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the judges, or of the bishops. It appears, on the contrary, that Charles frequently interfered personally in their favour; that the judges (as Chief Justice Hale, and Mallet) often dismissed complaints against them; and that the bishops after conviction many times procured relief from the penalties of the law for men who seem to have courted persecution.

Happily, there is a more favourable aspect in which we are able to contemplate a number of the ejected preachers of St. Bartholomew's Day. Many of them (generally those who, having episcopal ordination, might have been expected to remain) quietly withdrew rather than renounce the Covenant, but continued in communion with the Church, and constantly attended the ministrations of their successors; indeed, in several instances, friendships sprang up between them; in some cases

A severe law passed against the moss-troopers in the north", [c. 22]. The earl of Strafford's attainder reversed, [c. 29].

Printing regulated by statute, all books being obliged to be licensed by persons appointed, [c. 33]. As in the Star-chamber decree of 1637, unlicensed printing is prohibited, and the number of printers is limited, but forfeitures of £5, or of the prohibited books, and disability to follow the occupation, and for a second offence corporal punishment "not extending to life or limb," appear instead of the severe penalties of the preceding reign.

the dissentients were allowed to remain in the rectory-house, and the legal incumbents became lodgers with them; in other cases they were voluntarily allowed a pension from their forfeited benefices; and they even sometimes officiated in the churches without any proceedings being taken against them: facts, these, which shew how unjust is the charge of a persecuting spirit when made against the clergy of the Restoration. Men thus treated could hardly retain permanently a hostile feeling against the Church, and accordingly we find many of them bringing up their sons for the priesthood. Bishop Fowler, of Gloucester; Dean Massey, of Christ Church; Benjamin Calamy, and several other clergymen of less note, all were sons of men who left their benefices on St. Bartholomew's Day.

The king marries Katharine of Braganza, receiving a large sum of money as a portion, the fortress of Tangier', in Africa, and the island of Bombay, May 20.

Sir Harry Vane and Lambert are, by the wish of the parliament, brought to trial in June and convicted. Vane is executed June 14, but the life of Lambert is spared.

A rising projected by Ensign Tongue and others, June. It is detected, and Tongue and three of his associates are executed, Dec.

Dunkirk and Mardyke given up to the French, Nov. and Dec.

IRELAND.

ON the fall of the Protectorate in | had won with the sword being secured England, the officers of the army in Ireland took the government into their own hands. They called a Convention at Dublin, in which none but their own partisans were allowed to appear, and made an offer of establishing Charles II. on the throne on condition of the possessions which they

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to them. The king closed with the proposal, utterly neglectful of the fact that a very large portion of the lands had been wrested from his own adherents. On the Restoration, the duke of Albemarle was appointed lord-lieutenant, and Lord Robartes, a Parlia mentarian, his deputy, but neither

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whose loyalty was at best precarious, to the utter neglect of thousands who had suffered in the king's cause.

went to Ireland, and in 1662 the diffi- | Ireland was legally assured to men cult task of adjusting the thousand conflicting claims which twenty years of war and illegal government had produced, was entrusted to the duke of Ormond.

By his Declaration of 1660 the king had promised to reinstate the dispossessed proprietors who had not borne arms against him, and also to compensate the intruding holders who might in consequence be removed; but he put these acts of common jus- | tice out of his power by lavish grants of forfeited lands to his brother the duke of York, the duke of Ormond, the duke of Albemarle, and others. The Cromwellian soldiery observed this, and being in possession, they determined not to part with their spoil. They or their nominees formed the majority of the Irish Parliament, and all claims were in consequence sacrificed to theirs. Thus the Act of Settlement [14 & 15 Car. II. c. 12] was passed, by which, on the payment to the king of a slight fine, nearly the whole of the cultivable land of

A.D. 1663.

The parliament meets, Feb. 18, and sits till July 27.

The profits of the post office and wine licences granted to the duke of York, [15 Car. II. c. 14.]

