Edward Hales and Obadiah Walker, sent to the Tower', May 30.

Titus Oates is pardoned, and has a pension of £300 a-year granted to him, June 6.

Dundee maintains himself and his followers in Lochaber. In July he receives a small reinforcement from Ireland, when he attacks General Mackay in the pass of Killiecrankie (near Blair Athol), and totally defeats him, July 27. Dundee, however, is mortally wounded in the action, his followers disperse, and the Highland clans (with some exceptions) lay down their arms.

Colonel Kirk raises the siege of Londonderry, July 30. The Enniskilleners defeat the Irish at Newtown Butler, on the same day.

Marshal Schomberg is sent to Ireland. He reduces Carrickfergus, in August, but his troops being ill supplied, through the dishonesty of the commissaries, suffer great losses from sickness and privation.

The parliament reassembles, Oct. 25. Its chief business was to pass an act [1 Gul. & Mar. sess. 2, c. 2],"declaring the rights and liberties of the subject, and settling the succession of the crown."

This celebrated statute is in effect the same as the Declaration of Rights which accompanied the tender of the throne to William of Orange and Mary his wife. It condemns as illegal, the

• Walker had been sent to the Tower late in the | preceding year, but released on bail. Why he and the others were now imprisoned does not appear; it was probably on some groundless suspicion, as they were set at liberty soon after, but were again arrested before the end of the year. With the exception of Castlemaine and Hales, they were all recent converts to Romanism.

The regular troops were seized with a panic, and fled disgracefully before the Highlanders, as they afterwards did at Sheriffmuir and at Prestonpans; one regiment alone (Hastings', now the 13th Foot) retired in good order.

Dundee was shot through his buff-coat as he raised his arm and cheered on his men to victory. The hopes of the Jacobites fell with him. As before remarked, he is represented in the most odious colours by many Scottish writers, but to their invectives may be opposed the glowing panegyric of Pitcairne, thus rendered from the Latin by Dryden :

"Oh! last and best of Scots, who didst maintain
Thy country's freedom from a foreign reign,
New people fill the land now thou art gone,
New gods the temples, and new kings the throne.
Scotland and thou did in each other live,
Thou wouldst not her, nor could she thee survive.
Farewell, thou living, did support the state,
And couldst not fall, but by thy country's fate."

making or dispensing with laws, the levying of money, or the keeping up a standing army in time of peace, without the authority of parliament; excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel or unusual punishments; also the erection of the Ecclesiastical Commission, or any similar court. It declares grants and promises of fines and forfeitures of particular persons, before conviction, void; claims the right of keeping arms for Protestants; free election to, and freedom of speech in, parliament; the due impanelment and return of jurors; and frequent parliaments, "for redress of all grievances, and for the amending, strengthening, and preserving of the laws." The Lords and Commons "claim demand, and insist upon all and singular the premises as their undoubted rights and liberties; and that no declarations, judgments, doings, or proceedings to the prejudice of the people in any of the said premises ought in any wise to be drawn hereafter into consequence or example." The act then settles the crown on William and Mary, with remainder to the heirs of the latter, in default of which to the Princess Anne and her heirs, and in case of their failure to the heirs of William by any subsequent marriage.

The proceedings of King James's Irish parliament are declared void, [c. 9].

The earl of Peterborough, Sir Ed

Dundee had married Jean Cochrane, the granddaughter of the first earl of Dundonald, and left an infant son, who died shortly after. David Graham (see p. 477), who was with his brother at Killiecrankie, succeeded to the title, was outlawed, retired to France, and died there in 1700; his nephew and his grand-nephew were concerned in the risings of 1715 and 1745, and the latter died, in 1759, a captain in a Scottish regiment in the service of France. Another Scottish noble who fought at Killiecrankie was the earl of Dunfermline (James Seton); he escaped to France, and died there, outlawed, in 1694.

The inhabitants were suffering the extremity of famine, when a boom which had been thrown across the river by the besiegers was broken, and two merchant-ships laden with provisions, escorted by a man-of-war, made their way to the quay. The Irish army retreated in the night of July 31, after losing,las has been estimated, 8,000 men before the walls; the garrison lost about half as many, Colonel Kirk had lain in the bay for six weeks, and was much censured for not having attempted the relief of the town before.

The chief man was one Henry Shales, who had been commissary-general to King James, and he was suspected of an intention to ruin the army, as well as enrich himself. The House of Commons presented an address against him, and he was dismissed.

See pp. 492, 498.

ward Hales, and Obadiah Walker, are committed to the Tower Oct. 26, and the earl of Salisbury Oct. 28, as Romish recusants.

