ADORATIO.

ADULTERIUM.

ADROGA TIO. (Vid. ADOPTION.)
ADSCRIPTIVI. (Vid. ACCENSI.)
ADSTIPULATIO. (Vid. STIPULATIO.)
ADULTERIUM properly signifies, in the Ro-

adopted by the adrogatio. Under the emperors it | quentavit; si fanum aliquod prætereat, nefas habet became the practice to effect the adrogatio by an adorandi gratia manum labris admovere."" The imperial rescript (principis auctoritate, ex rescripto adoratio differed from the oratio or prayers, suppliprincipis); but this practice had not become estab-cations, which were offered with the hands extendlished in the time of Gaius, or, as it appears, ofed and the palms turned upward. The adoration Ulpian. It would seem, however, from a passage paid to the Roman emperors was borrowed from the in Tacitus, that Galba adopted a successor without eastern mode of adoration, and consisted in prostrathe ceremony of the adrogatio. By a rescript of tion on the ground, and kissing the feet and knees the Emperor Antoninus Pius, addressed to the pon- of the emperor.3 tifices, those who were under age (impuberes), or wards (pupil), could, with certain restrictions, be adopted by the adrogatio. If a father who had children in his power consented to be adopted by another person, both himself and his children be-man law, the offence committed by a man having came in the power of the adoptive father. All the property of the adopted son became at once the property of the adoptive father. A person could not legally be adopted by the adrogatio till he had made out a satisfactory case (justa, bona, causa) to the pontifices, who had the right of insisting on certain preliminary conditions. This power of the pontifices was probably founded on their right to preserve the due observance of the sacra of each gens. It would, accordingly, have been a good ground of refusing their consent to an adrogatio, if the person to be adopted was the only male of his gens, for the sacra would in such case be lost. It was required that the adoptive father also had no children, and no reasonable hopes of any; and, as a consequence of this condition, that he should be older than the person to be adopted.

A woman could not adopt a person, for even her own children were not in her power.

Finally, all adoption was effected by the imperial rescript.

sexual intercourse with another man's wife. Stuprum (called by the Greeks 0opú) signifies the like offence with a widow or virgin. It was the condition of the female which determined the legal character of the offence; there was, therefore, no adultery unless the female was married.

In the time of Augustus a lex was enacted (probably about B.C. 17), entitled Lex Julia de adulteriis coercendis, the first chapter of which repealed some prior enactments on the same subject, with the provisions of which prior enactments we are, however, unacquainted. In this law the terms adulterium and stuprum are used indifferently; but, strictly speaking, these two terms differed as above stated. The chief provisions of this law may be collected from the Digest and from Paulus.

It seems not unlikely that the enactments repealed by the Julian law contained special penal provisions against adultery; and it is also not improbable that, by the old law or custom, if the adulterer was caught in the fact, he was at the

might punish with death his adulterous wife. It seems, also, that originally the act of adultery might be prosecuted by any person, as being a public offence; but under the emperors the right of prosecution was limited to the husband, father, brother, patruus, and avunculus of the adulteress.