The clergy grant a subsidy to the

crown.

The republican party attempt an in

See p. 455.

The duke of York received 170,000 acres, being the Irish lands that had been held by Cromwell and ixty-eight other regicides; 260,000 acres were allotted to the duke of Ormond and his family; £7,000 a-year to the duke of Albemarle; beside smaller amounts to others, many of whom had no connexion with the sufferings or losses of the Irish war. Lands to the yearly value of £4,300 were granted to improve the revenue of various sees: £2,000 for the foundation of a new college, called King's College; 300 for Trinity College, Dublin, and £1,000 for a foundling hospital.

The adventurers paid one year's, the soldiers a half-year's, value of the lands.

• One year's rent was also levied on the lands, to raise the sum of £300,000; of which £100,000 was a gift to the king, £50,000 for the duke of Ormond; and the remainder was meant to afford a money compensation for those who did not receive lands; but it was never paid to them.

A Court of Claims, however, sat, and in a few months it pronounced several hundred of the dispossessed proprietors innocent of all concern in the rebellion of 1641, and consequently entitled to restitution. The Cromwellians became alarmed, and to stop its proceedings agreed to pass an Act of Explanation [17 & 18 Car. II. c. 2], by which they gave up one-third of their former grants to fulfil the purposes of the king's Declaration. This, however, was done but very insufficiently. Forty-nine Protestant royalist officers received payment of their arrears incurred prior to the year 1649, and the earl of Westmeath and fiftythree other noblemen and gentlemen obtained each 2,000 acres of land', but the great body of those who had lost their estates, from whatever cause, since 1641, were left absolutely without redress, and in most cases in abject poverty.

surrection in the north, in the summer but are speedily suppressed".

Archbishop Juxon dies, June 4. He is succeeded by Sheldon, bishop of London'.

The Dutch and English trading companies on the coast of Africa quarrel, which eventually gives rise

to a war.

This is the last instance, though their right to assess themselves has never been formally abandoned. They are now taxed, with the rest of the community, by their representatives in parliament; a change which has extinguished the political power of the convocation.

Many arrests followed, particularly of Colonel Hutchinson, (see A.D. 1660,) who was car ried first to the Tower, and afterwards removed to Sandown Castle, near Deal, where he died, Sept. 11, 1664.

On

i Gilbert Sheldon, a native of Staffordshire, had been warden of All Souls' College, Oxford, but was expelled by the parliamentary visitors. the Restoration he was made dean of the chapel royal, then bishop of London, and was now advanced to the primacy. He had as bishop of London shewn himself disposed to give full effect to the Act of Uniformity, and he acted a consistent part in maintaining the lawful supremacy of the Church, though without any failure in charity to its opponents. His liberal patronage of learning endowed the University of Oxford (of which he was chancellor) with its Theatre, and his munificence in private life was unbounded. The archbishop died, deeply regretted, Nov. 9, 1677.

This was the maximum, though the estates of many had been very much greater; where they were less, they only received the exact amount; and no compensation was even pretended to be made for manor-houses destroyed, timber and stock carried off, or the loss of any property other than land.

Guineas k are first coined in Eng- out leave, they were declared felons without benefit of clergy".

land.

A.D. 1664.

Sir Robert Holmes, dispatched by the African Company, captures several Dutch settlements on the African coast, early in the year. In the summer he crosses the Atlantic, and reduces New Amsterdam (now New York), Aug. 27. De Ruyter retaliates on the English in Guinea and in the West Indies.

The parliament meets, March 16, and sits till May 17.

Great numbers of Dutch vessels are captured in the narrow seas, and the parliament votes funds for war.

An act passed for triennial parliaments, [16 Car. II. c. 1].

