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BATHS.

perors. It appears to have resembled the lectica (Fid. LECTICA) very closely; and the only difference apparently was, that the lectica was carried by slaves, and the basterna by two mules. Several etymologies of the word have been proposed. Salmasius supposes it to be derived from the Greek Barrage. A description of a basterna is given by a poet in the Latin Anthology.a

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BATHS.

dian, are styled by Statius' balnea, and by Martial' Etrusci thermula. In an epigram, also, by Martial," "subice balneum thermis," the terms are not applied to the whole building, but to two different chambers in the same edifice.

12

Bathing was a practice familiar to the Greeks of both sexes from the earliest times, both in fresh water and salt, and in the natural warm springs as BATHS.-Bahaveïov, Balnearium, Balneum, Ba- well as vessels artificially heated. Thus Nausicaë, lineum, Balnea, Balineæ, and Therma. These words daughter of Alcinous, king of Phæacia, goes out with are all commonly translated by our general term her attendants to wash her clothes, and, after the bath or baths; but in the writings of the earlier task is done, she bathes herself in the river. Ulysand better authors they are used with a nice dis-ses, who is conducted to the same spot, strips and crimination. Balneum or balineum, which is derived takes a bath, while she and her servants stand from the Greek Baλaveiov, signifies, in its primary aside. Europa also bathes in the river Anaurus, sense, a bath or bathing-vessel, such as most per- and Helen and her companions in the Eurotas.? sons of any consequence among the Romans pos- Warm springs were also resorted to for the purpose sessed in their own houses; in which sense it is of bathing. The 'Hpákλɛia hovтpá shown by Vulused by Cicero,♦ balineum calefieri jubebo, and from can or Minerva to Hercules are celebrated by the that it came to signify the chamber which con- poets. Pindar speaks of the hot bath of the nymphs tained the bath3 (labrum si in balinco non est), which θερμὰ Νυμφῶν λουτρά, and Homer celebrates one is also the proper translation of the word balneari- of the streams of the Scamander for its warm temThe diminutive balneolum is adopted by Sen-perature. The artificial warm bath was taken in a eca to designate the bath-room of Scipio, in the vessel called doάuivos by Homer, 10 because it diminvilla at Liternum, and is expressly used to charac-ished the uncleanliness of the skin, and ubaois by terize the unassuming modesty of republican man- Athenæus.11 It would appear, from the description ners, as compared with the luxury of his own times. of the bath administered to Ulysses in the palace of But when the baths of private individuals became Circe, that this vessel did not contain water itself, more sumptuous, and comprised many rooms in- but was only used for the bather to sit in while the stead of the one small chamber described by Sene- warm water was poured over him, which was heated ca, the plural balnea or balinca was adopted, which in a large caldron or tripod, under which the fire was still, in correct language, had reference only to the placed, and, when sufficiently warmed, was taken baths of private persons. Thus Cicero terms the out in other vessels, and poured over the head and baths at the villa of his brother Quintus balnearia. shoulders of the person who sat in the dœáμiv0oç.1 Balaca and balinea, which, according to Varro, Where cleanliness merely was the object sought, have no singular number, were the public baths. cold bathing was adopted, which was considered as (Bainea is, however, used in the singular, to desig- most bracing to the nerves;13 but, after violent bodnate a private bath, in an inscription quoted by Rei-ily fatigue or exertion, warm water was made use nesius.") Thus Cicero1o speaks of balneas Senias, balneas publicas, and in vestibulo balnearum," and Aulus Gellius of balneas Sitias. But this accuracy of diction is neglected by many of the subsequent writers, and particularly by the poets, among whom balnea is not uncommonly used in the plural number to signify the public baths, since the word balnea could not be introduced in an hexameter verse. Pliny also, in the same sentence, makes use of the neuter plural balnea for public, and of balneum for a private bath 1 Therme (from Jepun, warmth) mean, properly, warm springs or baths of warm water, but came afterward to be applied to the structures in which the baths were placed, and which were both hot and cold. There was, however, a material dis-ready the warm bath (epμà hoeтpú); and the Phatinction between the balnea and therma, inasmuch as the former was the term used under the Republie, and referred to the public establishments of that Εἵματά τ' ἐξημοιβὰ, λοετρά τε θερμὰ, καὶ εὐναί. age, which contained no appliances for luxury be- It was also customary for the Greeks to take two yond the mere convenience of hot and cold baths, baths in succession, first cold and afterward warm; whereas the latter name was given to those magnifi- thus, in the passage of the Iliad just referred to, cent edifices which grew up under the Empire, and Ulysses and Diomed both bathe in the sea, and afwhich comprised within their range of buildings all terward refresh themselves with a warm bath (ảσáthe appurtenances belonging to the Greek gymna-voc) upon returning to their tents. The custom sia, as well as a regular establishment appropriated of plunging into cold water after the warm bath for bathing; which distinction is noticed by Juve-mentioned by Aristides, 18 who wrote in the second

