Hickes, calling to his aid two Scottish nonjuring prelates, gave the title of bishop to Jeremy Collier, which was also held by Gandy, Taylor and Bedford, who continued the priesthood, and the Nonjurors remained a distinct communion until the beginning of the present century. Dean Hickes and Jeremy Collier were men of independent spirit, profound learning, and real piety, and they have left behind them many valuable works, those of Collier being principally controversial, while those of Hickes are chiefly in relation to the languages and antiquities of Northern Europe. Two other nonjurors, eminent for their literary labours and their blameless lives, may be mentioned: John Kettlewell, the author of "Christianity a Doctrine of the Cross," and "The Duty of Allegiance settled upon its true grounds," in answer to the publications of Sherlock and other compliers; and Charles Leslie, son of the bishop of Clogher, who went to the court of James Edward, and remained there many years in the vain hope of effecting his conversion. At length, in his 70th year, he wished to return to die in his native country, the government of George I. kindly refused to listen to a notice invidiously given, and Leslie reached Ireland unmolested, where he soon after breathed his last, April 13, 1722, esteemed as one of the most learned men of his age, but still better known for his exemplary piety, his innocent cheerfulness, his humblemindedness and simplicity of heart. Many writers of both their own and more modern times have depicted the Nonjurors in odious colours, and no doubt there were some among them who deserved this; but the great body, when calmly judged, must occupy a much higher place than the turbulent Burnet, the vacillating Sherlock, or the treacherous Churchill, Russell, and others, who drove away their old master, and yet were unfaithful to their new one. A.D. 1692. The earl of Marlborough is suddenly dismissed from all his employments, Jan. 10. The Macdonalds of Glencoe are surprised, and many of them murdered in cold blood, by the positive order of William, Feb. 13. A poll-tax' is voted for "the vigorous carrying on the war against France," [c. 6]. The enlargement of the docks at Portsmouth is ordered, and those at Plymouth are commenced. William goes to Holland, March 5. He returns Oct. 18. One Robert Young forges an asso • See Note, p. 507. f It amounted to ro yearly for the highest, and to 4s. for the lowest; a similar tax was imposed in the next year, but in 1694 the plan of borrowing money for extraordinary expenses was substituted, and the National Debt was thus begun. Young was a man of infamous character, who professed to be in holy orders; he was eventually hanged for coining. h Many of the French ships escaped through a dangerous channel called the Race of Alderney, to St. Malo, others found safety at Cherbourg; but sixteen large ships, and many transports, were destroyed on the beach at Cape La Hogue, on the 24th of May, by fireships, in sight of King James and his army. i The intention was to reduce St. Malo, a noted port for privateers, which did great damage to the English and Dutch commerce, but it was found unassailable. This matter caused a quarrel between the earl of Nottingham (Daniel Finch), who was secretary of state, and virtually at the head of the Admiralty, and Admiral Russell, which eventually caused the latter to withdraw for a while from the ciation in favour of King James in the name of the earl of Marlborough and others. They are in consequence apprehended, but are soon released. Louis XIV. prepares a large fleet to cover an invasion of England. It is attacked by the English and Dutch, near Cape La Hogue, and defeated, May 19. The parliament meets May 24. An act passed for the encouragement of privateers, [4 Gul. & Mar. c. 25]. An expedition is fitted out against the coast of France, (July, August,) but it returns without having effected anything'. service. It was then suspected, and is now known to be true, that Russell was in secret correspondence with King James, still there seems no reason Arms of Russell, earl of Orford. for doubting that he had done his best to destroy the French fleet at La Hogue, and his removal was an unpopular measure, but William preferred it William, in attempting to raise the The merchants complain, by petisiege of Namur, is defeated at Steen- tion, of the ravages of the French kirke, by Luxembourg, Aug. 3. privateers. This gives occasion for The duke of Savoy (Victor Ama-inquiry into the conduct of the war deus II.) invades the south of France, in August. The French Protestants are invited to join him, on the strength of a declaration that the allies will procure the re-establishment of the Edict of Nantes. The Irish parliament meets, Oct. 5. It passes "an act for recognition of their majesties' undoubted right to the crown of Ireland,” [4 Gul. & Mar. c. 1,] and another act to encourage the settlement of Protestant strangers', [c. 2]. The parliament meets Nov. 4, and sits till March 14, 1693. both by sea and land. The Commons take the part of Admiral Russell, while the Peers support the earl