An act to prevent and suppress seditious conventicles, [c. 4]. This act, which appeared necessary to give effect to the Act of Uniformity, declares the statute of Elizabeth "to retain the Queen's subjects in obedience" to be still in force, and that it ought to be put in due execution. Any person above sixteen years of age being present at an unlawful assembly ", was to incur fine or imprisonment: £5 or three months, £10 or six months, for the first two offences; but to be transported for seven years for the third, unless he paid a sum of £100. Married women were liable to be imprisoned for twelve months, instead of being transported. Those transported were to pay the cost of the same by the sale of their goods, or in default were to be bound to merchants as labourers for the term of five years; and if they escaped, or returned to England with

They had their name from the gold being brought from Guinea by the African Company, of which Prince Rupert was at the head.

1 See A.D. 1593.

To detect these, houses might be broken open; and the owner who knowingly suffered conventicles, even though not present, was to be proceeded against as well as the rest. The act was to continue only three years, but it was renewed.

"The reason of this act is said to be "the growing and dangerous practices of seditious sectaries and other disloyal persons, who under pretence of tender consciences do at their meetings contrive insurrections, as late experience hath shewed." "A certain sect called Quakers, and other sectaries are said to hinder the administration of justice by obstinately refusing to take oaths, for which they also are rendered liable to transportation.

Many of the young courtiers had embarked in the admirals' ships, and there were killed of them

A.D. 1665.

War is declared against the Dutch, Feb. 22.

The English fleet, commanded by the duke of York, (assisted by Prince Rupert and the earl of Sandwich,) puts to sea in April, and blockades the Dutch ports. It is at length driven off by bad weather, when the Dutch put to sea, but are defeated with great loss in Solebay (off Lowestoft °), June 3, and pursued to their own shores.

London is ravaged by the plague, of which 100,000 persons die in the course of the year".

A Dutch merchant fleet of great value takes refuge in the harbour of Bergen. It is unsuccessfully attacked there by the English, Aug. 3, but is rescued by the pensionary De Witt.

Many of the English republican party take refuge in Holland, and plan an invasion. Eight persons are executed on such a charge, Sept. 1.

An act passed for restraining nonconformists, [17 Car. II. c. 2]. By this, which is commonly known as the Five-mile Act, persons who had enjoyed ecclesiastical preferment, and who refused to take the oath of non-resistance, were forbidden to come within five miles of any corporate town, except in travelling; they were also disabled to keep schools.

The publication since known as the "London Gazette," commenced at Oxford, Nov. 7.

Louis XIV. of France joins the Dutch in their war against England. He formally declares war, Jan. 16, 1666.

the earls of Falmouth and Portland, Lord Muskerry, Mr. Boyle, son of the earl of Burlington, and seve ral others of less note. The earl of Marlborough (who commanded the Old James) was also killed, and Sir John Lawson, an admiral under the Commonwealth, was mortally wounded.

P In July the deaths were 1,100 weekly, but this number increased to 10,000 in September, and Evelyn, having about the middle of the month to pass through the city, remarks in his Journala dismal passage and dangerous, to see so many coffins exposed in the streets, now thin of people; the shops shut up, and all in mournful silence, as not knowing whose turn might be next.'

De Witt was the head of the republican party, which had abolished the stadtholdership. He was a man of talent and courage, but he needlessly em broiled his country with both France and England, and he at last fell a victim to popular vengeance.

The king then held his court in that city, in consequence of the plague.

NOTE.

LOUIS XIV., HIS MINISTERS, GENERALS, AND ADMIRALS.

SOME brief notice of these men appears to be necessary, as their actions had an important influence on English affairs from at least the time of the Restoration down to the accession of the House of Brunswick.

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superior in Marlborough, and his armies had been ruined by the terrible defeats of Blenheim, Ramillies, Oudenarde, and Malplaquet. Louis died soon after the close of the war of the Spanish succession, Sept. 1, 1715, and he, le Grand Monarque, who had so long afflicted all nations by his mad ambition, was pursued to the grave by the execrations of his own people.

The chief statesmen of Louis were Colbert and Louvois; of whom the first, by a wise commercial policy, provided the funds which the other dissipated in war.