The effect of adoption was to create the legal re-mercy of the injured husband, and that the husband lation of father and son, just as if the adopted son were born of the blood of the adoptive father in lawful marriage. The adopted child was entitled to the name and sacra privata of the adopting parent, and it appears that the preservation of the sacra privata, which by the laws of the Twelve Tables were made perpetual, was frequently one By the Julian law, if a husband kept his wife of the reasons for a childless person adopting a son. after an act of adultery was known to him, and let In case of intestacy, the adopted child might be the the adulterer off, he was guilty of the offence of heres of his adoptive father. He became the brother lenocinium. The husband or father in whose power of his adoptive father's daughter, and therefore the adulteress was, had sixty days allowed for comcould not marry her; but he did not become the mencing proceedings against the wife, after which son of the adoptive father's wife, for adoption only time any other person might prosecute. A woman gave to the adopted son the jura agnationis. convicted of adultery was mulcted in half of her The phrase of "adoption by testament" seems to dos and the third part of her property (bona), and be rather a misapplication of the term; for, though banished (relegata) to some miserable island, such a man or woman might by testament name a heres, as Seriphos, for instance. The adulterer was and impose the condition of the heres taking the mulcted in half his property, and banished in like name of the testator or testatrix, this so-called manner. This law did not inflict the punishment adoption could not produce the effects of a proper of death on either party; and in those instances adoption. It could give to the person so said to be under the emperors in which death was inflicted, it adopted the name or property of the testator or tes- must be considered as an extraordinary punishment, tatrix, but nothing more. A person on passing and beyond the provisions of the Julian law." But, from one gens into another, and taking the name by a constitution of Constantines (if it is genuine), of his new familia, generally retained the name of the offence in the adulterer was made capital. By his old gens also, with the addition to it of the ter- the legislation of Justinian,' the law of Constantine mination anus. Thus C. Octavius, afterward the was probably only confirmed; but the adulteress Emperor Augustus, upon being adopted by the tes-was put into a convent, after being first whipped. tament of his uncle the dictator, assumed the name If her husband did not take her out in two years, of Cains Julius Cæsar Octavianus; but he caused she was compelled to assume the habit, and to spend the adoption to be confirmed by the curiæ.

ADORATIO (pookunoic) was paid to the gods in the following manner: The individual stretched tive and natural) to kill the adulterer and adulterwished to honour, then kissed his hand and waved nice distinctions established by the law. If the out his right hand to the statue of the god whom he ess in certain cases, as to which there were several it to the statue. Hence we have in Apuleius, “Nulli Deo adhuc supplicavit; nullum templum fre-ridopara xepy: Esch., Prom. V., 1004.-Lucret., v., 1099 le 1. (Apul., Apolog., p. 496.-Plin., H. N., xxvii., 5.)-2. (Úπ1. (Compare Gains, i., 98, with Gains as cited in Dig. 1, tit. Brouerius, de Adorationibus, Amst., 1713.)-4. (48, tit. 5.Hor., Carm., iii., 23, 1.)-3. (On this whole subject, consult i, 98.)-4. (Cic., pro Dom., 13, seqq.)-5. (Gaius, i., 97-107.- ii, 25.-Suet., Tib., 35.)-6. (Tacit., Ann., ii., 85.)-7. (Tacit., 7,2; and Ulpian, Frag., tit. 8.)-2. (Hist., 1., 15.)-3. (Gaius, Sentent. Recept., ii., tit. 26, ed. Schulting.)-5. (Dion. Hal., Dig. 1, tit. 7.-Cicero, pro Domo.)-6. (Cic., Brut., 58.)-7. Ann., ii.. 50; iii., 24.-Lips., Excurs. ad Tacit., Ann., iv., 42.(Cie., Of, iii., 18-Id. ad Att., vi., 8.-Suet., Jul., 83.-Tib., Noodt, Op. Omn., i., 286, seqq.)-8. (Cod,ix., 30.)-9. (Nov.,

the rest of her life in the convent.
The Julian law permitted the father (both adop-

2, seqq-Heinect., Syntagma.-Dig. 36, tit. 1, s. 63.)

134, c. 10.)

The advocatus is defined by Ulpian to be any person who aids another in the conduct of a suit or action.