The earl of Castlemaine is also committed as guilty of treason for endeavouring to reconcile the kingdom to the Church of Rome, Oct. 28.

A commission is issued to Lamplugh, archbishop of York, nine bishops, and twenty other divines, directing them to review the Liturgy, Nov. 30. These commissioners had several meetings, and agreed on a number of alterations (inclining to the views of the Puritan objectors of the time of Elizabeth) in the various services; but their recommendations were rejected by the Convocation".

The East India Company begin to aim at military power in India; they build Fort St. David, near Madras ".

A.D. 1690.

The Whigs propose in the House of Commons vindictive clauses in a bill for restoring the charters seized or surrendered in the late reigns. They are defeated on a division, Jan. 10; but carry an instruction to the committee to make a list of persons to be excepted from a proposed Bill of Indemnity, Jan. 21.

The parliament is prorogued, Jan. 27, and is soon after dissolved.

A new parliament is chosen, in

In May, 1690, they were all set at liberty, ap- | parently in virtue of the general pardon then issued, though Castlemaine, Hales, and Walker were by name excepted from it.

Evelyn's remark on this deserves to be quoted: "This is thought to have been driven on by the Presbyterians, our new governors. God in mercy send us help, and direct the counsels to His glory, and good of His Church!" Dr. Tillotson, who was favourable to the comprehension of the dissenters, was proposed as prolocutor of the Convocation, but they chose instead Dr. Jane, the author of the Oxford Decree of 1683, a man who had ever steadily adhered to the Church, and he was now a chief instrument in the rejection of the intended alterations.

They had purchased the village of Madraspatnam as early as in 1643, but had not ventured to fortify it, lest they should give umbrage to the natives. The bolder course which they now took was at the counsel of Sir Josiah Child, who had long been the governor of the company. A rival association was formed about this time, and to prevent it obtaining a legal establishment vast sums were expended in bribes to courtiers and others by Child and his associates. See A.D. 1695.

This was in addition to a sum of £30,000 yearly, bestowed on her at her marriage. d See A.D. 1683.

The first bill proposed that all office-holders

which the Tories greatly outnumber the Whigs.

The duke of Lauzun arrives in Ireland with a body of French troops to assist King James.

The parliament meets March 20, and sits till May 23. Sir John Trevor is chosen Speaker.

William and Mary again acknowledged as king and queen, and the legality of the late parliament affirmed, [2 Gul. and Mar. c. 1].

A grant of £20,000 a-year is settled by the parliament on the Princess Anne, [c. 3].

The king appointed to have the sole administration of the government while in England, but the queen to rule in his absence, [c. 6].

The quo warranto proceedings against the city of London made void, [c. 8].

The Whigs successively introduce two bills to punish severely all who may decline to abjure King James. They are defeated, and at length (May 20) an Act of Pardon and Indemnity is passed, [c. 10].

The great seal is committed to a fresh body of commissioners, Sir John Trevor, Sir William Rawlinson, and Sir George Hutchins, May 15.

William leaves London for Ireland, June 4. He lands at Carrickfergus, June 14, and advances southward, reaching Dundalk June 27. King James marches from Dublin, June 16,

(including the clergy) should be obliged to abjure King James, on pain of deprivation, and, still more harshly, that any magistrate might at his discretion tender the oath to any person not holding office, who by declining it should become liable to perpetual imprisonment; the second measure substituted double taxes and loss of the electoral franchise. Such vindictive legislation shews how truly illiberal the great adherents of the Revolution were. William, though of a harsh nature, was too much of a statesman to lend himself to proceedings which would probably have brought about a new revolution, and he deserves the credit of procuring the passing instead of a bill of Indemnity, clogged with no unreasonable number of exceptions.

f Beside the few still surviving regicides, thirtyone persons were excepted by name from its benefit. Among them were the marquis of Powis the earls of Castlemaine, Huntingdon, Melfort, and Sunderland; the bishops of Durham and St. David's; Lord Dover and the late Jefferies; Lord Thomas Howard, Sir Edward Hales, Edward Petre, and Obadiah Walker. Several of these were in France, and those who were in England were given to understand that they would not be mo lested if they remained quiet.

He was deprived of the Speakership and expelled the House for bribery, in 1695, but was allowed to retain his judicial office of Master of the Rolls until his death, which occurred in 1717.

and encamps on the river Boyne, above Drogheda.

The English and Dutch fleets are defeated off Beachy Head by the French, June 30, and obliged to seek

shelter in the Thames.

The French fleet has the command of the Channel. A landing is effected in Sussex, and Teignmouth is afterwards burnt, July 23. A host of volunteers marches towards the coast, and the French soon withdraw without fighting, but the allied fleet does not return to the Downs till Oct. 8.

