"Harthacnut betrayed Eadulf the earl [of Northumbria], while under his protection, and he became then a belier of his 'wed"."" The king's half-brother Edward re- | and they who were there nigh took hold turns to England. of him, and he after that spoke not one word, and he died on the 6th of the Ides of June" (June 8). His death occurred at Lambeth, at the marriage of the daughter of Osgod Clapa, with Tofi the Proud, his staller, and he was buried in the old minster at Winchester. "His mother, for his soul, gave to the new minster the head of St. Valentine the martyr." A.D. 1042. "King Harthacnut died as he stood at his drink, and he suddenly fell to the earth with a terrible convulsion; EDWARD THE EDWARD, the son of Ethelred and Emma, was chosen king, although a son of Edmund Ironside (called Edward the Outlaw, the father of Edgar Atheling,) was still alive. He acquired great popularity among his Arms ascribed to Edward Anglo-Saxon subjects by the banishment of several eminent persons of the Danish party, and he was universally admired for his munificence and piety; but his reign was little more than nominal, the real power being exercised by Godwin and his family. the Confessor. From politic motives Edward married Edgitha (or Edith), the daughter of Godwin, but he treated her harshly from dislike to her kindred. He was a foreigner in his habits, and instead of conciliating his great nobles, he surrounded himself with the Norman friends among whom he had been brought up, and it was his constant endeavour to avail himself of their services both in Church and State. The language of his court was French, and he had French chaplains, on whom he bestowed bishoprics; French governors of his castles, and French body-guards, but these were all dismissed on the return of Godwin from the banishment into which their in CONFESSOR. trigues had driven him; and after this event the king is hardly named in the Chronicle, Harold and his brethren occupying instead the most conspicuous place. He died Jan. 5, 1066, at Westminster, and was there buried. Although his partiality for foreigners was the immediate cause of the Norman invasion, Edward's ascetic life procured him canonization, and he was esteemed the patron saint of England until superseded in the 13th century by St. George; the translation of his relics from the old to his new shrine at Westminster, in 1263, still finds a place on the 13th of October in the English Calendar, and more than twenty churches exist dedicated either to him, or to Edward the king and martyr. The arms ascribed to this king, "Azure, a cross patonce between five martlets, or," though of course invented long after his time, are of historical importance, they having been assumed by several kings, and borne as one of the royal standards; and the quartering of them by a private individual was, in the reign of Henry VIII., punished as treason. A.D. 1043. Edward is crowned at Winchester, on Easter-day, April 3. "Archbishop Eadsige hallowed him, and before all the people well instructed him; and though some were Normans and some Flemings; the term "Frenchman" seems with him always an expression of dislike. d From Pope Alexander III. in 1161, but the matter had been prayed for by King Stephen in 1138. Numerous miracles are ascribed to him, as curing the disease since known as "the king's evil," by his touch; others are said to have been worked by his relics. for his own need, and all the people's, | ships of Lothen and Yrling, two Danwell admonished him." ish chiefs, who retire to Flanders with their plunder. The king repairs suddenly to Winchester, in November, and despoils his mother of her lands and treasures, "because she had done less for him than he would, before he was king, and also since." Stigand, bishop of East Anglia, her chief adviser, is deprived of his see, "and all that he possessed was seized into the king's hands." Kent and Essex ravaged by the Siward, who is sometimes incorrectly spoken of as archbishop, died in 1048, when Eadsige resumed the see, and held it till his death, in 1050. It was averted by Magnus being himself attacked by Sweyn of Denmark. They retired to Bruges, then the capital of Baldwin V. of Flanders, who had married Adela of France, widow of Richard III. of Normandy. He seems to have been the general protector of the English fugitives, and when his lawless proceedings brought upon him the vengeance of the em "Rotbeard the Frenchman" (Robert of Jumieges, bishop of London) is appointed archbishop of Canterbury, during Lent. F Eustace of Boulogne (husband of Goda, the king's sister) visits England. On his way home he has a conflict with the people of Dover, and' more than twenty men are killed on each side. "And Eustace escaped with a few men, and went again to the king [at Gloucester], and made known to him, in part, how they had fared. And the king became very wroth with the townsmen. And the king sent off Godwin the earl, and bade him go in a hostile manner to Dover; for Eustace had made it appear to the king that it had been more the fault of the townsmen than his; but it was not so. And the earl would not consent to the inroad, because he was loth to injure his own people." The king summons a witenagemot at Gloucester, in September, to which Godwin and his sons repair with the forces of their earldoms, and demand that Eustace and his men shall be placed in their hands. The king calls on Siward of Northumbria and Leofric of Mercia1 for aid. The witenagemot removed to London, where it assembles Sept. 21. Sweyn is outlawed. Godwin and Harold are summoned to appear, but being refused "safe conduct and hostages, so that they might come, unbetrayed, into the gemot and out of the gemot," they keep away, and are then allowed "a safe conduct for five nights to go out