father killed only one of the parties, he brought ADVOCATUS seems originally to have signihimself within the penalties of the Cornelian law fied any person who gave another his aid in any afDe Sicariis. The husband might kill persons of a fair or business, as a witness, for instance; or for certain class, described in the law, whom he caught the purpose of aiding and protecting him in taking in the act of adultery with his wife; but he could possession of a piece of property. It was also used not kill his wife. The husband, by the fifth chap-to express a person who in any way gave his advice ter of the Julian law, could detain for twenty hours and aid to another in the management of a cause; the adulterer whom he had caught in the fact, for but the word did not signify the orator or patronus the purpose of calling in witnesses to prove the who made the speech, in the time of Cicero. Unadultery. If the wife was divorced for adultery, der the emperors, it signified a person who in any the husband was entitled to retain part of the dos. way assisted in the conduct of a cause, and was Horace is supposed to allude to this Julian law. sometimes equivalent to orator." The advocate's Among the Athenians, if a man caught another fee was then called honorarium. (Vid. Orator, man in the act of criminal intercourse (oxeia) PATRONUS, CINCIA LEX.) with his wife, he might kill him with impunity; and the law was also the same with respect to a concubine (aλλaký). He might also inflict other punishment on the offender. It appears that among The advocatus fisci was an important officer esthe Athenians also there was no adultery, unless a tablished by Hadrianus. It was his business to married woman was concerned. But it was no look after the interests of the fiscus or the imperial adultery for a man to have connexion with a mar-treasury, and, among other things, to maintain its ried woman who prostituted herself, or who was title to bona caduca. engaged in selling anything in the agora.* The Roman law appears to have been pretty nearly the same." The husband might, if he pleased, take a sum of money from the adulterer by way of compensation, and detain him till he found sureties for the payment. If the alleged adulterer had been unjustly detained, he might bring an action against the husband; and if he gained his cause, he and his sureties were released. If he failed, the law required the sureties to deliver up the adulterer to the husband before the court, to do what he pleased with him, except that he was not to use a knife or dagger."

The husband might also prosecute the adulterer in the action called μoixeias ypaon. If the act of adultery was proved, the husband could no longer cohabit with his wife under pain of losing his privileges of a citizen (arquía). The adulteress was excluded even from those temples which foreign women and slaves were allowed to enter; and if she was seen there, any one might treat her as he pleased, provided he did not kill her or mutilate her."

ADYTUM. (Vid. TEMPLE.)
EA CIA. (Vid. AIAKEIA.)
EBU TIA LEX. (Vid. ACTIO.)
EDES. (Vid. HOUSE; TEMPLE.)

ÆDILES. The name of these functionaries is said to be derived from their having the care of the temple (ades) of Ceres. The ædiles were originally two in number: they were elected from the plebes, and the institution of the office dates from the same time as that of the tribuni plebis, B.C. 4 94. Their duties at first seem to have been merely ministerial; they were the assistants of the tribunes in such matters as the tribunes intrusted to them, among which are enumerated the hearing of causes of smaller importance. At an early period after their institution (B.C. 446), we find them appointed the keepers of the senatus consulta, which the consuls had hitherto arbitrarily suppressed or altered." They were also the keepers of the plebiscita. Other functions were gradually intrusted to them, and it is not always easy to distinguish their duties from some of those which belong to the censors. They had the general superintendence of buildings, both sacred and private: under this power they provided for the support and repair of temples, curiæ, &c., and took care that private buildings which were in a ruinous state were repaired by the owners or pulled down. The superintendence over the supply and distribution of water at Rome was, at an early period, a matter of public administration. According to Frontinus, this was the duty of the censors; but when there were no censors, it was within the province of the ædiles. The care of each particular source or supply was farmed to undertakers (redemptores), and all that they did was subject to the ADVERSA'RIUS. (Vid. ACTOR.) approbation of the censors or the ædiles.10 The ADUNATOI (aðúvaroi), were persons supported care of the streets and pavements, with the cleanby the Athenian state, who, on account of infirmity sing and draining of the city, belonged to the ædiles; or bodily defects, were unable to obtain a livelihood. and, of course, the care of the cloaca. They had The sum which they received from the state ap- the office of distributing corn among the plebes; pears to have varied at different times. In the time but this distribution of corn at Rome must not be of Lysias and Aristotle, one obolus a day was confounded with the duty of purchasing or procuring given; but it appears to have been afterward in- it from foreign parts, which was performed by the creased to two oboli. The bounty was restricted to consuls, quæstors, and prætors, and sometimes by persons whose property was under three minæ; and an extraordinary magistrate, as the præfectus anthe examination of those who were entitled to it be- nona. The ædiles had to see that the public lands longed to the senate of the Five Hundred.10 Pisis-were not improperly used, and that the pasturetratus is said to have been the first to introduce a law for the maintenance of those persons who had been mutilated in war." 11