Jean Baptist Colbert, the comptrollergeneral of finance, was born at Reims in 1619, of humble parentage. He was first employed by the chancellor, Le Tellier, then by Mazarin, and was by the latter recommended to the king. On the disgrace of Fouquet, the finance minister, Colbert was called to his place, and he shewed himself a patron alike of trade and manufactures, and of arts and sciences; he may be said to have been the founder of the French marine, and he improved the interior of France by the formation of roads and canals. His services were such that he retained the royal favour, although refusing to abjure Protestantism, and he died in office in 1683.

Louis XIV., the son of Louis XIII. of France and Anne of Austria, was born September 5, 1638. He succeeded to the throne in 1643, and in his childhood and youth the possession of his person, in order to exercise authority in his name, fiercely contended for by a variety of factions. The young king's education was superintended by Cardinal Mazarin, who inspired him with a thirst for universal dominion. When Louis grew up, he endeavoured to carry this into practice, and the whole of his long reign was employed in encroachments on his neighbours, utterly regardless of the most solemn treaties, and trying to attain his ends by carrying on war in the most barbarous spirits. Both Charles and James of England meanly submitted to become his tools, but William of Orange boldly withstood him, and became the head of a league composed of almost every European state, formed for the avowed purpose of obliging him to respect the rights of his neighbours. Louis, however, had able ministers and generals, Francis Michael Le Tellier, marquis and for a long time he was successful in Louvois, the son of Colbert's early patron, most of his undertakings. He seized on was born in Paris in 1641, and came into the Spanish Netherlands and on several office, as minister of war, at the age of districts of Germany, brought the Dutch to twenty-five. He was a talented, but cruel the very brink of ruin, coerced alike the man, and though his measures caused many Algerines, the Genoese, the pope, and the of the early successes of Louis, they were kings of Spain and Portugal, established the direct cause of the great league evenan influence among the Christians of the tually formed against him. Louvois is East which France has never since lost, said to have devised the barbarous ravage and created such fleets and armies as had of the Palatinate with fire and sword; he never before belonged to any French king. also was a strenuous advocate for the reBut he lived to experience bitter reverses. vocation of the Edict of Nantes; but his His revocation of the edict of Nantes (see schemes failed, his master's troops were A.D. 1598) gave a heavy blow to the rising checked, the minister fell into disgrace, and commerce of his country, by driving into died so suddenly, in the year 1691, that exile hundreds of thousands of industrious the event was ascribed to poison. After artizans; his fleets were defeated, and at his death, the king no more gave such length obliged to seek shelter in their har- unbounded power as Louvois had possessed bours from the attacks of Admirals Rus-into the hands of any of his ministers. sell, Rooke, and others; and though he succeeded in obtaining the Spanish monarchy for his grandson, this was the effect rather of the dissensions in the palace of Queen Anne, than of his arms, as his greatest generals had at length found their

• As one instance may be mentioned the merciless ravage of the Palatinate in 1688.

1 Other generals and admirals not inferior in re

Of Louis' generals, one of the most able was Francis Henry de Montmorency Bouteville, duc de Luxembourg. He was born in 1628, was aide-de-camp to the Prince of Condé, followed him in his quar rels with the court, but was afterward

nown to those here noticed are omitted, as not being connected with English history; for instance. Condé, Turenne, and Duquesne.

taken into favour, and had a prominent part in the conquest of Franche Comté in 1668, and in the campaign in Holland in 1672. Luxembourg, who was of a spirited, generous temper, had fierce quarrels with the imperious Louvois, was in consequence for a while imprisoned in the Bastille, but being reinstated in command, he gained the victories of Fleurus, Steenkirke and Landen, (the last two against William III.), and died in 1695.

