The exchequer is also settled at Oxford, Feb. 13.

The queen lands at Burlington with supplies, Feb. 22, but is unable to join the king until July 13.

The earl of Northampton (James Compton) defeats the Parliamentarians at Hopton heath, near Stafford, March 19.

The parliament, by ordinance, declare the estates of all persons in arms against them under sequestration, March 30.

The earl of Essex takes Reading, April 27, and Sir William Waller' is successful in the west.

The Cornish men take arms for the king. They defeat the earl of Stamford (Henry Grey) at Stratton, May 16, and advance into Somersetshire.

A plan to disarm the militia of London, and let in the king's forces, is detected and punished", June, July. John Hampden is mortally wounded in a skirmish at Chalgrove, near Oxford, June 18; he dies, at Thame, June 24.

Sir William Waller is defeated at Lansdown (near Bath "), July 5, and

The proclamation ordering this bears date February 8.

The Commons in consequence proposed an impeachment against her (May 22), but the Peers declined to entertain it.

He was born in 1597, of a good Kentish family, was educated at Oxford, and had served with great reputation in the German war. On his return to England he was, through family quarrels, fined in the Starchamber, and became at once disaffected to the Government. Being chosen a member of the Long Parliament, he was one of the earliest to take up arms. Waller was considered the rival of Essex, but was, like him, removed from the army by the Self-denying Ordinance; as a leader among the Presbyterians, he opposed the designs of the Independents, was impeached by them and imprisoned, in 1648. He was again imprisoned as a royalist after the death of Cromwell, but was soon released, and sat in the parliament that recalled Charles II. He died Sept. 19, 1668.

Edmund Waller, the poet, who had been one of the commissioners at Oxford, was the principal contriver, but he had the baseness to betray his confederates, and thus saved his own life, being allowed to go into exile. One of the parties, Nathaniel Tompkins, was executed in Cornhill, July 5. Sir Bevil Grenville, the commander of the Cornish troops, was killed here.

The rout, which occurred on Roundway down, was so complete, that the royalists called it the battle of "Runaway" down. It caused a fierce quarrel between Waller and Essex, Waller asserting that Essex from jealousy had purposely neglected to support him.

P Lord Maitland, (afterwards earl of Lauderdale) was the principal.

The earls of Carnarvon and Sunderland, (Robert Dormer and Henry Spenser,) and Lord Falkland, fell in this battle. Essex's horse was totally

at Devizes, July 13. Bristol is surrendered to Prince Rupert, July 27.

London is fortified by order of the parliament.

Commissioners from the Scottish parliament arrive in London".

The king forms the siege of Gloucester, Aug. 10. It is relieved by Essex, Sept. 6. He

Essex retires towards London. is followed by the king, and attacked at Newbury, Sept. 20, but beats off the assailants".

The Scottish Covenant, with some modifications', is solemnly received by the parliament at the assembly of divines, Sept. 25.

The parliament make a new great seal, in lieu of the original, which is in the king's hands', October.

The earl of Newcastle defeats Lord Fairfax at Adwalton-moor, near Bradford, June 30, and penetrates into Lincolnshire, when his troops refuse to march further south.

Sir John Hotham and his son are committed to the Tower, on a charge of deserting the cause of the parliament".

routed, but his foot, principally composed of the London trained bands, stood firm, and enabled him to retire without the loss of a single gun.

This celebrated document, which now received the title of the Solemn League and Covenant, differs in many respects from that of 1638 (see P. 413). It consists of six articles, by which the subscribers bind themselves to endeavour the preservation of the reformed Church in Scotland, and the reformation of religion in England and Ireland, "in doctrine, worship, discipline, and government, according to the Word of God, and the example of the best reformed Churches;" to extirpate "popery, prelacy, superstition, heresy, schism, profaneness, and whatsoever shall be found to be contrary to sound doctrine and the power of godliness;" to preserve the liberties of parliament and the king's person and authority; to discover and punish all

incendiaries, malignants, or evil instruments;" to preserve a blessed peace between these kingdoms" and to assist and defend all who enter into the Covenant; "all which," say they, "we shall do as in the sight of God."

This body, which consisted of 120 divines, with 30 lay assessors, was constituted by an ordinance, June 12, 1643, and it could only debate on matters submitted to it by the parliament. Milton and other contemporaries of various shades of opinion speak in very disparaging terms of both the learning and integrity of these divines, who were the paid servants of the Houses; (their allowance was 45. a-day) and who, though fierce declaimers against pluralities and non-residence, sought eagerly for every valuable preferment.