ADVERSA RIA, note-book, memorandum-book, posting-book, in which the Romans entered memoranda of any importance, especially of money received and expended, which were afterward transcribed, usually every month, into a kind of leger. (Tabula justa, codex accepti et expensi.) Cicero describes the difference between the adversaria and tabulæ in his Oratio pro Rosc. Com., c. 3: Quid est, quod negligenter scribamus adversaria? quid est, quod diligenter conficiamus tabulas? qua de causa? Quia hæc sunt menstrua, illæ sunt æternæ; hæc delentur statim, illæ servantur sancte, &c.

1. (Ulpian, Fr., vi., 12.)-2. (Carm., iv., v. 21.)-3. (Lysias, UTEP TO 'EpaTOGOévous póvov.)-4. (Demosth., kard Nealpas, c. 18.)-5. (Paulus, Sent. Recept., vi., tit. 26.)-6. (Demosth., Kara Ntaip., 18.)-7. (Demosth., Karà Nɛalp., c. 22.-Eschin., κατά Τιμάρχ., σ. 36.)8. (ὑπὲρ τοῦ ̓Αδυνάτου, e. iv., p. 749.) 9. (Harpocrat., 'Αδύνατοι.) 10. (schin., κατά Τιμάρχου, ε. 21.)-11. (Plut., Solon., c. 31.-Lysias, brep Too 'Aduvárov, a speech written for an individual, in order to prove that he was

grounds of the state were not trespassed on; and they had power to punish by fine any unlawful act in this respect. They had a general superintend

entitled to be supported by the state.-Petit., Leg. Att., viii., tit. 3, s. 5.-Böckh, Public Econ. of Athens, i., p. 323-327, transl.) 1. (Varro, de Re Rust., ii., c. 5.)-2. (Cic., pro Cæcin., c. 8.) 3. (Cic., de Orat., ii., 74.) 4. (Dig. 50, tit. 13, s. 1.) 5. (Tacit., Ann., x., 6.)-6. (Dig. 50, tit. 13.)-7. (Spart., Vit. Had., c. 60.)-8. (Dig. 28, tit. 4, s. 3.)-9. (Liv., iii., 55.)—10. (De Aquæduct. Rom., lib. ii.)

ence over buying and selling, and, as a conse- often incurred a prodigious expense, with the view quence, the supervision of the markets, of things of pleasing the people and securing their votes in exposed to sale, such as slaves, and of weights and future elections. This extravagant expenditure of measures: from this part of their duty is derived the ædiles arose after the close of the second Punic the name under which the ædiles are mentioned by war, and increased with the opportunities which the Greek writers (ȧyopavóμo). It was their bu- individuals had of enriching themselves after the siness to see that no new deities or religious rites Roman arms were carried into Greece, Africa, and were introduced into the city, to look after the ob- Spain. Even the prodigality of the emperors hardservance of religious ceremonies, and the celebra-ly surpassed that of individual curule ædiles under tions of the ancient feasts and festivals. The gen- the Republic; such as C. J. Cæsar the dictator, P. eral superintendence of police comprehended the C. Lentulus Spinther, and, above all, M. Æmilius duty of preserving order, regard to decency, and Scaurus, whose expenditure was not limited to bare the inspection of the baths and houses of entertain-show, but comprehended objects of public utility, ment, of brothels, and of prostitutes, who, it appears, as the reparation of walls, dockyards, ports, and were registered by the ædiles. The ædiles had va- aqueducts.' An instance is mentioned by Dion rious officers under them, as præcones, scribæ, and Cassius of the ludi Megalesii being superintended viatores. by the plebeian ædiles; but it was done pursuant to a senatus consultum, and thus the particular exception confirms the general rule.