nal:"

"Dum petit aut thermas, aut Phobi balnea." Subsequent writers, however, use these terms without distinction. Thus the baths erected by Claudius Etruscus, the freedman of the Emperor Clau

1. (Salmas., ad Lamprid., Heliog., c. 21.)-2. (iii., 183.)-3. (Varro, De Ling. Lat., ix, 68, ed. Müller.)-4. (ad Att., ii., 3.)— 3. Cic. ad Fam., xiv., 20.)-6. (Ep., 86.)-7. (ad Q. Fratr., iii., 1, 1)-8. (De Ling. Lat., viii., 25, ix., 41, ed. Müller.)-9. (laser.. xi.. 115.-10. (Pro Col., 25.)-11. (Ib., 26.)-12. (iii., 1, 2, 3.)-13. (Ep., ii., 17.)--14. (Sat., vii., 233.)

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of, in order to refresh the body and relax the overtension of the muscles. Thus the doάuvboç is prepared for Peisistratus and Telemachus in the palace of Menelaus, 15 and is resorted to by Ulysses and Diomed, when they return with the captured horses of Rhesus.16

Ες ῥ ̓ ἀσαμίνθους βάντες ἐϋζέστας λούσαντο. From which passage we also learn that the vessel was of polished marble, like the basins (labra) which have been discovered in the Roman baths. Andromache, in the 22d book of the Iliad, prepares a hot bath for Hector against his return from battle; and Nestor, in the 14th, orders Hecamede to make

ities of dress, warm baths, and sexual indulgence." acians are represented as being addicted to the van

century, does not refer to the Greeks of this early age, but to those who lived after the subjugation of their country by the Romans, from whom the habit was most probably borrowed.

After bathing, both sexes anointed themselves,

1. (Sylv., i., 5, 13.)-2. (vi., 42.)-3. (ix., 76.)-4. (Od., vi., 58, 65.)-5. (Od., vi., 210-224.)-6. (Mosch., Id., ii., 31.)-7. (Theocr., Id., vii., 22.)-8. (Olymp., xii., 27.)—9. (Il., xxii., 149.)—10. (Tарà то Tm domy pivýbεiv.-Phavorinus, s. v. doávoos.)-11. (1, c. 19, p. 24.)—12. (Od., x., 359-365.)—13. (páXiaтa тois vεúpois mрóopopos: Athen., 1. c.)-14. (Id. ibid.)—15. (Od., iv., 48.)-16 (ll., x., 576.)—17. (Od., viii., 248.)-18. (Tom. i., Orat. 2, Sacr. Serm., p. 515.)

the women' as well as men, in order that the skin | so as to produce a vapour bath, is stated by Valerimight not be left harsh and rough, especially after us Maximus1 and by Pliny to have been invented warm water." Oil (hacov) is the only ointment by Sergius Orata, who lived in the age of Crassus, mentioned by Homer as used for this purpose, and before the Marsic war. The expression used by Pliny' says that the Greeks had no better ointment Valerius Maximus is balnea pensilia, and by Pliny at the time of the Trojan war than oil perfumed balineas pensiles, which is differently explained by with herbs. In all the passages quoted above, the different commentators; but a single glance at the bathers anoint themselves with clear pure oil (λin' plans inserted below will be sufficient in order to khai); but in the 23d book of the Iliad, Venus comprehend the manner in which the flooring of the anoints the body of Hector with oil scented with chambers was suspended over the hollow cells of roses (thaí podóɛvтi), and, in the 14th book of the the hypocaust, called by Vitruvius suspensura calsame poem, Juno anoints herself with oil "ambro- dariorum, so as to leave no doubt as to the precise sial, sweet, and odoriferous" (aubpoσíov, ¿davòv, TEO- meaning of the invention, which is more fully exvwμévov): and elsewhere the oil is termed evides, emplified in the following passage of Ausonius:* sweet-smelling, upon which epithet the commenta- "Quid (memorem) quæ sulphurea substructa crepidine tors and Athenæus remark that Homer was acfumant quainted with the use of more precious ointments, but calls them oil with an epithet to distinguish them from common oil. The ancient heroes, however, never used precious unguents (μúpa).