See p. 423. They placed it in the keeping of two lords and four commoners.

They were not tried till long after. When brought to trial they were found guilty, and were executed early in 1645.

Hull unsuccessfully besieged by the earl of Newcastle, from Sept. 2 to Oct. 11.

The merchant adventurers lend £60,000 to the parliament, when fresh privileges are granted to them by an ordinance.

The marquis of Ormond agrees to a cessation of arms with the Irish, Sept. 15. Many of them in consequence come into England to the assistance of the king, November.

Sir Henry Vane and four others appointed commissioners to the Scottish parliament.

The earl of Warwick is appointed governor and admiral of the American plantations, by ordinance, Nov. 2.

The duke of Hamilton repairs to the king, at Oxford. He is considered a traitor, and is confined in Pendennis Castle, in Cornwall.

The isle of Jersey occupied by the king's forces.

A.D. 1644.

The Scots enter England to assist the parliament, in January. They attempt to take Newcastle, but fail, Feb.

He had but recently received this title, April 12, 1643.

com

They were 21,500 strong, and were manded by Alexander Lesley, earl of Leven; David Lesley (sometimes called Lord Newark) served under him; both were veteran soldiers from the German wars. The apparent inactivity of the Scots was displeasing to their allies, and, though various sums were at different times voted on their application, it was not till Feb. 28, 1645, that an ordinance was made, granting an assessment of £21,000 monthly for their support.

Clarendon says, 45 peers and 118 commoners. There were besides, about 20 peers in military command, whilst the House at Westminster mustered but 22 altogether.

Among the prisoners taken was George Monk, the future restorer of royalty. He was born of a good Devonshire family, in 1608, and in his 17th year sailed in Lord Wimbledon's expedition against Cadiz. He afterwards joined the English forces in the pay of Holland, but returned to England when the civil war broke out, and served in Ormond's army in Ireland. After an imprisonment of some length he was induced to join the Parliamentarians, and was sent again to Ireland (Nov. 1646), where he acted vigorously against the natives; and next, changing the scene of his employment, commanded the fleet against the Dutch, whom he twice defeated. Monk was entrusted by Cromwell with the government of Scotland, and the force at his disposal enabled him to secure the return of Charles II. to his kingdoms without any appearance of opposition. Monk was created duke of Albemarle, received vast grants of Irish forfeited lands, and a large pension; he, however, was not inclined to be idle, and when a new Dutch war

3; they then possess themselves of Sunderland, where the marquis of Newcastle blockades them", March 4. A parliament summoned by the king, meets at Oxford, Jan. 22, and sits till April. It consists of about 40 peers and 100 commoners". They vote taxes, impose an excise, write to the earl of Essex to treat for peace with "those by whom he is employed," and at length declare the parliament sitting at Westminster traitors.

Sir Thomas Fairfax defeats the king's Irish troops at Nantwich", Jan. 25, and then marches to relieve the Scots.

The parliament issue a Declaration, Jan. 30, allowing persons who were or had been in arms against them to compound for their sequestered estates ".

Sir Edward Dering quits the king at Oxford, and submits to the parliament, thus setting the example of compounding for "delinquency," February.

Archbishop Laud's trial commences, March 12. It is continued by adjournment until November.

Latham House is defended by the countess of Derby against the parliamentary forces from February to

| broke out, distinguished himself as joint admiral of the fleet with Prince Rupert, and by his personal exertions prevented the landing of the Dutch at Chatham. He here exposed himself so much to danger that a friend advised him to be more cautious, but he only replied, "Sir, if I had feared bullets, I had quitted my trade of a soldier long ago." He died Jan. 3, 1670, and received a pompous funeral in Westminster Abbey.

These compositions were to be accompanied by acceptance of the Covenant, but where the parties had friends among the ruling powers, this was often excused.

He was the grand-nephew of Edward Dering, the Puritan, and was born in 1598. After holding for some time the post of lieutenant of Dover Castle, he became a member of the Long Parliament, where he was very conspicuous for his zeal in attacking the Church. At length becoming alarmed at the violent proceedings of his associates, he endeavoured to moderate their course, when he was expelled the House, Feb. 4, 1642. He soon after joined the king's forces, but had hardly done so, when he began attempting a reconciliation with the parliament. This did not take effect until the parliament issued their Declaration, when he petitioned to be allowed to compound, but ere the matter was settled he died, June 22, 1644, a subject of contemptuous pity with both parties. His estate was valued at £800 a-year, but as it had been greatly damaged by the sequestrators, and to induce others to follow his example, the composition was fixed at £1000, a rate much lower than afterwards prevailed; and, by an extraordinary act of grace, this payment was remitted in favour of

his heir.