The EDILES CURULES, who were also two in number, were originally chosen only from the patricians, afterward alternately from the patricians and the plebes, and at last indifferently from both.1 The office of curule ædiles was instituted B.C. 365, and, according to Livy, on the occasion of the plebeian ædiles refusing to consent to celebrate the ludi maximi for the space of four days instead of three; upon which a senatus consultum was passed, by which two ædiles were to be chosen from the patricians. From this time four ædiles, two plebeian and two curule, were annually elected. The distinctive honours of the ædiles curules were, the sella curulis, from whence their title is derived, the toga prætexta, precedence in speaking in the senate, and the jus imaginis. The ædiles curules only had the jus edicendi, or the right of promulgating edicta; but the rules comprised in their edicta served for the guidance of all the ædiles. The edicta of the curule ædiles were founded on their authority as superintendents of the markets, and of buying and selling in general. Accordingly, their edicts had mainly, or perhaps solely, reference to the rules as to buying and selling, and contracts for bargain and sale. They were the foundation of the actiones ædiliciæ, among which are included the actio redhibitoria and quanti minoris. A great part of the provisions of the ædiles' edict relate to the buying and selling of slaves. The persons both of the plebeian and curule ædiles were sacrosancti.

In B.C. 45, J. Cæsar caused two curule ædiles and four plebeian ædiles to be elected; and thenceforward, at least so long as the office of ædile was of any importance, six ædiles were annually elected. The two new plebeian ædiles were called Cereales, and their duty was to look after the supply of corn. Though their office may not have been of any great importance after the institution of a præfectus annonæ by Augustus, there is no doubt that it existed for several centuries, and at least as late as the time of Gordian.

3

The ædiles belonged to the class of the minores magistratus. The plebeian ædiles were originally chosen at the comitia centuriata, but afterward at the comitia tributa, in which comitia the curule ædiles also were chosen. It appears that, until the lex annalis was passed, a Roman citizen might be a candidate for any office after completing his twenty-seventh year. This lex annalis, which was passed at the instance of the tribune L. V. Tappulus, B.C. 180, fixed the age at which each office might be enjoyed. The passage of Livy does not mention what were the ages fixed by this law; but it is collected, from various passages of Roman writers, that the age fixed for the ædileship was thirty-six. This, at least, was the age at which a man could be a candidate for the curule ædileship, and it does not appear that there was a different rule for the plebeian ædileship.

It seems that, after the appointment of the curule ædiles, the functions formerly exercised by the ple- The ædiles existed under the emperors; but their beian ædiles were exercised, with some few excep- powers were gradually diminished, and their functions, by all the ædiles indifferently. Within five tions exercised by new officers created by the emdays after being elected or entering on office, they perors. After the battle of Actium, Augustus apwere required to determine by lot, or by agreement pointed a præfectus urbis, who exercised the genamong themselves, what parts of the city each eral police, which had formerly been one of the dushould take under his superintendence; and each ties of the ædiles. Augustus also took from the dile alone had the care of looking after the paving ædiles, or exercised himself, the office of superinand cleansing of the streets, and other matters, it tending the religious rites, and the banishing from may be presumed, of the same local character with- the city of all foreign ceremonials; he also assumed in his district. The other duties of the office seem the superintendence of the temples, and thus may to have been exercised by them jointly. be said to have destroyed the ædileship by depriIn the superintendence of the public festivals and ving it of its old and original functions. This will solemnities, there was a farther distinction between serve to explain the curious fact mentioned by Dion the two sets of ædiles. Many of these festivals, Cassius, that no one was willing to hold so consuch as those of Flora and Ceres, were superin- temptible an office, and Augustus was therefore retended by either set of ædiles indifferently; but the duced to the necessity of compelling persons to take plebeian games were under the superintendence of it: persons were accordingly chosen by lot, out of the plebeian ædiles, who had an allowance of mon- those who had served the office of quæstor and ey for that purpose; and the fines levied on the tribune; and this was done more than once. The pecuarii and others, seem to have been appropria- last recorded instance of the splendours of the ted to these among other public purposes. The ædileship is the administration of Agrippa, who celebration of the ludi magni or Romani, of the volunteered to take the office, and repaired all the ludi scenici or dramatic representations, and the public buildings and all the roads at his own exludi Megalesi, belonged especially to the curule pense, without drawing anything from the treasuædiles, and was on such occasions that they ry. The edileship had, however, lost its true character before this time. Agrippa had already A. Gell. iv., 2.)-6. (Liv., 11., 55.)-7.' (Cic., 2 Verr., V., 14.-2. (xliii., 48.)-3. (Dion. Hal., vi., 90: ix., 43, 49.-Liv., ii., Ovid, Fast., 278, seqq.)-8. (Liv., x., 23; xxvii., 6.-Ovid, 56, seq.)-4. (Liv.. xl., 44.)-5. (lv., c. 24.)-6. (Dion. Cas., 1. (Cic., Off., ii., 17.-Plin., H. N., xxxiii., 3; xxxvi., 15.)

