Skirophorion. Four girls, of between seven and | The red sulphuret of arsenic was called Sandaraeleven years,' were selected every year from the cha, and the ancients appear to have been well most distinguished families, two of whom super-acquainted with the kindred nature of both the yelintended the weaving of the sacred peplus of Athe-low and red. (Vid. SANDARACHA.)

na, which was begun on the last day of Pyanepsion;2 AR TABA (άprábn), a Persian measure of capathe two others had to carry the mysterious and city, which contained, according to Herodotus,' 1 sacred vessels of the goddess. These latter re-medimnus and 3 chonices (Attic)=102 Roman sexmained a whole year on the Acropolis, either in the tarii =12 gallons 5·092 pints; but, according to SuiParthenon or some adjoining building; and, when das, Hesychius, Polyænus, and Epiphanius, it conthe festival commenced, the priestess of the goddess tained 1 Attic medimnus =96 sextarii =11 gallons placed vessels upon their heads, the contents of 7-1456 pints. There was an Egyptian measure of which were neither known to them nor to the the same name, of which there were two sorts, the priestess. With these they descended to a natural old and the new artaba. The old artaba contained grotto within the district of Aphrodite, in the gar-4 Roman modii =72 sextarii 8 gallons 7:359 dens. Here they deposited the sacred vessels, and pints. It was about equal to the Attic metretes; carried back something else, which was covered, and it was half of the Ptolemaic medimnus, which and likewise unknown to them. After this the was to the Attic medimnus as 3: 2. The later girls were dismissed, and others were chosen to and more common Egyptian artaba contained 3 supply their place in the Acropolis. The girls modii =53} sextarii =6 gallons 4:8586 pints. It wore white robes adorned with gold, which were was equal to the Olympic cubic foot, and about half left for the goddess; and a peculiar kind of cakes as large as the Persian artaba. was baked for them. To cover the expenses of the festival, a peculiar liturgy was established, called ȧppnøopía. All other details concerning this festival are unknown.

zander,' they offered to the god a mullet on this occasion, because it appeared to hunt and kill the seahare, and thus bore some resemblance to Artemis, the goddess of hunting. The same name was given to the festivals of Artemis in Cyrene and Ephesus, though in the latter place the goddess was not the Grecian Artemis, but a deity of Eastern origin.

*II. The name of an herb, commonly called Mugworth, or Motherwort. Dioscorides describes three species, the Toλúkλwvoc, μovókλwvos, and λerrógvλ20s. The first, according to Sprengel, is the Artemisia arborescens; the second, the Artemisia spicata; and the third, the Artemisia campestris. Dierbach seems to entertain much the same ideas regarding the species of wormwood comprehended under the úprεuoia of Hippocrates. The Wormwood holds a prominent part in all the Herbals of antiquity, from Dioscorides to Macer Floridus.10