He is obliged to flee by the approach of the marquis of Argyle (Archibald Campbell',) lieutenant of the kingdom.

The king marches into the west. Essex suffers himself to be surrounded in Cornwall. He and a few officers escape by sea to Plymouth, and his

Essex marches westward, and penetrates into Cornwall.

The Fairfaxes and the Scots besiege York, in June.

Taunton is taken for the parliament by Colonel Blake, but is soon after again besieged by the royalists.

Prince Rupert relieves York, July 1. Following up the enemy he is totally defeated at Marston-moor, July 2. York in consequence surrenders, July 15; and Newcastle is captured by the Scots, October 29.

The queen, who had taken refuge at Exeter, leaves England, July 14.

The earls of Antrim and Montrose (Randal McDonald and James Graham), and the marquis of Huntley (George Gordon "), raise the royal standard in Scotland.

A body of 1,500 Irish land in the west, under Alister McDonald, in July. Montrose joins them, takes the command, defeats Lord Elcho at Tippermuir (near Perth), Sept. 1; and sacks

a The countess retired with her children to the Isle of Man. Latham was again besieged, and was captured in December, 1645.

Robert Blake, better known as a naval officer, was born in 1598, educated at Oxford, and sat in the Long Parliament for Bridgwater. After the death of the king, Blake was appointed one of the three commanders of the navy, when he chased Prince Rupert from the British seas; he afterwards repeatedly defeated the Dutch, chastised the Barbary pirates, and inflicted vast losses on the Spaniards. He died, on shipboard, near Plymouth, Aug. 17, 1657, and was honoured with a public funeral.

The overthrow was generally attributed to the prince's misconduct; and the marquis of Newcastle and many other active partisans of the king in despair now abandoned the contest, and retired to the continent.

8 He was born in 1612, travelled much abroad when very young, and returning to England, was through a treacherous manoeuvre of the marquis of Hamilton, so coldly received at Court, that when the troubles in Scotland broke out he was one of the foremost of the Covenanters. He, however, soon penetrated their designs, and, leaving them, became one of the most devoted adherents of the king. In his cause he gained several victories in Scotland in 1644 and 1645, but was defeated at Philiphaugh, Sept. 13, 1645, and in 1646 laid down his arms by the king's command. Montrose returned with a small force while negotiations were pending between Charles II. and the Scots, but they

foot, under Skippon, are obliged to surrender, Sept. 2; they give up their arms, and are allowed to retire.

A fresh army is collected under Waller and the earl of Manchester. They advance towards Oxford, fight an indecisive battle at Newbury, Oct. 27, and then retire into winter quarters. Great discontent is excited thereby, and a "new model" of the army is proposed *.

Commissioners are sent to Oxford, in November. They return with an answer from the king desiring to treat for a peace.

The Commons attaint Archbishop Laud, by ordinance, Nov. 13. The Peers, after some delay, consent, Dec. 17.

Sir John Hotham and his son are tried by a court-martial for corresponding with the king, December. They are both executed, Jan. 1, 2, 1645.

A.D. 1645.

The Directory ordered to be used

refused to recognise his commission, and having been defeated and captured, he was brought to Edinburgh, and there executed with every circumstance of barbarity and ignominy, May 21, 1650.

He was brother-in-law of Argyle, by whom he was speedily defeated. He, however, still adhered to the king, and was at last executed, by order of the Scottish parliament, in 1649.

iHe was born in 1598, and became earl of Argyle in 1638, and marquis, Nov. 15, 1641. He was of a most treacherous, intriguing character, who in turn betrayed and was hated by all parties. Argyle leagued himself with Cromwell, and, coming to London on the Restoration, was at once sent to the Tower. He was soon after remitted to Scotland, where he was condemned and executed as a traitor. He suffered at Edinburgh, May 25, 1661.

Formerly Lord Kimbolton. He was soon after displaced, lived unnoticed under the Commonwealth, and at the Restoration sat in judgment on some of his former associates. He received the post of lord chamberlain, and died May 5, 1671.