Among the Greeks as well as Romans, bathing was always a preliminary to the hour of meals. Indeed, the process of eating seems to have followed as a matter of course upon that of bathing; for even Nausicaë and her companions, in the passage referred to above, immediately after they had bathed and anointed themselves, sat down to eat by the river's side while waiting for the clothes to dry."

The Lacedæmonians, who considered warm water as enervating and effeminate, used two kinds of baths, namely, the cold daily bath in the Eurotas, which Agesilaus also used, and a dry sudorific bath in a chamber heated with warm air by means of a stove; and from them the chamber used by the Romans for a similar purpose was termed Lacon

icum.10

baths in their own houses.12

Balnea, ferventi cum Mulciber haustus operto,
Volvit anhelatas tectoria per cava flammas,
Inclusum glomerans astu exspirante vaporem ?"

5

By the time of Cicero, the use of baths, both public and private, of warm water and hot air, had obtained very generally, and with a considerable degree of luxury, if not of splendour, as may be collected from a letter to his brother, in which he informs him that he had given directions for removing the vapour bath (assa) into the opposite angle of the undressing-room (apodyterium), on account of the flue being placed in an injudicious situation; and we learn from the same author that there were baths at Rome in his time-balneas Senias—which were open to the public upon payment of a small

fee."

In the earlier ages of Roman history, a much

greater delicacy was observed with respect to promiscuous bathing, even among the men, than was Thus it seems clear that the Greeks were famil-rius Maximus, it was deemed indecent for a father usual among the Greeks; for, according to Valeiar with the use of the bath, both as a source of to bathe in company with his own son after he had health and pleasure, long before it came into gener- attained the age of puberty, or a son in-law with his al practice among the Romans, although they had father-in-law: the same respectful reserve being no public establishments expressly devoted to the shown to blood and affinity as was paid to the tempurpose of the same magnificence as the Romans ples of the gods, towards whom it was considered had; in which sense the words of Artemidorus as an act of irreligion even to appear naked in any may be understood, when he says, "They were of the places consecrated to their worship. But unacquainted with the use of baths" (Bahaveia ovк virtue passed away as wealth increased; and, when decoav); for it appears that the Athenians, at least, the therma came into use, not only did the men had public baths (20vrp@vec) attached to the gym- bathe together in numbers, but even men and women nasia, which were more used by the common peo- stripped and bathed promiscuously in the same bath. ple than by the great and wealthy, who had private It is true, however, that the public establishments often contained separate baths for both sexes adjoining to each other,10 as will be seen to have been also the case at the baths of Pompeii. Aulus Gellius" relates a story of a consul's wife who took a whim to bathe at Teanum (Teano), a small provincial town of Campania, in the men's baths (balneis virilibus); probably because, in a small town, the female department, like that at Pompeii, was more confined and less convenient than that assigned to the men; and an order was consequently given to It is not recorded at what precise period the use the quæstor, M. Marius, to turn the men out. But of the warm bath was first introduced among the whether the men and women were allowed to use Romans; but we learn from Seneca's that Scipio had a warm bath in his villa at Liternum, which, however, was of the simplest kind, consisting of a simple chamber, just sufficient for the necessary purposes, and without any pretension to luxury. It was "small and dark," he says, "after the manner of the ancients." This was a bath of warm water; but the practice of heating an apartment with warm air by flues placed immediately under it,

The Romans, as well as Greeks, resorted to the rivers, in the earlier periods of their history, from motives of health or cleanliness, and not of luxury; for, as the use of linen was little known in those ages,13 health as well as comfort rendered frequent ablutions necessary. Thus we learn from Seneca1 that the ancient Romans washed their legs and arms daily, and bathed their whole body once a week.