of Nottingham. The favour shewn by William to foreign officers is much commented on, but no alteration is made by him. A bill for regulating trials by treason, by giving to the accused parties the benefit of a counsel and a copy of their indictment, is brought into the House of Commons, but is not at present carried". NOTE. THE GLENCOE MASSACRE. GLENCOE is a mountain-pass of Argyle- | shire, near the shore of Loch Leven, which was inhabited by a party of the Macdonalds, who, as lying detached from the great body of their clan, and environed by the Campbells, had received, whether justly or unjustly, the character of greater lawlessness than the rest of the Highlanders; it is certain that they were pretty constantly at war with the earls of Argyle and Breadalbane, the heads of the Campbells, and the influence of those two noblemen was, shortly after the Revolution, used without scruple for their destruction. In 1690 a scheme was devised of bribing the Highlanders who had supported Dundee to lay down their arms, and the distribution of the money, amounting to £12,000, was entrusted to John Campbell, earl of parting with Nottingham. In 1694 Russell was again employed, and in 1697 he was created a peer (earl of Orford), but in 1701 he was, in common with Somers and others, censured for his conduct in regard to the Partition Treaties, his accounts as paymaster of the navy were disputed, and he was charged with conniving at the proceedings of Kidd, a notorious pirate. He was acquitted of these charges without investigation, as the Commons, through a dispute with the Peers, refused to bring forward their evidence; and he was first lord of the Admiralty in the reign of Anne, and also that of George I., but took no prominent part in public affairs. He died in 1727. Some newly raised English regiments were pushed forward against the French household troops, and being, through the jealousy of Count Solmes, under whose orders they were placed, not properly supported, they suffered terrible loss. General Mackay, who was defeated by Dundee at Killiecrankie (see A.D. 1689), was among the slain. The conduct of Solmes, who was charged with saying to his Germans, "Let us see how the bull Breadalbane. The negociations spread over much of the next year, and the earl succeeded with many of the clans, but арparently he did not wish to succeed with Mac Ian Macdonald, the chief of Glencoe; on the contrary, he claimed Macdonald's share of the subsidy as a compensation for injuries which he alleged he had sustained, drove him with insult from an assembly of the chiefs, and so alarmed him with threats of vengeance, that the old man could not venture to disarm. Meanwhile the Scottish government published a proclamation threatening military execution on all who did not lay down their arms and take an oath of submission before the end of the year; one by one the various clans came in, and Macdonald, finding himself alone, at length repaired on the 31st day of De dogs can fight," was severely commented on when the parliament met, and the courtiers had much difficulty in preventing an address for his removal from the service being presented. * See A.D. 1598, 1685. The Protestants knew the bigoted character of the duke too well to listen to his promises. Large numbers of them, however, fought in William's armies on the strength of a similar declaration, but he abandoned their cause without scruple at Ryswick, in order to procure the recognition of his kingly title by Louis XIV. Such persons, on making a declaration against transubstantiation, and condemning the invocation of saints and the sacrifice of the mass as superstitious and idolatrous, were to be allowed to exercise their trades in any corporation, to be taken as natural-born subjects, exempted for seven years from payment of excise, and allowed to worship according to the forms of any foreign reformed Church. It was abandoned by its promoters in consequence of a resolution carried, after much debate, in the House, that it should not come into operation during the continuance of the war. cember, 1691, to Fort William, and of- | His ruin, however, was at hand. Sir John Dalrymple, (known as the Master of Stair,) who was the secretary for Scotland in attendance on William, had strongly opposed the plan of bribing the Highlanders, alleging that lead and steel would be more effectual than silver and gold in reducing them, and had indeed, with a degree of wickedness which seems quite unaccountable, planned a wholesale massacre of the race". He was disappointed by their submission, which was at first sup: posed to be general, but he soon learned with joy that the Macdonalds had exceeded the prescribed time, and he resolved that they should suffer for all the Whether or not he concealed the fact of their submission, he certainly obtained from William an order which can rest. only be read with horror, and which the admirers of that prince vainly seek to palliate by supposing that he signed it without perusing it. It runs thus : "WILLIAM R.