ARTEMIS'IA ('Apreμioia), a festival celebrated at Syracuse in honour of Artemis Potamia and Soteira. It lasted three days, which were principally spent in feasting and amusements." Bread was ofARROGATIO. (Vid. ADOPTIO.) fered to her under the name of Aoxía. Festivals *ARSEN'IKON (úpσevikóv) “does not mean of the same name, and in honour of the same godwhat is commonly called arsenic, but the sesqui-zul-dess, were held in many places in Greece; but phuret of arsenic, or orpiment." Celsus clearly in-principally at Delphi, where, according to Hegedicates what it was when he says "Auripigmentum, quod apoɛvikóv a Græcis nominatur."4 In a word, it is yellow orpiment, and this latter name itself is merely a corruption from auripigmentum, or "paint of gold." "It was called," observes Dr. Moore, "auripigmentum, perhaps, not merely from its golden colour and the use to which it was applied, but because the ancients thought it really contained that metal. Pliny mentions, among other modes of obtaining gold, that of making it from orpiment; and says that Caligula ordered a great quantity of that substance to be reduced, and obtained excellent gold, but in such small proportion as to lose by an experiment which was not afterward repeated. Although no great reliance can be placed on this account, we are not, of necessity, to regard it as a fable; for the mass experimented on may have contained, as it is said this mineral sometimes does, a small portion of gold." The arsenic of the ARTE'RIA (aprnpía), a word commonly (but ancients, then, was considerably different from our contrary to all analogy) derived ¿ñò rev ȧépa rηpeïv, oxyde of arsenic, which is a factitious substance ab aëre servando; because the ancients, ignorant of procured from cobalt by sublimation. The Arabian the circulation of the blood, and finding the arteries author Servitor, however, describes the process of always empty after death, supposed they were subliming arsenic; and Avicenna makes mention tubes containing air." The word was appřed to of white arsenic, by which he no doubt meant sub- the trachea by Hippocrates12 and his contemporalimed arsenic, or the Arsenicum album of modern ries, by whom the vessels now called arteries were chymists. According to the analysis of Klaproth, distinguished from the veins by the addition of the yellow orpiment consists of 62 parts of arsenic and word cou. By later writers it is used to signify 38 of sulphur. The Greek name åpσɛvikóv (mascu-sometimes the trachea, and in this sense the epiline) is said by some to have been given to it be- thet ronxɛia, aspera, is occasionally added; somecause of the potent qualities it was discovered to times an artery;15 in which sense the epithet λcía, possess; qualities, however, which the arsenic of lavis, is sometimes added, to distinguish it from the the shops exhibits in a more intense degree." "Ga- trachea; and sometimes, in the plural number, the len says it was commonly called ȧpoevikóv in his bronchia.16 time, but ὑπὸ τῶν ἀττικίζειν τὰ πάντα βουλομένων, 'by those who wished to make everything conform to the Attic dialect,' appevikóv." According to Pliny, orpiment was dug in Syria, for the use of painters, near the surface of the ground; Vitruvius mentions Pontus as a locality, and Dioscorides10 names Mysia as the country whence the best was brought; that of Pontus holding the second rank. 1. (appηpópot, ¿pandópot, éþþnøópoi : Aristoph., Lysist., 642.) -2. (Suid., s. v. Xakcia.)-3. (Harpocr., s. v. Auπvodópos Paus., i., 27, 4.)-4. (De Med., v., 5.)-5. (H. N., xxxii., 4.) -6. (Anc. Mineralogy, p. 60.)-7. (Id. ib.)—8. (De Medicam, Karà Yévn, iii., 2, p. 593, ed. Kühn.-Theophrastus has appeviKóν, c. 71, 89, 90.)-9. (vii., 7.)-10. (v., 121.-Moore, 1. c.)

13

1. (i., 192.)-2. (Strat., iv., 3, 32.)-3. (Didymus, c. 19.)-4. ad Ezech., 5.)-5. (Böckh, Metrolog. Untersuch., p. 242.(Rhemn. Fann., Carmen de Pond. et Mens., v., 89, 90.-Hieron., Wurm, de Pond., &c., p. 133.)-6. (Pind., Pyth., ii., 12.)-7. (Liv., xxv., 23.-Plut., Marcell., 18.)-8. (Hesych., s. v.)—9. (Athenæus, vii., p. 325.)-10. (Dioscor., il., 116, 117.-Adams, Append., s. v.)-11. (Cic., De Nat. Deor., ii., 55: "Sanguis per venas in omne corpus diffunditur, et spiritus per arterias."-Compare Seneca, Quæst. Nat., iii., 15, ◊ 2.-Plin., H. N., xi., 88, 89.) 12. (Epidem., vii., 654, 663, ed. Kühn.)-13. (Aristot., H. A., i., 13, & 5.-Macrob., Saturn., vii., 15.-Aret., p. 24, ed. Kühn.) 14. (Aret., p. 31.-Cic., De Nat. Deor., ii., 54.-Cels., De Med., iv., 1.)-15. (Cels., De Med., iv., 1, Art. quas kapwrides vocant.-Ibid., ., 10.-Plin., H. N., xi., 88.-Aret., p. 31, 277, &c.)-16. (Auct. ad Herenn., iii., 12.-Aul. Gell., N. A., x., 26.-Aret., p. 25, &c.)

ARVALES FRATRES.

ARVALES FRATRES.