of the land "." Godwin and Sweyn retire to Bruges, Harold and Leofwin his brother go to Ireland; "and soon after this happened, then put away the king the lady who had been consecrated his queen [Godwin's daughter], and caused to be taken from her all which she possessed, in land, and in gold, and in silver, and in all things, and delivered her to his sister in Wherwell ".".... "It would have seemed wondrous to every man who was in England, if any one before that had said that it should be so, for Godwin had been erewhile to that degree exalted, as if he ruled the king and all England; and his sons were earls and the king's darlings, and his daughter wedded and united to the king." William of Normandy visits England "with a great band of Frenchmen; and the king received him, and as many of his companions as it pleased him; and let him away again." Spearhafoc, abbot of Abingdon, and bishop elect of London, is refused consecration by the archbishop, and his place supplied by William, a Norman. 1 Godwin ruled the whole south and west of England, Sweyn possessed the tract between the Thames and the Avon, and Harold held the eastern districts, as far north as the Wash: the Mercian and Northumbrian earldoms occupied the rest of the country. Notwithstanding this, "the king sent Bishop Aldred [of Worcester] from London with a force; and they were to overtake Harold ere he came on shipboard; but they could not, or they would not." "His sister was abbess of the nunnery at Wherwell, near Andover, founded by Elfritha. The king dismisses a portion of his fleet P. A.D. 1052. Emma, the king's mother, dies, in March; she is buried at Winchester. Harold sails from Ireland, and ravages the shores of the Bristol channel. Griffin, the Welsh king, ravages Herefordshire. Godwin sails from Bruges, and, evading the king's fleet at Sandwich, joins Harold. "And they did not much harm after they came together, except that they seized provisions; but they enticed to them all the land folk by the sea coast, and also up the country; and they went towards Sandwich, and collected ever forth with them all the butse-carles [seamen] which they met with; and then came to Sandwich with an overflowing army." The king's fleet having withdrawn, Godwin and Harold follow it to London, where, after some delay, a witenagemot was held, before which "Godwin bore forth his defence; and there justified himself, before King Edward his lord, and before all people of the land, that he was guiltless of that which was laid against him, and against Harold his son, and all his children. And the king gave to the earl and his children his full friendship; and gave his earldom clean to Godwin as full and as free as he before possessed it, and to his wife and his daughter as full and as free as they before possessed it. And they then established between them full friendship, and to all the people they promised good law. And then they outlawed all the Frenchmen, who before had upreared unjust law, and judged unjust judgments, and counselled ill counsel in this land; except so many as they agreed upon, whom the king • The abbot returned to his monastery. He was a skilful gold-worker, and we are told by a Norman writer that, being entrusted with materials for a crown by William I., he fled to Norway with the booty. P He is said by Florence of Worcester also to have abolished the Danegeld, being moved thereto by a miraculous appearance testifying the injustice of the tax; but the contemporary Chronicle does not mention the matter. 4 Sweyn had gone on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, in returning from which he died. liked to have with him, who were true to him and to all his people. "When Archbishop Robert and the Frenchmen learned that, they took their horses, and went, some west to Pentecost's castle, and some north to Robert's castle. And Archbishop Robert, and Bishop Ulf [of Dorchester, in Oxfordshire], and their companions, went out at Eastgate, and slew and otherwise injured many young men, and went their way direct to Eadulf'sness; and he there put himself in a crazy ship, and went direct over sea, and left his pall and all Christendom here on land, so as God would have it, inasmuch as he had before obtained the dignity so as God would not have its" Stigand succeeds to the archbishopric. A.D. 1053. "Hris [Rhys], the Welsh king's brother, was slain, because he had done harm; and his head was brought to Gloucester on Twelfth-day eve." "In this year was the king at Winchester at Easter, and Godwin the earl with him, and Harold the earl his son, and Tostig. Then on the second day of Easter (April 12) sate he with the king at the feast; then suddenly sank he down by the footstool, deprived of speech and of all his power, and he was then carried into the king's chamber, and they thought it would overpass; but it did not so; but he continued on, thus speechless and powerless, until the Thursday, (April 15,) and then resigned his life; and he lies there within the old min ster. And his son Harold succeeded to his earldom, and resigned that which he before held, and Elfgar [son of Leofric of Mercia] succeeded thereto." The Welsh make an incursion," and slay a great number of the English people, of the wardmen, near Westbury." A.D. 1054. | "This year went Siward the earl [of Northumbria] with a great army into Eadulf's-ness is the Naze, in Essex. The situation of the castles mentioned is not known. Some MSS. make this expulsion of the Frenchmen precede the restoration of Godwin and his family. Robert retired to Jumieges, where he had been abbot, and died before 1070. "Without any kind of guilt," according to anether MS.; whilst a third says, "It was cast upon Lim that he was a traitor to the king, and to all the Scotland, both with a ship force and with a land force, and fought against the Scots, and put to flight King Macbeth, and slew all who were the chief men in the land, and led thence much booty, such as no man before had obtained. But his son Osbern, and his sister's son Siward, and some of his house-carles, and also of the king's, were there slain, on the day of the Seven Sleepers," (July 27). Bishop Aldred, of Worcester, is sent as ambassador to the emperor (Henry III.) at Cologne. 