, masons, and carpenters, is often represented on the tombs of such artificers, together with the other instruments of their profession or trade. The annexed woodcut is cop

WFO

kind of cinnamon. The best cinnamon was ob-ied from a tomb found at Rome. It exhibits two tained from the nest of a species of thrush (Turdus kinds of compasses, viz., the common kind used for Zeilonicus), which always built with it, and hence was called Kivvauwhóyos, or "cinnamon-collector." (Vid. CASIA.)

CIPPUS was a low column, sometimes round, but more frequently rectangular. Cippi were used for various purposes; the decrees of the senate were sometimes inscribed upon them; and, with distances engraved upon them, they also served as milestones. They were, however, more frequently employed as sepulchral monuments. Several of such cippi are in the Townly collection in the British Museum, one of which is given in the woodcut annexed. The inscription is to the memory of

DM

VIRTAE

PRIMITIVAR
VIX ANN XVIll
MENS I DIE XXIV
LVIRIVS HELIVS
CONIVOI DVLEIS
UVEDOMINIYALE DOMNI

Viria Primitiva, the wife of Lucius Virius Helius,

drawing circles and measuring distances, and one
with curved legs, probably intended to measure the
thickness of columns, cylindrical pieces of wood, or
similar objects. The common kind is described by
form to that of the letter A. The mythologists sup-
the scholiast on Aristophanes, who compares its
dix, who was the nephew of Dædalus, and, through
posed this instrument to have been invented by Per-
envy, thrown by him over the precipice of the Athe-
discovered in a statuary's house at Pompeii.
nian acropolis. Compasses of various forms were

CIRCITO RES. (Vid CASTRA, p. 222.)
CIRCUMLITIO. (Vid. PICTURA.)
CIRCUMLUVIO. (Vid. ALLUVIO.)
CIRCUITO RES. (Vid. CASTRA, p. 222.)

CIRCUS. When Tarquinius Priscus had taken the town of Apiolæ from the Latins, as related in the early Roman legends, he commemorated his success by an exhibition of races and pugilistic contests in the Murcian valley, between the Palatine and Aventine Hills; around which a number of temporary platforms were erected by the patres and equites, called spectacula, fori, or foruli, from their resemblance to the deck of a ship; each one raising a stage for himself, upon which he stood to view the games. This course, with its surrounding scaffoldings, was termed circus; either because the spectators stood round to see the shows, or because the procession and races went round in a circuit. Previously, however, to the death of Tarquin, a permanent building was constructed for the purpose, with regular tiers of seats, in the form of a theatre. To this the name of Circus Maximus was subsequently given, as a distinction from the Flaminian and other similar buildings, which it surpassed in extent and splendour; and hence, like the Campus Martius, it is often spoken of as the Circus, without any distinguishing epithet.

Of the Circus Maximus scarcely a vestige now

1. (Dioscor., v. 109.-Paris, Pharm., vol. i., p. 72.-Adams, 1. (Hor., Sat., I., viii., 12.)-2. (Gruter, Corp. Inscript., t. i., Append., s. v.)-2. (Dioscor., i., 13.-Galen, De Simpl., vii.-part ii., p. 644.)-3. (Nub., 178.)-4. (Ovid, Met., vili., 241-251.) Theophr., iv., 4.)-3. (Adams, Append., s. v.)-4. (Plin., H. N.,5. (Liv., i., 35.-Festus, s. v. Forum.-Dionys., ., p. 192, x., 33.-Aristot., H. A., ix., 13.-Elian, N. A., ii., 34; xvii., &c.)-6. (Varro, De Ling. Lat., v., 153, 154, ed. Müller)-7 21.-Billerbeck, Flora Classica, p. 104.)-5. (Pers., Sat., i., 36.) (Compare Liv. and Dionys., ll. cc.)

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