-As for Mac Ian of Glencoe and that tribe, if they can be well distinguished from the rest of the Highlanders, it will be proper, for the vindication of public justice, to extirpate that set of thieves.-W. R. " P Dalrymple sent this order to Scotland to Sir Thomas Livingstone, the commander-in-chief, accompanied by directions which, if they had been fully carried out, would have ensured the destruction of every creature in the district of Glencoe. A body of the earl of Argyle's regiment was to march from Fort William, and quarter themselves, apparently as friends, in the valley; two stronger parties were to follow at the interval of some days, and occupy every outlet; and, on a day fixed before-hand, every man under 70 was to be butchered in cold blood, the women and children being expected to perish from the severity of the Lord Macaulay, though a thorough-going admirer of the "men of the Revolution," can scarcely venture to defend him. He says, "To what cause are we to ascribe so strange an antipathy? This question perplexed the Master's contemporaries; and any answer which may now be offered ought to be offered with diffidence. The most probable conjecture is, that he was actuated by an inordinate, an unscrupulous, a remorseless zeal for what seemed to him to be the interest of the state. season. and I hope the soldiers will not trouble the govern- the proper season to maul them in the cold long "Better not meddle with them, than not to do it to purpose, to cut off that nest of robbers, who are fallen in the mercy of the law.” of 120 men marched into Glencoe, Feb. 1, To carry out Stair's directions, a body 1692, under the command of a Captain married to one of the sons of the old chief Campbell, of Glenlyon, who had a niece of the Macdonalds, and who thus readily persuaded them that he came with a friendly intent. He and his men were received with all the welcome that the Highlanders could give them, the officers passing much of their time in drinking and card-playing with the old chief, and the men scattered in parties over the valley. Campbell went to live with another Macdonald, but paid every day a visit to his niece and her husband, turning his journeys to account by attentively surveying the state of all the passes by which attempt at escape might be made. He duly communicated his observations to Lieut.-Col. Hamilton, who had the command of the whole party, and by him, 5 o'clock in the morning of Saturday, February 13, was at length appointed for the butchery. canson, his second in command, Hamilton In announcing the time to Major Dun said, "The orders are that none be spared from 70, of the sword, nor the government troubled with prisoners;" and Duncanson accordingly wrote thus to Campbell "Balacholis, Feb. 12, 1692. "SIR,-You are hereby ordered to fall upon the rebels, the Macdonalds of Glencoe, and put all to the sword under 70. You are to have especial care their party, for their sect, for their country, for their favourite schemes of political and social reform, what they would not do to enrich or to avenge themselves."Hist. England, vol. iv. p. 198. It is very much against the supposition that William did not read this brief order, that it bears his signature both at the beginning and at the end; a fact to which Dalrymple pointedly called the attention of Sir Thomas Livingstone, when he forwarded the paper, saying, "I send you the king's This explanation may startle those who have not instructions, super and subscribed by himself." considered how large a proportion of the blackest P The Campbells and the Macdonalds were he crimes recorded in history is to be ascribed to ill-reditary enemies; hence the choice of the former regulated public spirit. We daily see men do for as the executioners of the meditated butchery. that the old fox and his sons do on no account escape your hands. You are to secure all the avenues, that no man escape. This you are to put in execution at 5 o'clock in the morning precisely, and by that time, or very shortly after it, I'll strive to be at you with a stronger party; if I do not come to you at 5, you are not to tarry for me, but to fall on. This is by the king's special command, for the good and safety of the country, that these miscreants may be cut off, root and branch. See that this be put in execution without fear or favour, else you may expect to be treated as not true to the king and government, nor a man fit to carry commission in the king's service. Expecting you will not fail in the fulfilling hereof, as you love yourself, I subscribe these with my hand, "For their Majesties' service, "ROBERT DUNCANSON. "To Capt. Robert Campbell of Glenlyon." At the appointed hour Campbell commenced the dreadful work by the murder of his host and family, including a child of eight years old, who was butchered by a Captain Drummond. At the same hour his lieutenant, Lindsay, roused up the old chief and shot him; and a serjeant, named Barbour, also shot his host and seven others, while seated unsuspiciously round their hearth. Thus taken by surprise, resistance was impossible, and men, women, and children fled before the murderers; their chance of escape, however, would have been very