A Treatise on Surveying and Civil Engineering, Wherein Everything that is Useful and Curious is Demonstrated from Its First Principles |
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Page 14
The meridians are in reality , curve lines , meeting as above in the north and south poles . No two meridians are parallel ; but in small surveys their deviation is so very small , that in practice we may consider them as parallel .
The meridians are in reality , curve lines , meeting as above in the north and south poles . No two meridians are parallel ; but in small surveys their deviation is so very small , that in practice we may consider them as parallel .
Page 30
it is evident the true line of level must be a curve , and make a part of the earth's circumference , or at least parallel to it . But the line of sight BDH ( fig . 14 , ) given by the operation of levels , is a tangent at the point of ...
it is evident the true line of level must be a curve , and make a part of the earth's circumference , or at least parallel to it . But the line of sight BDH ( fig . 14 , ) given by the operation of levels , is a tangent at the point of ...
Page 31
This curve may be considered as nearly an arc of a circle , having for its radius 6 or 7 times the radius of our globe . Hence , to correct the error arising from refraction , we have only to diminish the effect of the earth's curvature ...
This curve may be considered as nearly an arc of a circle , having for its radius 6 or 7 times the radius of our globe . Hence , to correct the error arising from refraction , we have only to diminish the effect of the earth's curvature ...
Page 53
The best curve to give the cross - section of the surface is that of an ellipse . To preserve the cross - section uniform , the overseer should procure a wooden guage resembling a semi - ellipse , by which , he can try the surface curve ...
The best curve to give the cross - section of the surface is that of an ellipse . To preserve the cross - section uniform , the overseer should procure a wooden guage resembling a semi - ellipse , by which , he can try the surface curve ...
Page 56
... is of the greatest importance ; therefore , time should be taken into account . High embankments , deep cuttings , elevated viaducts , long tunnelling , abrupt curves , and expensive bridges should 56 SURVEYING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING .
... is of the greatest importance ; therefore , time should be taken into account . High embankments , deep cuttings , elevated viaducts , long tunnelling , abrupt curves , and expensive bridges should 56 SURVEYING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING .
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Common terms and phrases
abutments adjustment allow angle appears arch base bearing breadth bridge called canal centre chain connected consequently construction contained correct cross crown curve depression depth determine diameter difference direction distance divided division draw earth east effect engineer equal error evident fall feet figure find the area give given greater ground half height Hence horizontal inches inclination land latitude length limb lower manner mean measure meridian method middle miles move multiplied natural nearly necessary object observed parallel pass perpendicular pieces plane plate position possible practice Prob quantity radius railway refraction right angles river road rule screws side sight slope square staff station stone straight stream suppose surface survey taken telescope theodolite thickness triangle true turn upper velocity vernier vertical wedge whole
Popular passages
Page 7 - ... and 48° 15'? Ans. 6 A. 3 R. 18 P. PROBLEM V. To find the area of a triangle when the three sides are given. RULE. From half the sum of the three sides...
Page 23 - ... perfect in both positions of the telescope, the line of collimation in altitude or depression is correct, but if not, the operation must be repeated carefully, until the adjustment is satisfactory. A similar proceeding will also put the vertical line correct, or rather, the point of intersection, when there are two oblique lines instead of a vertical one. The second adjustment is that which puts the level attached to the telescope parallel to the rectified line of collimation. The clips...
Page 54 - The middle 18 feet of pavement is to be coated with hard stones to the depth of 6 inches. Four of these 6 iuches to be first put on and worked in by carriages and horses, care being taken to rake in the ruts until the surface becomes firm and consolidated, after which the remaining 2 inches are to be put on.
Page 54 - All the irregularities of the upper part of the said pavement are to be broken off by the hammer, and all the interstices to be filled with stone chips firmly wedged or packed by hand with a light hammer, so that when the whole pavement is finished there shall be a convexity of four inches in the breadth of fifteen feet from the centre.
Page 54 - Upon the level bed prepared for the road materials, a bottom course, or layer of stones, is to be set by hand, in form of a close firm pavement ; the stones set in the middle of the road are to be 7 inches in depth ; at 9 feet from the centre, 5 inches ; at 12 feet from the centre, 4 inches ; and at 15 feet, 3 inches.
Page 68 - RULE.* To the sum of the areas of the two ends add four times the area of a section parallel to and equally distant from both ends, and this last sum multiplied by £ of the height will give the solidity.
Page 84 - ... the practical architect to adopt his visions, raised another system, which is said to secure a perfectly equilibrated structure, by making an equality at every point of the curve. The deduction from this theory consists in making the height of the wall incumbent on any point of the intrados, directly as the cube of the secant of the curve's inclination to the horizon at that point, or inversely as the radius of curvature there. It must be added, that this theory expects the joints of the voissoirs...
Page 23 - First, make the centre of the horizontal wire coincide with some well-defined part of a distant object; then turn the telescope half round in its Y's till the level lies above it, and observe if the same point is again cut by the centre of the wire ; if not, move the wire...
Page 24 - P; which done, reverse the telescope in its Y's, that is, turn it end for end, which must be done carefully, that it may not disturb the vertical arc, and if the bubble resume its former situation in the middle of the tube, all is right; but if it retires to one end, bring it back one half, by the screw...
Page 25 - ... determined by repeating the observation of an altitude or depression in the reversed positions, both of the telescope and the vernier plate : the two readings will have equal and opposite errors, one half of their difference being the index error.
Bibliographic information
| Title | A Treatise on Surveying and Civil Engineering, Wherein Everything that is Useful and Curious is Demonstrated from Its First Principles |
| Author | P. O'Shaughnessy (Civil engineer) |
| Published | 1848 |
| Original from | Harvard University |
| Digitized | 30 Jan 2008 |
| Length | 98 pages |
| Export Citation | BiBTeX EndNote RefMan |