1. (Liv., vii., 1.)—2. (Liv., vi., 42.)—3. (Cic., 2 Verr., v., 14.)
4. (Gaius, 1., 6.)-5. (Dig. 21, tit. 1, De Edilicio Edicto.-

Fast., 278, seqq.)

D

xlix., 43.- Plin., H. N., xxxvi., 15.)

been consul before he accepted the office of ædile, goatskin was employed in the same manner; and and his munificent expenditure in this nominal of the particular application of it which we have now fice was the close of the splendour of the ædileship. to consider will be understood from the fact that the Augustus appointed the curule ædiles specially to shields of the ancient Greeks were in part supportthe office of putting out fires, and placed a body of ed by a belt or strap (rehauúv, balteus) passing over 600 slaves at their command; but the præfecti vigi- the right shoulder, and, when not elevated with the lum afterward performed this duty. In like man-shield, descending transversely to the left hip. In ner, the curatores viarum were appointed by him to order that a goatskin might serve this purpose, two superintend the roads near the city, and the quatu- of its legs would probably be tied over the right orviri to superintend those within Rome. The cu- shoulder of the wearer, the other extremity being ratores operum publicorum and the curatores alvei Ti- fastened to the inside of the shield. In combat, the beris, also appointed by Augustus, stripped the ædi- left arm would be passed under the hide, and would les of the remaining few duties that might be called raise it together with the shield, as is shown in a honourable. They lost also the superintendence of marble statue of Minerva, preserved in the museum wells or springs, and of the aqueducts. They re- at Naples, which, from its style of art, may be recktained, under the early emperors, a kind of police, oned among the most ancient in existence. for the purpose of repressing open licentiousness and disorder: thus the baths, eating-houses, and brothels were still subject to their inspection, and the registration of prostitutes was still within their duties. We read of the ædiles under Augustus making search after libellous books, in order that they might be burned.

The coloniæ, and the municipia of the later period, had also their ædiles, whose numbers and functions varied in different places. They seem, however, as to their powers and duties, to have resembled the ædiles of Rome. They were chosen annually.'

The history, powers, and duties of the ædiles are stated with great minuteness and accuracy by Schubert, De Romanorum Edilibus, lib. iv., Regimontii,

1828.

EDIT'UI, EDIT'UMI, ÆDITIMI (called by the Greeks νεωκόροι, ζάκοροι, and ὑποζάκοροι), were persons who took care of the temples, attended to the cleaning of them, &c. They appear to have lived in the temples, or near them, and to have acted as ciceroni to those persons who wished to see them. In ancient times, the æditui were citizens, but under the emperors freedmen."

*AE'DON ('Andov), without doubt the Motacilla Luscinia, L., and Sylvia Luscinia (Latham), or the Nightingale. We sometimes read ádoviç, or ándoviç in Doric. The nightingale is also called pounλa and pókun by the poets. That it is the male bird only which sings, was well understood by the ancients. Virgil, however, has on one occasion given the power of song to the female bird. From some papers in the Classical Journal, it would appear that the nightingale sings by day as well as by night.10

EGIS is a Greek word (aiyis, -idos), signifying, literally, a goatskin, and formed on the same analogy with vebpic, a fawnskin.11

According to ancient mythology, the ægis worn by Jupiter was the hide of the goat Amalthea, which had suckled him in his infancy. Hyginus relates12 that, when he was preparing to resist the Titans, he was directed, if he wished to conquer, to wear a goatskin with the head of the Gorgon. To this particular goatskin the term ægis was afterward confined. Homer always represents it as part of the armour of Jupiter, whom, on this account, he distinguishes by the epithet agis-bearing (aiyioxos). He, however, asserts that it was borrowed on different occasions both by Apollo's and by Minerva."