The earl of Clarendon and Sir John Fenwick released from the Tower, Aug. 15.

King James's army is defeated at the Boyne, July 1. He flees to Dublin, and shortly after embarks at Waterford for France.

William enters Dublin, July 6, and then marches to the south of Ireland, while James's partisans retire towards the west.

William captures Waterford, July 25, and besieges Limerick from Aug. 8 to Aug. 30, when he is obliged to raise

One Godfrey Cross, an innkeeper of Lydd, was afterwards executed for holding intercourse with them.

iHis army was about 30,000 strong, of which 10,000 were French foot and Irish horse, who bore the brunt of the action; the rest were ill-armed and ill-disciplined Irish foot, who fled almost without a blow. William had 36,000, of whom one half were English or Scotch (including a strong body of the defenders of Londonderry and Enniskillen); the rest were a horde of mercenaries, consisting of French Huguenots, Dutch, Danes, Brandenburgers. and even Finlanders. James lost 1,500 men, and William but 500; among them were Schomberg, and Walker, who had just been named a bishop. The duke of Grafton (Henry Fitzroy, a natural son of Charles II.) was mortally wounded in the assault, and died Oct. 9. He had been brought up to the sea, but was also colonel of a regiment of the foot-guards, with which he secured Tilbury Fort for William; he served with distinguished gallantry at the battle of Beachy Head, and had accompanied Marlborough to Ireland as a volunteer.

1 His campaign lasted only about a month. The command in Ireland was then given to Ginkell, who maintained through the winter a desultory war with the dispersed parties of the Irish.

The natural son of King James. Patrick Sarsfield was the son of a gentleman of the English pale who was so fortunate as to regain his estates, which had been seized by the parliamentarians. Sarsfield had served with high reputation abroad. He fought gallantly at the battle of the Boyne, and by an adroit surprise of William's artillery compelled him to abandon the siege of Limerick. When that city afterwards surrendered to Ginkell, Sarsfield (who had by James been created earl of Lucan) repaired to France, and was killed at the battle of Landen, in 1693. His widow (a granddaughter of the marquis of Clanrickarde who defended Galway against the parliament,-see

the siege. He returns to England, Sept. 6.

The earl of Marlborough takes the command in Ireland. He captures Cork, Sept. 28, and Kinsale, Ốct. 5, and then returns to England'.

Tyrconnel, King James's lieutenant, retires to France, leaving his civil authority to a council, and his military power to the duke of Berwick", but the real head of the Irish is now Sarsfield ".

The parliament reassembles Oct. 2, and sits till Jan. 5, 1691.

Commissioners appointed to audit and control the public accounts, [2 Gul. & Mar. sess. 2, c. 11].

The earl of Torrington is tried by a court-martial for his behaviour in the action off Beachy Head". He is acquitted, Dec. 10, but William dismisses him from the service.

A.D. 1691.

William goes to Holland, Jan. 16, to attend a congress at the Hague, to concert measures against France". He returns to England, April 13.

p. 448) afterwards married James Fitz-James, duke of Berwick.

The persons named in the act are Sir Robert Rich, Sir Thomas Clarges, Paul Foley, Colonel Robert Austen, Sir Matthew Andrews, Sir Benjamin Newland, Sir Samuel Barnardiston (see p. 480), Sir Peter Colleton, and Robert Harley. Any five of them were empowered to make a searching examination as to the " many great revenues, sums of money and provisions" which had been raised or granted since Nov. 5, 1688, for carrying on the war they were to inquire on oath as to any pensions payable to members of parliament out of the revenue, and to take an account of the crown lands and other branches of the revenue, of prizes made during the war, and of public stores of every description. They were to have £500 each for their labour, and their commission was to last but one year. The commissioners discovered many most scandalous frauds and embezzlements, and it was found necessary to reappoint them the next year, [4 Gul. & Mar. c. 11]. Special commissioners were thus appointed year by year until 1785, when a permanent Board of Public Accounts was established by Mr. Pitt.

P He was accused of having, "through treachery or cowardice, misbehaved in his office, drawn dishonour on the British nation, and sacrificed our good allies, the Dutch." He defended himself with spirit; shewed that he had been obliged, by positive orders issued without due consideration by the ministry, to fight a greatly superior force (the French had 82 ships against his 56), and that the Dutch had been destroyed by their own rashness. He concluded by saying that his conduct had saved the English fleet, and that he hoped an English court-martial would not sacrifice him to Dutch resentments. His reasons appeared conclusive, and his acquittal gave general satisfaction to the nation, though it was very distasteful to William and his foreign councillors.

9 It was agreed that an army of 222,000 men

A bill for giving counsel to persons accused of treason is passed by the Commons, but in consequence of a quarrel with the Peers it is abandoned'.