each other's chambers indiscriminately, or that some of the public establishments had only one common set of baths for both, the custom prevailed under the Empire of men and women bathing indiscriminately together. This custom was forbidden by Hadrian13 and by M. Aurelius Antoninus;1 and Alexander Severus prohibited any baths, common to both sexes (balnea mixta), from being opened in Rome. 15

1. (Od., vi., 96.)-2. (Athen., 1. c.)—3. (H. N., xiii., 1.)—4. 1. (ix., 1.)-2. (H. N., ix., 79.)—3. (v., 11.)—4. (Mosell., 337.) (1. 186.)-5. (1. 172.)—6. (xv., 11.)-7. (Od., vi., 97.)-8.-5. (ad Q. Fratr., iii., 1, ◊ 1.)-6. (Pro Col., 25.)-7. (Ib., 26.) (Xen., Hellen., v., 4, ◊ 28.-Plut., Alc., 23.)-9. (Dion, lin., p.8. (ii., I, 7.)-9. (Compare Cic., De Off., i., 35.-De Orat., 515, ed. Hannov., 1606.)-10. (Compare Strabo, iii., p. 413, ed. ii., 55.)-10. (Vitruv., v., 10.-Varro, De Ling. Lat., ix., 68.)Siebenkees.-Casaub. in loc.)-11. (1., 66.)—12. (Xen., De Rep. 11. (x., 3.)-12. (Plin., H. N., xxxiii., 54.)-13. (Spart., Hadr., Ath., ., 10.)-13. (Fabr., Descr. Urb. Rom., c. 18.)-14. (Ep., c. 1.)-14. (Capitolin., Anton. Philosoph., c. 23.)—15. (Lamprid., 86.)-15. (1. c.) Alex. Sev., c. 42.)

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When the water was ready and the baths prepared, notice was given by the sound of a bell-as thermarum. One of these bells, with the inscription FIRMI BALNEATORIS, was found in the therma Diocletianæ, in the year 1548, and came into the possession of the learned Fulvius Ursinus.3 While the bath was used for health merely or cleanliness, a single one was considered sufficient at a time, and that only when requisite. But the luxuries of the Empire knew no such bounds, and the daily bath was sometimes repeated as many as seven and eight times in succession-the number which the Emperor Commodus indulged himself with. Gordian bathed seven times a day in summer, and twice in winter; the Emperor Gallienus six or seven times in summer, and twice or thrice in winter. Commodus also took his meals in the bath ; a custom which was not confined to a dissolute emperor alone, for Martial' attacks a certain Æmilius for the same practice, which passage, however, is differently interpreted by some commentators.

When the public baths (balnea) were first institu- | speaks of taking a bath, when fatigued and weary, ted, they were only for the lower orders, who alone at the tenth hour, and even later.1 bathed in public; the people of wealth, as well as those who formed the equestrian and senatorian orders, using private baths in their own houses. But this monopoly was not long enjoyed; for, as early even as the time of Julius Cæsar, we find no less a personage than the mother of Augustus making use of the public establishments,' which were probably, at that time, separated from the men's; and, in process of time, even the emperors themselves bathed in public with the meanest of the people. Thus Hadrian often bathed in public among the herd (cum omnibus); and even the virtuous Alexander Severus took his bath among the populace in the thermæ he had himself erected, as well as in those of his predecessors, and returned to the palace in his bathing-dress; and the abandoned Gallienus amused himself by bathing in the midst of the young and old of both sexes-men, women, and children. The baths were opened at sunrise and closed at sunset; but, in the time of Alexander Severus, it would appear that they were kept open nearly all night; for he is stated to have furnished oil for his own therma, which previously were not opened before daybreak (ante auroram), and were shut before sunset (ante vesperum); and Juvenal' includes in his catalogue of female immoralities, that of taking the bath at night (balnea nocte subit), which may, however, refer to private baths.

The price of a bath was a quadrant, the smallest piece of coined money from the age of Cicero downward, which was paid to the keeper of the bath (baineator); and hence it is termed by Cicero, in the oration just cited, quadrantaria permutatio, and by Seneca, res quadrantaria. Children below a certain age were admitted free.9

"Nec pueri credunt, nisi qui nondum ære lavantur." Strangers also, and foreigners, were admitted to some of the baths, if not to all, without payment, as we learn from an inscription found at Rome, and quoted by Pitiscus.19

L. OCTAVIO. L. F. CAM.

RUFO. TRIB. MIL. . . . . . . .