66 In this year died Osgod Clapa, suddenly, even as he lay on his bed." "In this year was there so great a murrain among cattle, as no man remembered for many years before." A.D. 1055. Siward the earl dies, early in the year, and is buried at Galmanho, (in York,) "in the minster which himself caused to be built, and hallowed in God's and Olave's name." Tostig, Harold's brother, succeeds to the government of Northumbria. A witenagemot is summoned at London, in Mid-Lent, at which Elfgar is outlawed, "well-nigh without guilt." Elfgar hires a fleet in Ireland, and with the help of Griffin, king of North Wales", defeats Ralf the earl, and burns Hereford, Oct. 24. Harold marches against them, and having fortified Hereford, peace is And then they inlawed Elfgar the earl, and gave him all that before had been taken from him; and the fleet went to Chester, and there awaited their pay, which Elfgar had promised them." A.D. 1056. Leofgar, the mass-priest (chaplain). of Harold, is appointed bishop of Hereford. "He forsook his chrism and his rood, his ghostly weapons, and took to his spear and to his sword, after his bishophood; and so went to the field against Griffin, the Welsh people of the land. And he made a confession of it before all the men who were there gathered; though the word escaped him unintentionally." The husband of his daughter Aldgitha (or Edith), who afterwards married Harold. The son of Goda, the king's sister, by her first husband, Drogo of Mantes, and commander of the Norman mercenaries. He died the following year. king; and there was he slain, and his priests with him, and Elfnoth the shirereeve, and many good men with them; and the others fled away; this was eight days before Midsummer," (June 17). as the time of Constantine (A.D. 313— 337), it had become usual to make to the scenes sanctified by the presence and sufferings of the Redeemer. The caliph Hakem, who ruled Egypt and Syria, in the year 1009 forbade the resort of pilgrims, and destroyed the church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem; but this persecution ceased with his death, and, warned by the outrages they had suffered, the pilgrims now generally travelled in bodies 'It is difficult to tell the distress, and the marching all, and the camping, and the travail and destruction of men, and also of horses, which all the English army endured, until Leofric the earl came thither, and Harold the earl, and Bishop Aldred [of Wor-able and willing to defend themselves cester], and made a reconciliation there between them; so that Griffin swore oaths that he would be to King Edward a faithful and unbetraying underking." A.D. 1057. "Edward the atheling, King Edmund's son, came hither to land, and soon after died; and his body is buried within St. Paul's minster at London." "In the same year died Leofric the earl, on the second of the calends of October, [Sept. 30]; he was very wise for God, and also for the world, which was a blessing to all this nation. He lies at Coventry; and his son Elfgar succeeded to his government." A.D. 1058. Elfgar is again outlawed, but soon reinstated, "with violence," by the aid of Griffin of North Wales. "And this year came a fleet from Norway; it is longsome to tell how all these matters went." Bishop Aldred, of Worcester, having built the minster at Gloucester, goes to Jerusalem, by way of Hungary, "with such splendour as none other had displayed before him, and himself there devoted to God; and a worthy gift he also offered to our Lord's tomb, that was a golden chalice of five marks of very wonderful work." Although Palestine had fallen into the hands of the Mohammedans early in the seventh century, it was not until about the close of the tenth that any serious difficulty was opposed to the pilgrimages which, at least as early if assailed. Such, probably, was the case with the Bishop Aldred and his company, as it certainly was a few years after (A.D. 1064) with the archbishop of Mentz, who, accompanied by three bishops and 7,000 men, proceeded to the Holy City, and on the way sustained a siege in a deserted castle until relieved for a sum of money by a Saracen emir. These armed pilgrims were the precursors of the vast hosts which, before the close of the century, established the Christian kingdom of Jerusalem. A.D. 1061. Tostig and his wife1 make a journey to Rome. A.D. 1063. Harold and Tostig invade Wales, both by sea and land. The country is subdued. Griffin is killed by his own people, Aug. 5, and his head sent to Harold, who brings it to the king. Blethgent and Rigwatla", Griffin's brothers, swear fealty to the king, and are allowed to govern the land. A.D. 1065. The Welsh, under Caradoc, son of Griffin, destroy a fort at Portskewet, (Porth Iscoed, near Chepstow,) which Harold had erected, Aug. 24. The people of Northumbria rise against Tostig's government, outlaw him, and kill his house-carles,_and seize his treasures, in October. They choose Morcar, son of Elfgar, for their earl. Morcar, being joined by his brother One MS. of the Saxon Chronicle has a poetical | tig was consequently a connexion by marriage of ament for him, manifestly written after the Norman invasion. William of Normandy. Called Blethin and Rywallon, by Welsh writers. b Tostig was then at Britford, in Wiltshire, with Judith, sister of Baldwin V. of Flanders; Tos- the king." |