The archbishop of Canterbury, and the bishops of Bath and Wells, Ely, Gloucester, Norwich, and Peterborough, still refusing to take the oaths to the new government, steps are taken to fill their sees.

Tyrconnel returns to Ireland in the spring, but dies shortly after, at Limerick. He is soon followed by St. Ruth, a French officer, who undertakes to reorganize the Irish forces.

John Tillotson", dean of St. Paul's, is nominated to the see of Canterbury, April 22, and consecrated May 31. The other sees are filled up shortly after.

The nonjuring clergy are accused of

should be raised, by England, Holland, the Emperor and the German states, Spain, Savoy, Sweden, Denmark, and Poland, to obtain redress from Louis for numerous acts of injustice offered by him to each; so many active enemies had his long course of ambition and perfidy called up.

Formerly secretary of state in succession to Sunderland. See A.D. 1688.

He was suspected of having saved himself by some important disclosures, for which he was severely censured by his party; he retired into the country, and died soon after.

The Peers demanded that any one of their number accused of treason should be tried by the whole House, and not, as was often done, by a certain number named by the crown; the Commons refused to concur, alleging that the privileges of the peerage were too extensive already. This particularly alluded to a recent trial, where Lord Mohun, a profligate young man, though clearly guilty of a deliberate murder, had escaped punish

ment.

He was born in 1630 at Sowerby, in Yorkshire, and was educated under puritanical instructors at Clare Hall, Cambridge, but he readily complied with the Act of Uniformity, and though still a young man, was soon after appointed preacher at Lincoln's Inn. In 1672 he obtained the deanery of Canterbury, but inclined to the Whig party, and attended Lord Russell on the scaffold. At the Revolution he obtained the confidential post of clerk of the closet, and he was now, against his own wish, as he asserted, raised to the primacy. He held that eminent office but a short time, dying Nov. 22, 1694. Tillotson was a popular preacher, but some of his contemporaries pointed out passages in his sermons in which he indicated rather than advanced opinions bearing a close resemblance to the impious speculations of Hobbes and other

unbelievers.

* Simon Patrick, dean of Peterborough, and Edward Stillingfleet, dean of St. Paul's, had been consecrated bishops of Chichester and Worcester, Oct. 13, 1689. Bishop Patrick was now translated to Ely, July 2, 1691; Edward Fowler, John Moore,

William again goes to the Continent in May, attended by Marlborough. He returns Oct. 19, after a campaign of little importance.

General Ginkell effects the reduction of Ireland. He takes Baltimore, June 8, and captures Athlone, after a short siege, June 30; defeats and kills St. Ruth, the French general, at Aghrim, July 12, and captures Galway, July 21.

A truce concluded between the government and the Jacobite leaders in Scotland, June 30. It was to extend to October I.

The earl of Dartmouth is committed to the Tower, July 31. He dies a prisoner, Oct. 21, without having been brought to trial'.

Military execution is threatened by proclamation, in August, against all the clans in the Highlands, unless

and Richard Cumberland were consecrated, July 5, as bishops of Gloucester, Norwich, and Peterborough and Richard Kidder, as bishop of Bath and Wells, Aug. 30.

The charge was made in a pamphlet entitled A Modest Enquiry into the Causes of the present Disasters of England, in which they were, under the name of " the Lambeth holy club," pointed out as fit objects for popular vengeance. The threatened prelates in reply published a paper, which concluded by saying that "as the Lord had taught them to return good for evil, the unknown author of the pamphlet having endeavoured to raise in the whole English nation such a fury as might end in De-Witting them-a bloody word, but too well understood (see A.D. 1672), they recommended him to the Divine mercy, humbly beseeching God to forgive him. And as they had, not long since, either actually or in full preparation of mind, hazarded all they had in the world in opposing popery and arbitrary power in England, so they should, by God's grace, with greater zeal, again sacrifice all they had, and their very lives too, if God should be pleased to call them thereto, to prevent popery and the arbitrary power of France from coming upon them and prevailing over them, the persecution of their Protestant brethren there being fresh in their memories."

He was charged with having disclosed the weak points of Portsmouth (where he had long been governor) to the French, but he was able to appeal to the members of the privy council as to whether he was likely to do this, having in the preceding reigns been conspicuous for his dislike to "the French faction," in which, as he said, "he had not a single friend, man or woman." His real offence, beside being grateful for benefits received from King James, seems to have been, that, as an experienced seaman, he had spoken slightingly of the conduct of both the English and Dutch admirals at the battle of Beachy Head, and that an idea of again employing him had been entertained by William, which was distasteful to some of the members of the government.