Notwithstanding the opinion of many of the an- | the college met at the house of their president, to cients, that the arteries contained only air, it is make offerings to the Dea Dia; on the second they certain that the more intelligent among them knew assembled in the grove of the same goddess, about perfectly well, 1. That they contain blood,' and five miles south of Rome, and there offered sacrifices even that this is of a different nature from that for the fertility of the earth. An account of the which is in the veins. Galen, from whom the last different ceremonies of this festival is preserved in idea is obtained, calls the pulmonary artery phè an inscription, which was written in the first year ¿praping, because it conveys venous blood, al- of the Emperor Elagabalus (A.D. 218), who was though it has the form and structure of an artery. elected a member of the college under the name of 2. That the section of an artery is much more dan- M. Aurelius Antoninus Pius Felix.' The same ingerous and more difficult to heal than that of a scription contains the following song or hymn, vein. 3. That there is a pulsation in the arteries which appears to have been sung at this festival which does not exist in the veins, and of which the from the most ancient times : variations are of great value, both as assisting to form a correct diagnosis, and also as an indication of treatment.*

ARTOP TA. (Vid. PISTOR.)

ARU ́RA (povpa), a Greek measure of surface, which, according to Suidas, was the fourth part of the pov. The épov, as a measure of length, contained 100 Greek feet; its square, therefore, =10,000 feet, and therefore the arura =2500 Greek square feet.

Herodotus mentions a measure of the same name, but apparently of a different size. He says that it is a hundred Egyptian cubits in every direction. Now the Egyptian cubit contained nearly 17 inches; therefore the square of 100×17 inches, i. e, nearly 148 feet, gives the number of square feet (English) in the arura, viz., 21,904.7

ARUS PEX (Vid. HARUSPEX.) ARVA LES FRATRES. The fratres arvales formed a college or company of twelve in number, and were so called, according to Varro, from offering public sacrifices for the fertility of the fields (sacra publica faciunt propterea, ut fruges ferant arta). That they were of extreme antiquity is proved by the legend which refers their institution to Romulus, of whom it is said, that when his nurse Acca Laurentia lost one of her twelve sons, he allowed himself to be adopted by her in his place, and called himself and the remaining eleven "Fratres Arvales. We also find a college called the Sodales Titii, and as the latter were confessedly of Sabine origin, and instituted for the purpose of keeping up the Sabine religious rites,1° there is some reason for the supposition of Niebuhr," that these colleges corresponded one to the other: the Fratres Arvales being connected with the Latin, and the Sodales Titii with the Sabine, element of the Roman state, just as there were two colleges of the Luperci, Lamely, the Fabri and the Quinctili, the former of whom seem to have belonged to the Sabines.

"E nos, Lases, iuvate.

Neve luerve, Marmar, sins incurrere in pleoris :
Satur furere, Mars, limen sali, sta berber:
Semunis alternei advocapit conctos.

E nos, Marmor, iuvato :

Triumpe, triumpe, triumpe, triumpe, triumpe." Klausen, in his work on this subject, gives the following translation of the above:

"Age nos, Lares, juvate.

Neve luem, Mars, sinas incurrere in plures :
Satur furere, Mars, pede pulsa limen, sta verbere:
Semones alterni advocabite cunctos.
Age nos, Mars, juvato:
Triumphe," &c.

But, besides this festival of the Dea Dia, the fratres
arvales were required, on various occasions under
the emperors, to make vows and offer up thanks-
givings, an enumeration of which is given in Fac-
ciolati. Strabo, indeed, informs us that, in the
reign of Tiberius, these priests (iepovýμovec) per-
formed sacrifices called the ambarvalia at various
places on the borders of the ager Romanus, or
original territory of Rome; and among others, at
Festi, a place between five and six miles from the
city, in the direction of Alba. There is no boldness
in supposing that this was a custom handed down
from time immemorial, and, moreover, that it was
a duty of this priesthood to invoke a blessing on the
whole territory of Rome. It is proved by inscrip-
tions that this college existed till the reign of the
Emperor Gordian, or A.D. 325, and it is probable
that it was not abolished till A.D. 400, together
with the other colleges of the pagan priesthoods.

The private ambarvalia were certainly of a different nature from those mentioned by Strabo, and were so called from the victim (hostia ambarvalis), that was slain on the occasion, being led three times round the cornfields before the sickle was put to the corn. This victim was accompanied by a The office of the fratres arvales was for life, and crowd of merry-makers (chorus et soci), the reapwas not taken away even from an exile or captive. ers and farm-servants dancing and singing, as they They wore, as a badge of office, a chaplet of ears of marched along, the praises of Ceres, and praying corn (spicea coroni) fastened on their heads with a for her favour and presence, while they offered her white band. The number given by inscriptions the libations of milk, honey, and wine. This cerevaries, but it is never more than nine; though, ac-mony was also called a lustratio," or purification: cording to the legend and general belief, it amount- and for a beautiful description of the holyday, and ed to twelve. One of their annual duties was to the prayers and vows made on the occasion, the celebrate a three days' festival in honour of Dea reader is referred to Tibullus, lib. ii., eleg. i. It is, Dia, supposed to be Ceres, sometimes held on the perhaps, worth while to remark that Polybius uses XVI., XIV., and XIII., sometimes on the VI., IV., and language almost applicable to the Roman ambarIII. Kal. Jun., i. e., on the 17th, 19th, and 20th, or valia in speaking of the Mantineans, who, he says the 27th, 29th, and 30th of May. Of this the mas-(specifying the occasion), made a purification, and ter of the college, appointed annually, gave public notice (indicebat) from the Temple of Concord on the Capitol. On the first and last of these days,