Louis Francis, duc de Boufflers, born in 1643, is renowned for his defence of Namur in 1695 against William III., and of Lille in 1708 against Marlborough. Though he lost both posts, he gained credit for his courage and skill, and he was through life distinguished for his amiable manners, and his humane endeavours to alleviate the horrors of war. He died in 1711.

Louis Joseph, duc de Vendôme, a descendant of Henry IV., was born in 1654, and during the lifetime of his father was styled duc de Penthievre. He was sent to Catalonia, and by the capture of Barcelona so alarmed the Spaniards that they the more readily acceded to the peace of Ryswick. When war again broke out, Vendôme was sent to repair the faults of Villeroy in Italy, but he was successfully opposed by Prince Eugene, and being afterwards employed in Flanders, he was there signally defeated at Oudenarde. In Spain he was more successful; by the victory of Villa Viciosa he re-established Philip V. on the throne, and was preparing to reduce Catalonia, when he died suddenly, in 1712, and was buried with royal honours in the Escurial.

Camille d'Hostun, duc de Tallard, born in 1652, was successful in the early part of the war in Germany, but was defeated and taken at Blenheim, and remained a prisoner for several years in England. On his return to France he became a member of the regency, was afterwards the minister of Louis XV., and died in 1728.

Francis de Neufville, duc de Villeroy, born in 1643, was a personal favourite of Louis XIV., and was in consequence intrusted with several commands to which he shewed himself unequal. He was surprised and captured at Cremona, by Prince Eugene, and being soon after contemptuously set at liberty, he was appointed to command in Flanders, where he was utterly defeated at Ramillies, and was obliged to retire into private life. He died in 1730.

Louis Hector, duc de Villars, (born 1653, died 1734,) was an adroit ambassa

Both were men of superior talents, who felt that they suffered from envious rivals, and they easily came to an agreement. On their first inter

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dor as well as an able general. He had a rival in Villeroy, and met with many mortifications from the courtiers, being of a frank, impetuous temper, and caring little to conciliate them. He reduced the insurgent Protestants of the south of France as much by gentle management as by arms; was defeated by Marlborough at Malplaquet, but in his turn worsted Prince Eugene, and was at last employed to negotiate a peace with him", which he speedily effected, and thus brought the war of the Spanish succession to a close.

The aggressive measures of Louis were greatly aided by the talents of the famous engineer Sebastian Leprestre de Vauban, a member of a decayed noble family, who was born in Burgundy in 1663. He served with Condé in his rebellion, and was taken prisoner, but his skill in fortification was made known to Mazarin, and he was pardoned and taken into the royal service. He accompanied Louis in his campaigns, directed numerous sieges, especially in Flanders, and constructed a chain of fortresses (as Kehl, Landau, &c.) on or near the Rhine, which covered the French frontier, and proved most serviceable when the allies pressed hard on France. His last achievement was the capture of Brisach in 1703, and he died in 1707. Vauban was a man of noble and disinterested character; he evinced great respect for his formidable opponent Cohorn, and being highly esteemed by Louis, he had the courage to oppose any of his designs which he thought unwise or unjust, and offere counsel which the king would have done well to have taken. Menno, baron Cohorn, was born in Friesland in 1641, and died in 1704; he defended Namur in 1691 against Vauban, but being desperately wounded, the place was surrendered. These two eminent men were the authors of the systems of fortification known by their names; that of Vauban is regarded as best fitted for attack, that of Cohorn for defence; but both have received very considerable modifications in modern times.

Of the French admirals connected with English history may be mentioned, Anne Hilarion du Cotentin, comte de Tourville: he was born in Normandy in 1642, and was a Knight of Malta. He defeated the English and Dutch at Beachy Head, and though vanquished by them at La Hogue, did afterwards great damage to their commerce, and was made a marsha! of France shortly before his death, which happened in 1701.-Jean Bari, born at Dunkirk in 1651, and René du Guai Treuin,

view Villars exclaimed, “Sir, we need not be enemies to each other, we have each of us too many already; you at Vienna, and I at Versailles."

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