small, had not Hamilton and Duncanson happily miscalculated the distance, and so arrived several hours too late to stop the passes. As it was, the chief, and at least sixty others, were thus butchered, and fully as many more, principally women and children, perished of cold and hunger among the mountains; but the two sons of the chief, and 150 men beside, saved themselves by flight. When the fresh detachments arrived, at 9 in the morning, the cottages were all burnt, the cattle driven off, and the vale was then abandoned. The news of this atrocity was carried to King James in France almost immediately, and in the course of the ensuing summer it was diffused over England by some of the perpetrators, who, when quartered near London, openly told the story of their crime". The government, however, af Macdonald of Achatriechatan, although he had made submission, and had been formally received into protection some months before. An account published soon after says, "fifty men, six women, and nine children" were shot. A letter giving some particulars had been written from Edinburgh, on April 20, 1692, to a person in London, and, according to a reprint of that letter in 1695, the gentleman to whom it was sent, [Charles Leslie, the nonjuror] did on Thursday, June 30, 1692, when the Lord Argyle's regiment was quartered at Brentford, go thither, and had this story of the massacre of Glencoe from the very men who were the actors in it: Glenlyon and Drummond [the murderer of the child] were both there. The Highlander who told him the story, expressing the guilt which was visible in Glenlyon, said, 'Glencoe hangs about Glenlyon night and " fected to disbelieve the tale, and it was not until after a lapse of three years (May 23, 1695,) that a commission to "inquire into the slaughter of Glencoe" was reluctantly granted, just in time to prevent the institution of an independent inquiry by the Scottish parliament. The commissioners reported a part of the result of their investigation, June 10, and in consequence Breadalbane was committed to custody on a charge of treason. On the 20th the report was announced to be finished, but the lord commissioner (the Marquis of Tweeddale) wished to withhold it on the plea of first presenting it to William, who was on the continent. The parliament, however, whose session was and, as the Roll states, "several members near its close, was not to be thus foiled, insisting" on its production, he laid the paper before the House on the 24th. clause by clause, when the facts above The report was examined by the House stated were found fully established, and beside praying for compensation and future protection for the sufferers', concluded thus: an address was voted to William, which, "This being the state of the whole matter as it lies before us, and which, together with the report transmitted to your Majesty by the commission (and which we saw verified), gives full light to it, we humbly beg that, considering that the Master of Stair's excess in his letters against the Glencoe men has been the original cause of this unhappy business, and hath given occasion, in a great measure, to so extraordinary an execution, by the surprise, and considering the high station and trust warm directions he gives about doing it by way of he is in, and that he is absent, we do therefore beg that your Majesty will give such orders about him for the vindication of your government as you in your royal wisdom shall think fit. And likewise, considering that the actors have barbarously killed men under trust, we humbly desire your Majesty would be pleased to send the actors home", and to give orders to your advocate to prosecute them according to law, there remaining nothing else to be done for the full vindication of your government of so foul and scandalous an aspersion as it has lien under upon this occasion." William did not attend to any of these recommendations. All that he did was to allow the Master of Stair to retire from an day-you may see him in his face." This was in consequence of a petition, presented, July 8, by John Macdonald of Glencoe, "for himself, and in name of Alexander Macdonald, of Achatriechatan, and the poor remnant left of that family," which, among other things, stated that "the poor petitioners were most ravenously plundered of all that was necessary for the sustentation of their lives; and beside all their clothes, money, houses, and plenishing, all burned, destroyed, or taken away, the soldiers did drive no fewer than 500 horses, 1,400 or 1,500 cows, and many more sheep and goats." u These were Lieut.