QUI LAVATIONEM GRATUITAM MUNICIPIBUS,
INCOLIS

HOSPITIBUS ET ADVENTORIBUS.

11

The baths were closed when any misfortune happened to the Republic; and Suetonius says that the Emperor Caligula made it a capital offence to indulge in the luxury of bathing upon any religious holyday. They were originally placed under the superintendence of the ædiles, whose business it was to keep them also in repair, and to see that they were kept clean and of a proper temperature." In the provinces, the same duty seems to have devolved upon the quæstor, as may be inferred from the passage already quoted from Aulus Gellius.14

The time usually assigned by the Romans for taking the bath was the eighth hour, or shortly af

terward.is

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It was the usual and constant habit of the Romans to take the bath after exercise, and previously to their principal meal (cana); but the debauchees of the Empire bathed also after eating, as well as before, in order to promote digestion, so as to acquire a new appetite for fresh delicacies. Nero is related to have indulged in this practice, which is also alluded to by Juvenal.'

8

Upon quitting the bath, it was usual for the Romans, as well as Greeks, to be anointed with oil; to which custom both Pompey and Brutus are represented by Plutarch as adhering. But a particular habit of body, or tendency to certain complaints, sometimes required this order to be reversed; for which reason Augustus, who suffered from nervous disorders, was accustomed to anoint himself before bathing;10 and a similar practice was adopted by Alexander Severus.11 The most usual practice, however, seems to have been to take some gentle exercise (exercitatio) in the first instance, and then, after bathing, to be anointed either in the sun, or in the tepid or thermal chamber, and finally to take their food.

The Romans did not content themselves with a

single bath of hot or cold water, but they went
through a course of baths in succession, in which
the agency of air as well as water was applied. It
is difficult to ascertain the precise order in which
the course was usually taken, if, indeed, there was
any general practice beyond the whim of the indi-
vidual. Under medical treatment, of course the
succession would be regulated by the nature of the
disease for which a cure was sought, and would
vary, also, according to the different practice of dif-
ferent physicians. It is certain, however, that it
was a general practice to close the pores and brace
the body after the excessive perspiration of the va-
pour bath, either by pouring cold water over the
head, or by plunging at once into the piscina, or into
a river, as the Russians still do,12 and as the Romans
sometimes did, as we learn from Ausonius.

"Vidi ego defessos multo sudore lavacri
Fastidisse lacus, et frigora piscinarum,
Ut vivis fruerentur aquis; mox amne refotos
Plaudenti gelidum flumen pepulisse natatu."13

1. (Suet., Octav., 94.)-2. (Spart., Hadr., c. 17.)—3. (Lam-Musa, the physician of Augustus, is said to have prid., Alex. Sev., c. 42.)-4. (Trebell. Pollio, De Gallien. duob., e 17.)-5. (Lamprid., Alex. Sev., 1. c.)-6. (Sat., vi., 419.) -7. (Cic., Pro Col., 26.-Hor., Sat., I., iii., 137.-Juv., Sat., vi, 447.)-8. (Ep., 86.)-9. (Juven., Sat., ii., 152.)-10. (Lex. Ant)-11. (Fabr.. Descr. Urb. Rom., c. 18.)-12. (Ib.)-13. (Ib. Sen, Ep, 86.-14. (x., 3.)-15. (Mart., Ep., x., 48; xi., 52.)16. (Lamprid., Alex. Sev., 24.)—17. (v., 10.)—18. (Ep., iii., 1, 8.)

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1. (Epigr., iii., 36; x., 70.)-2. (Mart., Ep., xiv., 163.)-3, (Append. ad Ciaccon., De Triclin.)-4. (Lamprid., Commod., c. 2.)-5. (Capitol., Gall., c. 17.)-6. (Lamprid., 1. c.)-7. (Epigr., xii., 19.)-8. (Suct., Nero, 27.)-9. (Sat., i., 142.)-10. (Suet., Octav., 82.)-11. (Lamprid., Alex. Sev., Lc.)-12. (Tooke's Russia.)-13. (Mosell, 341.)

