Directions for taking these measurements will be found in the chapter dealing with practical instructions. There are numerous facial measurements from which various indices are obtained, but these do not concern us at present. The cranial index is usually grouped into three series; a skull is said to be dolichocephalic when its index does not exceed 75, to be mesaticephalic between 75 and 80, and to be brachycephalic when over 80. Some investigators who aim at great exactness increase the range in the following There is a tendency in some quarters to extend dolichocephaly up to 77.9, so as to reduce mesaticephaly to the narrow range of 78 to 80. If we take a general survey of the races of mankind, we find that they can be arranged in a manner by taking the mean cranial index of each of the following groups. In all cases the numbers vary about this mean; but where a people is known or presumed to be fairly pure the range of variation is much less than where mixture is known to have occurred. At the first glance it appears as if the cranial indices were too generally distributed over the world to prove of much ethnographical or historical value. This is perfectly true if these indices are considered by themselves. It is only when taken into consideration with other physical characters that the cranial index is of any value whatever. AMERICA. OCEANIA. AFRICA. ASIA. EUROPE. DOLICHOCEPHALS. Scandinavians 73-74 British. Scandinavians.. S. Italians.. 888 76-77 French Basques.. 80 74 Spanish Basques... 76 S. Germans... 75 Parisians. Prussians.. 83 84 85 81 80-82 78 Mongols 71 Negrilloes. .... 74-77 76 Hausas. 77 73 Bedjas 74 Boulous 78 75 Adoumas. 80 The inhabitants of large areas of Asia are distinctly brachycephalic, but among the mixed peoples of China and Japan mesaticephalism is prevalent. In the northern parts of the latter country one finds the remarkable Ainus or Ainos, who differ in so many respects from their Japanese neighbours and conquerors. These very interesting people were formerly much more numerous than they are at present; they probably occupied the whole or the greater part of the Japanese Archipelago, and also considerable tracts of the mainland opposite. They are short-the men range from about 1545 mm. (5 ft. & in.), to 1600 mm. (5 ft. 3 in.); the women are some 75 mm. (3 inches) shorter. The colour of their skin, though of various shades of brown, has a reddish tinge, and more resembles that of a Southern European than an Asiatic; the coarse black hair is long and wavy, and is so profusely developed that the Ainus are the hairiest of mankind. From a careful consideration of all the facts, De Quatrefages' comes to the conclusion that "the Ainus are fundamentally a white and dolichocephalic race, more or less altered by other ethnic elements, of which one, at least, is essentially Mongolic." 2 In India there are two main groups of people—the tall, comparatively fair, dolichocephalic Aryan invaders, and the short, dark, also dolichocephalic aboriginal population. The latter are usually spoken of under the general name of Dravidians (Plate 2, Fig. 1). These dark-skinned people, with abundant black wavy hair, are probably distantly allied to the Melanochroi or dark group of the Southern European (or Mediterranean) stock on the one hand, and to the Australians on the other. The cousins Sarasin have brought forward evidence to prove that the Veddahs of Ceylon are the least modified descendants of that "Proto-Dravidian" race from which the diverse people just mentioned have diverged. The typical Asiatic race, the yellow-skinned brachycephals, are scarcely represented in India, and there only at the northern and eastern frontiers of Bengal. In fact, one would scarcely be wrong in saying that, ethnologically Histoire Générale des Races Humaines, 1889, p. 467. The mean cephalic index of ninety-five Ainu men was 77.3, and that of seventy-one women was 78.4. speaking, India is more " European" and less "Asiatic" than Lapland. Amongst the brachycephalic Asiatics are to be found the Negritoes. So far as their cranial index is concerned it is practically identical with that of the average Japanese, who may be regarded as very characteristic Mongoloids; but when one compares their other physical traits it is at once apparent that we are dealing with two entirely different races. The Negritoes comprise the Mincopies, or natives of the Andaman Islands, in the Bay of Bengal, certain hill tribes of the Malay Peninsula, such as the Semangs, Sakais,' and Senois, and the Aetas of the Philippines. We will take the Andamanese, as they have been most fully studied, and compare them with an average Japanese type.' The stature, colour of the skin, nature of the hair, and the cranial capacity are all anthropological characters of the first rank, and therefore it is needless to enter more fully into the details of the other external or cranial characters. It is sufficient to state that the Andamanese has an infantile cast of countenance, and though he is related to the African Negro on the one hand, and to the Melanesian on the other, yet the common features of these people are, as it were, blurred and softened in our little Andamanese fellow 66 The Sakais were probably of Negrito origin, but they have since become greatly modified. A. de Quatrefages et E. T. Hamy, Crania Ethnica: Les Crânes des Races Humaines, 1882, p. 430. subjects," who, in the words of Sir William Flower,' are probably the least modified descendants of the primitive members of the great branch of the human species characterised by their black skins and frizzly hair." He, however, is careful to point out that "some characters, as the brachycephaly, seem special to the race." The Kalmuk, with his broad face, high cheek bones, prominent brow ridges, narrow eye openings, and wellmarked falciform fold in the inner angle of the eye, flat sunken nose with circular nostrils, and somewhat prominent jaws, combines the distinctive characters of a typical Mongolian. Without going into details which would be out of place here, we find that the representatives of the three main groups of mankind are to be found in Asia. These three groups, whose characters have been so admirably defined by Sir William Flower in his presidential address to the Anthropological Institute in 1885, are2: 1. The Ethiopian, Negroid, or Melanesian, or "black" type. 2. The Mongolian, or Xanthous, or "yellow" type. 3. The Caucasian, or "white" type. The American, or "red," type is regarded by some as a distinct group equivalent to the other three. If one classifies mankind by the character of the hair, it is found that the Negroid peoples all have frizzly hair, that which is often called "woolly." The Caucasians have 3 1 W. H. Flower, "The Pygmy Races of Men," Proceedings Royal Inst. Gt. Brit., 1888; and Journ. Anth. Inst., xviii., 1888, p. 73. Cf. also W. H. Flower, "On the Osteology and Affinities of the Natives of the Andaman Islands," Journ. Anth. Inst., ix., 1879, p. 108; and xiv., 1884, p. 115. 2 W. H. Flower, "The Classification of the Varieties of the Human Species," Fourn. Anth. Inst., xiv., 1885, p. 378. 3 J. S. Stuart-Glennie proposes the name of Hypenetian ("the bearded men") for the Caucasian: the latter term is open to several objections, while |