-Col. Hamilton, Major Duncanson, Capt. Campbell of Glenlyon, Capt. Drummond, Lieut. Lindsay, Ensign Lundy, and Serjeant Barbour. office which the public indignation_ren- | Stair did not really go beyond William's dered it impossible for him to hold. intentions in planning the massacre of Breadalbane was set at liberty without Glencoe, although the parliament of Scottrial; no proceedings were taken against land had the complaisance to lay the Hamilton and the others; and the con- blame only on the minister. clusion seems therefore unavoidable, that A.D. 1693. Sunderland is received at court, and advises William to give his confidence to the Whigs, as most favourable to his views of continental politics*. A Pastoral Letter by Bishop Burnet, in which he represented William and Mary as possessing the throne in right of conquest, is condemned by the Commons, and ordered to be burnt, Jan. 23. Annuities are granted, at the rate of 10 per cent., to raise the sum of £1,000,000 for the expenses of the war, [4 Gul. & Mar. c. 3]. William refuses his assent to a bill for triennial parliaments, March 14. The parliament meets March 20. Sir John Somers' is appointed lordkeeper, March 23. William goes to Holland, March 31; he returns Oct. 29. The Scottish parliament meets, April 18. It imposes fines of £200, £600, or £1,200 Scots (£16. 13s. 4d., £50, £100), on absent representatives of burghs and counties, and peers, and orders fresh elections of the two former. It also passes an act requiring all Church ministers to take the oath of allegiance on pain of deprivation. William Anderton, a printer, is executed as a traitor, for having printed two malicious, scandalous and traitorous libels,” June 16. The English and Dutch merchant fleet, under the convoy of Sir George Rooke", is attacked by Tourville near Lagos, and suffers severe loss, June 17. immediately after the Revolution are undeserved. The Tories held that England should not inter-proof that the praises often bestowed on the bench fere in the quarrels of the Continent, but should trust to her navy and her militia, and dispense with a standing army; the Whigs held it most prudent to maintain a large army, with which to help the Germans and the Dutch, and thus prevent the triumph of Louis, who, if successful against them, would, they maintained, next attempt the invasion of England. y He was born at Worcester about 1651, his father, a lawyer, being then a parliamentary colonel. He was educated at Trinity College, Oxford, studied the law, became eminent as a pleader, and having been one of the counsel for the seven bishops, he was named a member of the Convention Parliament, and had an active part in drawing up the Declaration of Right. He was appointed solicitorgeneral, then attorney-general, next lord-keeper, and lord-chancellor and a peer (Lord Somers) in 1697. He was impeached for his share in the conclusion of the Partition Treaties, and though acquitted, the feeling of the House of Commons was so strong against him that he was removed from office. He again joined the ministry under Queen Anne, and exerted himself to forward the Union with Scotland. Lord Somers died April 26, 1716, leaving the character of a great constitutional lawyer and a generous patron of literature (the publication of Rymer's Fodera was greatly promoted by him), but subject to grave imputations in his private life. They were entitled "Remarks on the present Confederacy and the late Revolution," and "A French Conquest neither desirable nor practicable," and in them William was accused of many monstrous enormities, but how this amounted to high treason is not easy to perceive; the judges, however, pronounced it so, and refused to allow the prisoner counsel on the point of law, acting thus like the Commonwealth judges to John Lilburne, and more harshly than even Jefferies himself; a convincing He was born in 1650, of a good Kentish family, entered the navy against the wish of his parents, and was captain of a man-of-war at the time of the Revolution. It was during the next fifteen years that he performed the exploits which have procured him the reputation of one of the first of English seamen. Rooke was employed to relieve Londonderry, in 1689, which he accomplished, and thus gave the first check to the army of King James, and in 1692, by burning a large number of the French fleet at La Hogue, he rendered the king's restoration impossible; for this service he was knighted. In the following year he shewed so much skill and courage in saving a large part of the Smyrna fleet from a vastly superior French force, that he was called to the Admiralty board, and he remained there for some years, although as a member of parliament he freely expressed his disapprobation of many of the measures of the government. In the year 1700 Rooke was sent as an armed mediator to the Baltic, when he established peace between Denmark and Sweden, and on the accession of Queen Anne he was appointed vice-admiral of England. He soon sailed with a powerful fleet, with which he attacked the French and Spanish fleet at Vigo, and gained an immense treasure. In 1704 he captured the strong fortress of Gibraltar, and shortly after falling in with the French fleet which had sailed for its relief, engaged it off Malaga, and chased it into Toulon; the French, however, suffered less in this action than in some others, and claimed the victory; a clamour was raised against Sir George, as if he had not done his utmost, and he was removed from his command. He retired contentedly into private life, and died Jan. 24, 1709, regretted as a brave and skilful sailor, a kind master, and an honest man. |