The skins of various quadrupeds having been used by the most ancient inhabitants of Greece for clothing and defence, we cannot wonder that the

1. (Frontinus, ii.)-2. (Tacit., Ann., ii., 85.)-3. (De Edil. Col., &c., Otto., Lips., 1732.)-4. (Herod., vi., 134.)-5. (Liv., xxx., 17.-Gell., xii., 10.-Suet., Dom., 1.-Varro, De Ling. Lat., vi., 2.)-6. (Plin., H. N., xxxvi., 4, 10.-Cic., 2 Verr., iv., 44.-Schol. in Hor., Ep. 11, i., 230.)-7. (Serv. in Virg., En., ix., 648.)-8. (Eustath. in II., iii., 150, p. 395.)-9. (Georg., iv., 511, seqq.)-10. (vol. xxvii., p. 92; xxvii., p. 184, 343; xxix., p. 255; xxx., p. 180, 341.)-11. (Vid. Herod., iv., 189.)12 Astron. Poet., 13.)-13. (I., xv., 229, 307-318, 360; xxiv., 20.)-14. (Il., ii., 447-449; xviii., 204; xxi., 400.)

Other statues of Minerva, also of very high antiquity, and derived, no doubt, from some still more ancient type, represent her in a state of repose, and with the goatskin falling obliquely from its loose fastening over her right shoulder, so as to pass round the body under the left arm. The annexed figure is taken from a colossal statue of Minerva at Dresden. The softness and flexibility of the goatskin are here expressed by the folds produced in it by the girdle with which it is encircled.

well as the left shoulder, the breast, and the back, | part of his left arm. The shield is placed underfalling behind so as almost to reach the feet. neath it, at his feet. In his right hand he holds the Schorn' considers this as the original form of the thunderbolt. ægis.

With this appearance the descriptions of the ægis by the Latin poets generally correspond." It is remarkable that, although the ægis properly E'LIA SENTIA LEX. This law, which was belonged to Jupiter, and was only borrowed from passed in the time of Augustus (about A.D. 3), conhim by his daughter, and although she is common-tained various provisions. By one clause it was ly exhibited either with the ægis itself, or with some provided that manumitted slaves, who, during their emblem of it, yet we seldom find it as an attribute servitude, had undergone certain punishments for of Jupiter in works of art. There is, however, in offences, should not become either Roman citizens the museum at Leyden a marble statue of Jupiter, or Latini, but should belong to the class of peregrifound at Utica, in which the ægis hangs over his ni dediticii. (Vid. DEDITICII.) The law also conleft shoulder. It has the Gorgon's head, serpents tained various provisions as to the manumission on the border, and a hole for the left arm to pass slaves, and as to the mode in which a manumitted through. The annexed figure is taken from a cameo slave, who had only obtained the privileges of a engraved by Nisus, a Greek artist. Jupiter is here Latinus, might become a Roman citizen. The law represented with the ægis wrapped round the fore also made void all manumission of slaves effected

204.)-3. (., xv., 229, 307, seqq.)-4. (xxiv., 20.)-5. (II., V., 4. Böttiger, Amalthea, ii., 215.) -2. (II., v., 739; xviii., 741.)-6. (., ., 446, seqq.)-7. (Virg, En., viii., 435, seqq. Val. Flace., vi., 174.-Sid. Apollinaris, Carm., xv.-Sil. Ital., Y, p. 181.-Plin., xxxvii., 10.)-4 v., 88.)-5. (H. P., vii., 1. (En., viii., 435.)-2. (vii., 1.)-3. ix., 442.) 156. (Adams, Append., s. v.)