1. (Aret., p. 295, 303, where arteriotomy is recommended.)— 2 (Galen. De Usa Part. Corp. Hum., vii., 8.)-3. (Cels., De Med, u., 10.)-4. (Vid. Galen, De Usu Puls., De Causis Puls., &c. De Ven. et Arteriar. Dissect.)-5. (ii., 168.)-6. (Hussey, Ancient Weights, &c.)-7. (Wurm, De Ponder., &c., p. 94.)8 (De Ling. Lat., v., 85, ed. Müller.)-9. (Masurius Sabinus, ap. Aul. Gell., vi, 7.)-10. (Tacit., Ann., ., 53.)-11. (Rom. Hist.,, p. 203, transl)—12. (Plin., H. N., xviii., 2.)

carried victims round the city, and all the country: his words are, Oi Mavriveis kabaрμòv kπoiýσaνтo, καὶ σφάγια περιήνεγκαν τῆς τε πόλεως κύκλῳ καὶ τῆς χώρας πάσης.

There is, however, a still greater resemblance to

1. (Marini, Atti e Monumenti degli Arvali, tab. xli.-Orelli, Corp. Inscrip., nr. 2270.)-2. (De Carmine Fratrum Arvalium, p. 23.)-3. (Lex., s. v.)-4. (v., 3.)-5. (Arnold, Rom. Hist., ., p. 31.)-6. (Virg., Georg., i., 330.)-7. (Virg., Eclog., v., 83.)8. (iv., 21, ◊ 2.)

109

60

the rites we have been describing, in the ceremonies | which show that it was depressed to and even of the rogation or gang. week of the Latin Church. of its original weight. Several modern writers These consisted of processions through the fields, have contended, chiefly from the fact of ases being accompanied with prayers (rogationes) for a bless- found of so many different weights, that Pliny's acing on the fruits of the earth, and were continued count of the reductions of the coin is incorrect, and during three days in Whitsun-week. The custom that these reductions took place gradually, in the was abolished at the Reformation in consequence lapse of successive centuries. But Böckh has of its abuse, and the perambulation of the parish shown' that there is no trace in early times of a boundaries substituted in its place.1 distinction between the as grave and lighter money; that the Twelve Tables know of no such distinction; that, even after the introduction of lighter money, fines and rewards were reckoned in as

*ARUNDO. (Vid. KAAAMOE.)

AS, or Libra, a pound, the unit of weight among the Romans. (Vid. LIBRA.)

AS, the unit of value in the Roman and old Ital-grave; and that the style of the true Roman coins ian coinages, was made of copper, or of the mixed which still remain by no means proves that the metal called Æs. The origin of this coin has been heavier pieces are much older than those of two already noticed under Es. It was originally of the ounces, but rather the contrary. His conclusion is, weight of a pound of twelve ounces, whence it was that all the reductions of the weight of the as, from called as libralis and as grave. The oldest form of a pound down to two ounces, took place during the it is that which bears the figure of an animal (a bull, first Punic war. Indeed, if the reduction had been ram, boar, or sow). The next and most common very gradual, it is impossible that the Republic could form is that described by Pliny, as having the two-have made by it that gain which Pliny states to have faced head of Janus on one side, and the prow of a been the motive for the step. ship on the other (whence the expression used by Roman boys in tossing up, capita aut navim3). The annexed specimen, from the British Museum, weighs 4000 grains: the length of the diameter in this and the two following cuts is half that of the original coins.

