ference" in both cases. Perchance, if the warden and headmaster had fallen out, they might have experienced the truth of the New Testament maxim about the "divided house." It does not necessarily follow, in that event, however, that the dispossessed poor scholars would have come by their own.

At this date there were eighteen prefects who had power to create an army of " fags." A boy might be "valet " to one in his chamber; breakfast and tea fag to another in Hall; and errand boy and fielder at cricket for any other prefect whom the high gods might haply send his way. Nowadays, it is said, servants do most of the fagging, and in a school of about 450 boys the expenses of a commoner, the pupil of wealthy parents who is not on the foundation, are £210 and more yearly.

Three score bishops and a sprinkling of archbishops, cardinals, lord chancellors, gild in all their purple and mitred majesty the roll of Winchester. To mention a few : there were Chichele, God's scourge upon the backs of the unfortunate Lollards, who, with Thomas Arundel, his predecessor in the See of Canterbury, did all he could to extinguish the poor man's light of knowledge by persecuting the torch-bearers; Warham, the archiepiscopal antagonist of Cardinal Wolsey; Bishops Bekynton and Waynflete, the benefactors of Eton and Winchester; and three of the famous "seven bishops" of Jacobean times. One Maugham, a Wykehamist bishop of Chichester, when commanded as clerk of the closet to read prayers on the outside of Queen Anne's apartments, while that lady amused herself within, refused on principle "to whistle God's word through the keyhole."

Among the statesmen are Addington, the particularly dull, common-place Prime Minister of 1801, and Sir Robert Lowe (Lord Sherbrooke), the witty Chancellor of the Exchequer in Gladstone's Ministry.

But more important than any other category are the Winton poets: Otway, the Restoration dramatist; John

Phillips of the love-locks who wrote, in the early eighteenth century, the excellent, but now little-read Miltonic burlesque of The Splendid Shilling; Collins, the fine poet well-known to readers of Francis Palgrave's Golden Treasury; Young, of the Night Thoughts, who could not run a race with the old dowagers, and hence never attained unto lawn sleeves and a padded throne; and Charles Dibdin, of Naval Ballads fame.

Of famous scholars we may cite Grocyn, Erasmus's tutor; Sir Henry Wotton, provost of Eton; Sir Thomas Browne, the great prose writer of the Commonwealth and Restoration, Religio Medici being, of course, his masterpiece; Anthony, Earl of Shaftesbury, the graceful prosateur of the Characteristics; Sidney Smith, the witty divine who, at Winchester was discovered by Dr. Warton, the headmaster, constructing, by lamplight, a catapult, and commended for his ingenuity by that gentleman, who did not suspect that the weapon was intended for the sudden death of a plump turkey to satisfy the cravings of the contemporary ill-fed Winton boys; and Dr. Thomas Arnold, the Rugbeian reformer. Perhaps one ought not to omit mention also of Lemprière, of classical dictionary fame.

The fellows, who are required to be in priest's orders, are elected by the warden and fellows of the college. They appear to be the trustees of the property of the college, and in 1870, if not now, indeed, they were non-resident. The statutory stipend for them was £5 a year, six yards of cloth, and twelve pence weekly for commons. Their modern allowance, independent of college livings, is said to be £550 per annum each, great part of which was at that time derived from fines received on the renewal of leases of the college estates. The choristers were placed by the statute upon a lower level than those of Eton and Westminster. They were admitted "intuitu charitatis" ("out of considerations of charity") to make the beds of the fellows and help to wait in hall, and to live upon the "fragments and relics" of the fellows' and scholars'

tables, if there were sufficient for them; if not, they were to receive proper nourishment at the expense of the college. They are now "boarded, lodged, educated, and at a suitable age apprenticed at the cost of the foundation."

In conformity with the old statutes, the scholars are elected by the warden, sub-warden, and headmaster of Winchester, associated with the warden and two fellows of New College, Oxford. The original qualifications, preferences, and restrictions were practically the same as at Eton, except that boys born out of wedlock, or in serfdom, were not excluded; a preferential claim was given to boys of the founder's kin. The Oxford University Commission of 1857 made the futile and farcical ordinance, that “the electors may refuse to admit as a candidate any one whom they may deem to be not in need of a scholarship." Until 1854, poor" patrician scholars were admitted by nomination entirely without examination; when, in spite of the timorous opposition of Dr. Moberley, a former headmaster, who "feared that it might be the means of bringing in undesirable boys," a system of examination was inaugurated—but not, oh no, indeed! among poor and indigent boys as candidates.

By the seventeenth century, and doubtless earlier, Winchester had become a fee college, for we find that the foundationers, or poor scholars, were paying £4 os. Id. (contemporary money, but modern value would be about £16). In 1865 the average inclusive cost to the parents of a foundation scholar was about £30.

By the statutes the governing body of Winchester College were empowered to admit filii nobilium et valentium personarium dicti collegii specialum amicorum (sons of nobles and great men, special friends of the said college), but without charge to its funds, although later we find, by old accounts of the college, that they all received gratuitous instruction.

The ancient statutory emoluments of the headmaster

* Our italics.

of Winchester were £10 yearly, with the same commons and allowance of cloth as a fellow, and he was to be lodged with the usher in one of the upper rooms- -a fellow sharing it with them, if necessary. In 1870 the headmaster's net income, from all sources and free of deduction, was said to be £3,000 a year, and he occupied a house rent free, subject to a yearly payment to the college of £350, interest at 3 per cent. on a sum of £10,000 advanced by the college towards the cost of erection. He received £20-£25 each from 100 boarders, £10 10s. each for every patrician or plutocratic commoner, and £7 and £3 5s. respectively for each boarder in or out of his own boarding establishment.

The ostiarius, or usher, anciently received five marks, with a shilling a week for commons, and 5 yards of cloth every year for a gown. In all, his emoluments are about £1,500 a year, and he has also a set of rooms in college. By the statutes, masters were stringently prohibited from "exacting, asking, or claiming " any payment for instruction from the scholars, their parents, or friends. Nevertheless, it became the practice at Winchester to insert a charge of £10 in the bills of each scholar for "master's gratuities," with the words "if allowed" placed in parenthesis. Truly, this was a fine, lawyerlike quibble ! But Dr. Goddard, who was headmaster from 1793-1810, and who received this money, felt qualms about it. If not illegal, it was morally questionable. Thus, after his retirement, the doctor made a voluntary gift of £25,000 worth of stock to the college, the interest of which pays annually dividends of £450 and £300 to the head and second masters respectively. The other masters draw the main part of their remuneration acting as "hotel keepers" --and many of them here and elsewhere, it should be said, find the thing irksome-for boarders not on the foundation. There were formerly seventy fellowships established by Wykeham at New College, Oxford, for which poor scholars at Winchester were exclusively eligible. But the Oxford

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University Commission (1857) converted these to thirty fellowships and thirty scholarships, open to all boys at Winchester, and tenable for five years. In addition, there are two funds of considerable amount for supporting at the university "certain poor and deserving scholars who have been "superannuated without election to New College." One of these endowments, the "Bedminster Fund," consists of the accumulated profits of a copyhold estate producing, in 1870, £468 yearly; whilst the other, styled the "Superannuates' Fund," and increased greatly by subscription, yields £400 per annum. Out of these funds it is the custom to give exhibitions of varying amount (the highest being £50 per annum), tenable for four years at Oxford or Cambridge. These are given by the joint nomination of the warden and the head and second masters. The Clarendon Commissioners recommended that each fellow of Winchester College who should have obtained distinction in literature or science, or should have done long and eminent service in some capacity in the school, should have a fixed, annual stipend of £700.