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introduced this practice,' which became quite the fashion, in consequence of the benefit which the emperor derived from it, though Dion' accuses him of having artfully caused the death of Marcellus by an improper application of the same treatment. In other cases it was considered conducive to health to pour warm water over the head before the vapour bath, and cold water immediately after it; and at other times a succession of warm, tepid, and cold water was resorted to.

The two physicians, Galen and Celsus, differ in some respects as to the order in which the baths should be taken; the former recommending first the hot air of the Laconicum (dépi depu), next the bath of warm water (idup depuóv and hourpov), afterward the cold, and, finally, to be well rubbed; while the latter recommends his patients first to sweat for a short time in the tepid chamber (tepidarium) without undressing; then to proceed into the thermal chamber (calidarium), and, after having gone through a regular course of perspiration there, not to descend into the warm bath (solium), but to pour a quantity of warm water over the head, then tepid, and finally cold; afterward to be scraped with the strigil (perfricari), and finally rubbed dry and anointed. Such, in all probability, was the usual habit of the Romans when the bath was resorted to as a daily source of pleasure, and not for any particular medical treatment; the more so, as it resembles, in many respects, the system of bathing still in practice among the Orientals, who, as Sir W. Gell remarks, "succeeded by conquest to the luxuries of the enervated Greeks and Romans."

In the passage quoted above from Galen, it is plain that the word 2ourpov is used for a warm bath, in which sense it also occurs in the same author. Vitruvius,' on the contrary, says that the Greeks used the same word to signify a cold bath (frigida lavatio. quam Græci hovrpov vocitant). The contradiction between the two authors is here pointed out, for the purpose of showing the impossibility, as well as impropriety, of attempting to fix one precise meaning to each of the different terms made use of by the ancient writers in reference to their bathing establishments.

Having thus detailed from classical authorities the general habits of the Romans in connexion with their system of bathing, it now remains to examine and explain the internal arrangements of the structures which contained their baths, which will serve as a practical commentary upon all that has been said. Indeed, there are more ample and better materials for acquiring a thorough insight into Roman

1. (Plin., H. N., xxv., 38.)-2. (liii., p. 517.)-3. (Plin., H. N., xxviii., 14.-Celsus, De Med., 1., 3.)-4. (Galen, De Methodo Medendi, x., 10, p. 708, 709, ed. Kühn.)-5. (Cels., De Med., i., 4)-6. (Gell's Pompeii, vol. 1, p. 86, ed. 1832.)-7. (v., 11.)

manners in this one particular, than for any other of the usages connected with their domestic habits. Lucian, in the treatise which is inscribed Hippias, has given a minute and interesting description of a set of baths erected by an architect of that name, which it is to be regretted is much too long for insertion in this place, but which is well worth perusal; and an excavation made at Pompeii between the years 1824, '25, laid open a complete set of public baths (balnea), with many of the chambers, even to the ceilings, in good preservation, and constructed in all their important parts upon rules very similar to those laid down by Vitruvius.

In order to render the subjoined remarks more easily intelligible, the preceding woodcut is inserted, which is taken from a fresco painting upon the walls of the therma of Titus at Rome.

The woodcut on the following page represents the ground-plan of the baths of Pompeii, which are nearly surrounded on three sides by houses and shops, thus forming what the Romans termed an insula.

The whole building, which comprises a double set of baths, has six different entrances from the street, one of which, A, gives admission to the smaller set only, which were appropriated to the women, and five others to the male department; of which two, B and C, communicate directly with the furnaces, and the other three, D, E, F, with the bathing apartments, of which F, the nearest to the Forum, was the principal one; the other two, D and E, being on opposite sides of the building, served for the convenience of those who lived on the north and east sides of the city. To have a variety of entrances (ódois rоhhaiç rεOvрwuévov) is one of the qualities enumerated by Lucian necessary to a well-constructed set of baths. Passing through the principal entrance F, which is removed from the street by a narrow footway surrounding the insula (the outer curb of which is marked upon the plan by the thin line drawn round it), and after descending three steps, the bather finds upon his left hand a small chamber (1), which contained a convenience (latrina2), and proceeds into a covered portico (2), which ran round three sides of an open courtatrium (3), and these together formed the vestibule of the baths-vestibulum balnearum, in which the servants belonging to the establishment, as well as such of the slaves and attendants of the great and wealthy whose services were not required in the interior, waited. There are seats for their accommodation placed underneath the portico (a, a). This compartment answers exactly to the first, which is described by Lucian. Within this court

1. (Hippias, 8.)-2. (Latrina was also used, previously to the time of Varro, for the bathing-vessel, quasi lavatrina.-Varro, De Ling. Lat., ix., 68, ed. Müller.-Compare Lucil., ap. Non., c. 3, n. 131.)-3. (Cic., Pro Cal., 26.)-4. (1. c., 5.)