Pliny informs us that, in the time of the first Punic war (B.C. 264-241), in order to meet the expenses of the state, this weight of a pound was diminished, and ases were struck of the same weight as the sextans (that is, two ounces, or one sixth of the ancient weight); and that thus the Republic paid off its debts, gaining five parts in six: that afterward, in the second Punic war, in the dictatorship of Q. Fabius Maximus (about B.C. 217), ases of one ounce were made, and the denarius was decreed to be equal to sixteen ases, the Republic thus gaining one half; but that, in military pay, the denarius was always given for ten ases: and that, soon after, by the Papirian law (about B.C. 191), ases of half an ounce were made. Festus, also," mentions the reduction of the as to two ounces at the time of the first Punic war. There seem to have been other reductions besides those mentioned by Pliny, for there exist ases, and parts of ases, which show that this coin was made of 11, 10, 9, 8, 3, 14, 14 ounces;

The value of the as, of course, varied with its weight. Some writers, indeed, suppose that a rise took place in the value of copper, which compensated for the reduction in the weight of the as; so that, in fact, the as libralis of Servius Tullius was not of much greater value than the lighter money of later times. But this supposition is directly contradicted by Pliny's account of the reduction in the weight of the as; and it would appear that the value of copper had rather fallen than risen at the time when the reduction took place. Before the reduc

tion to two ounces, ten ases were equal to the denarius about 8 pence English. (Vid. DENARIUS.) Therefore the as 34 farthings. By the reduction the denarius was made equal to 16 ases; therefore the as=2 farthings.

The as was divided into parts, which were named according to the number of ounces they contained. They were the deunx, dextans, dodrans, bes, septunx, semis, quincunx, triens, quadrans or teruncius, sextans, sescunx or sescuncia, and uncia, consisting respectively of 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 14, and 1 ounces. Of these divisions the following were represented by coins; namely, the semis, quincunx, triens, quadrans, sextans, and uncia. There is a solitary instance of the existence of the dodrans, in a coin of the Cassian family, bearing an S and three balls. We have no precise information as to the time when these divisions were first introduced, but it was probably nearly as early as the first coinage of copper money.

The semis, semissis, or semi-as, half the as, or six ounces, is always marked with an S to represent its value, and very commonly with heads of Jupiter, Juno, and Pallas, accompanied by strigils.

The quincunx, or piece of five ounces, is very rare. There is no specimen of it in the British Museum. It is distinguished by five small balls to represent its value.

The triens, the third part of the as, or piece of four ounces, is marked with four balls. In the an

and there are copper coins of the Terentian family nexed specimen from the British Museum, the balls

1. (Hooker, Eccl. Pol., v., 61, 62.-Wheatley, Com. Pray., v., 20.)-2. (H. N., xxxiii., 3.)-3. (Macrob., Sat., i., 7.)-4. (Í. N., xxxiii., 13.)-5. (s. v. Sextant. Asses.)

1. (Metrolog. Untersuch., ◊ 28.)-2. (Böckh, Metrolog. Untersuch., p. 346, 347.)

appear on both sides, with a thunderbolt on one side, | from India, from the vicinity of Carpasus in Cyprus, and a dolphin, with a strigil above it, on the other. Its weight is 1571 grains.

and from Carystus in Euboea. In consequence of being found in the two latter localities, it was someThe quadrans or teruncius, the fourth part of the times called "the flax of Carpasus" (λívov Kapnaas, or piece of three ounces, has three balls to de-ciov1), and also "the Carystian stone" (λiboç Kapúonote its value. An open hand, a strigil, a dolphin, rog2). It was well adapted for making the wicks grains of corn, a star, heads of Hercules, Ceres, of lamps, because it is indestructible by fire; and &c., are common devices on this coin. Pliny' says hence the Greeks, who used it for this purpose, gave that both the triens and quadrans bore the image of it the name "asbestos," which means inextinguisha ship. able. Pausanias mentions that the golden lamp which burned day and night in the temple of Athena Polias, at Athens, had a wick of this substance.

or the Stellio of the Levant. This misapplication | to ȧžéσrov néтpov,1 and denoted a rock in its natuof the term was first made by Belon. The Lacerta ral state. stellio is of an olive colour, shaded with black, and is very common throughout the Levant, and particularly in Egypt. The L. gecko, on the other hand, is a spotted lizard, and some of the species, the Platydactyli for instance, are painted with the most lively colours. The melancholy and heavy air of the Gecko, superadded to a certain resemblance which it bears to the salamander and the toad, have rendered it an object of hatred, and caused it to be considered as venomous, but of this there is no real proof.1