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the keeper of the baths (balneator), who exacted the | from a passage already quoted, that the apodyterium quadrans paid by each visiter, was also stationed, was a warm apartment in the baths belonging to and, accordingly, in it was found the box for holding the villa of Cicero's brother Quintus (assa in altethe money. The room (4) which runs back from the portico might have been appropriated to him; or, if not, it might have been an acus or exedra, for the convenience of the better classes while awaiting the return of their acquaintances from the interior, in which case it will correspond with the chambers mentioned by Lucian,' adjoining to the servants' waiting-place (v piorεpa de Twν és Tрvmapeokevaσμévov oixnuárwv). In this court likewise, as being the most public place, advertisements for the theatre, or other announcements of general interest, were posted up, one of which, announcing a gladiatorial show, still remains. (5) Is the corridor which conducts from the entrance E into the same vestibule. (6) A small cell of similar use as the corresponding one in the opposite corridor (1). (7) A passage of communication which leads into the chamber (8), the frigidarium, which also served as an apodyterium or spoliatorium, a room for undressing; and which is also accessible from the street by the door D, through the corridor (9), in which a small niche is observable, which probably served for the station of another balneator, who collected the money from those entering from the north street. Here, then, is the centre in which all the persons must have met before entering into the interior of the baths; and its locality, as well as other characteristic features in its fittings up, leave no room to doubt that it served as an undressing-room To return into the chamber itself: it is vaulted to the balnea Pompeiana. It does not appear that and spacious, with stone seats along two sides of any general rule of construction was followed by the wall (b, b), and a step for the feet below, slightthe architects of antiquity with regard to the local- ly raised from the floor (pulvinus et gradus). Holes ity and temperature best adapted for an apodyteri- can still be seen in the walls, which might have um. The word is not mentioned by Vitruvius, nor served for pegs on which the garments were hung expressly by Lucian; but he says enough for us to when taken off; for in a small provincial town like infer that it belonged to the frigidarium in the baths Pompeii, where a robbery committed in the baths of Hippias.2 "After quitting the last apartment, could scarcely escape detection, there would be no there is a sufficient number of chambers for the necessity for capsarii to take charge of them. It bathers to undress, in the centre of which is an was lighted by a window closed with glass, and oracus, containing three baths of cold water." Pliny namented with stucco mouldings and painted yelthe younger says that the apodyterium at one of his low. A section and drawing of this interior is givown villas adjoined the frigidarium, and it is plain,

rum apodyterii angulum promovi), to which temperature Celsus also assigns it. In the thermæ at Rome, each of the hot and cold departments had probably a separate apodyterium attached to it; or, if not, the ground-plan was so arranged that one apodyterium would be contiguous to, and serve for both or either; but where space and means were circumscribed, as in the little city of Pompeii, it is more reasonable to conclude that the frigidarium served as an apodyterium for those who confined themselves to cold bathing, and the tepidarium for those who commenced their ablutions in the warm apartments. The bathers were expected to take off their garments in the apodyterium, it not being permitted to enter into the interior unless naked. They were then delivered to a class of slaves called capsarii (from capsa, the small case in which children carried their books to school), whose duty it was to take charge of them. These men were notorious for dishonesty, and leagued with all the thieves of the city, so that they connived at the robberies they were placed there to prevent. Hence the expression of Catullus," O furum optume balneariorum !" and Trachilo, in the Rudens of Plautus, complains bitterly of their roguery, which, in the capital, was carried to such an excess that very severe laws were enacted against them, the crime of stealing in the baths being made a capital offence.

3

1. a. C., 5.2 (1. c., 5.)-3. (Ep., v., 6.)

1 (Cic., Pro Col., 26.)-2. (Carm., xxxiii., 1.)-3. (II., xxxiii., 51.)-4. (Vitruv., v., 10.)

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