It was alleged that the earl of Essex, Sir William Waller, and other soldiers by profession, wished to protract the war for the sake of their own emoluments, which certainly were very large, and therefore declined to push matters vigorously. Cromwell was known to be the real mover in the affair, and Essex and the Scottish commissioners consulted with Whitelock and others about impeaching him; they, however, abandoned their in tention, being doubtful of their power to carry it.

in all churches instead of the Prayer
Book, Jan. 3.
Archbishop Laud is beheaded,
Jan. 10.

Commissioners meet at Uxbridge, Jan. 30, to discuss terms of peace. The parliamentary party insist on the abolition of episcopacy and the Liturgy, and the absolute control of the army and navy, and the negotiations are broken off, Feb. 22, without any result. Montrose suddenly reappears in the field, in January. He ravages the lands of Argyle; defeats him at Inverlochy, Feb. 2; and marches to the east coast, plundering Elgin, Aberdeen, and Dundee, but is forced to retire to the Highlands in April.

Armed associations of Clubmen formed, particularly in the southern and western counties, to restrain the plundering and violence of the armies'. The Self-denying Ordinance passed, April 3, which ordains that no member of parliament shall in future hold any office or command, civil or military, granted or conferred by either or both of the Houses, or by any authority derived from them.

The parliamentary army on the new model takes the field. It is composed almost exclusively of Independents, animated by the sternest fanaticism, under the nominal command of Sir Thomas Fairfax, but the actual leader is Cromwell".

The king marches from Oxford early in May. He relieves Chester, May 15, and captures Leicester, May 31.

1 They professed strict neutrality as to politics, but in reality inclined to the king's party; hence the parliamentary troops treated them as armed enemies.

The earls of Essex, Denbigh, and Manchester, laid down their commissions the day before.

The king's party undervalued the new army, calling it in scorn, the "new noddle," but they very soon found it a much more formidable opponent than its predecessor had been. Its strength was 14,000 foot and 7,000 horse and dragoons; the charge was to be £44,955 per month. Fairfax was the general, with Skippon second in command, but he was superseded by Cromwell, and returned to the charge of the London militia.

"

• He was disqualified by the Self-denying Ordinance, but Fairfax obtained its suspension in his favour for a short time, before the expiration of which the battle of Naseby had been fought, and all idea of then removing Cromwell was abandoned. "This was much spoken against by Essex's party,' says Whitelock, as a breach of that ordinance, and a discovery of the intention to continue who they pleased, and to remove the others from commands, notwithstanding their former self-denying pretences; but the Houses judged this fit to be now done." Sir William Brereton, Sir Thomas

Fairfax endeavours to surprise Oxford in the absence of the king, but fails. He then follows the royal army, and totally defeats it at Naseby, (near Market Harborough), June 14. The king flees into Wales.

Carlisle surrenders to the parliament, July 29.

Fairfax marches into the west, and by the relief of Taunton (July 3), the defeat of Goring at Langport (July 10), the capture of Bridgewater (July 23), and Bath (July 30), prevents the Cornish men assisting the royalists.

Montrose reappears in force in May. He defeats the Covenanters at Auldearn (May 9), Alford (July 2), and Kilsyth (Aug. 15), and threatens Glasgow. The Scottish forces in consequence commence their return to Scotland.

Hereford unsuccessfully besieged by the Scots, August and September.

The king quits Wales on the approach of the Scots. He crosses the midland counties as far as Huntingdon, but retires to Oxford, Aug. 28.

Prince Rupert surrenders Bristol after a feeble defence, Sept. 10. The king revokes his commission, and orders him to quit the country".

Montrose, who had advanced to the English border, is totally defeated at Philiphaugh (near Selkirk,) by David Leslie, Sept. 13. Montrose and a few others escape, but the prisoners are butchered in cold blood, without any form of trial'.

Middleton, Sir John Price, also members of the Commons, were likewise continued in their commands.

The king's private cabinet was taken, and a number of letters found therein being thought to afford proof of his insincerity in the recent negotiations, were accordingly published by the parliament. Others, of a different character, were kept back, and were only brought to light in 1869 by the then recently appointed Historical Manuscripts Commission.

It had been besieged for 11 months by the Scots under David Leslie, and only surrendered when the garrison had eaten all their horses.

Charles Goring, formerly the governor of Portsmouth (see A.D. 1642), a man whose riotous excesses brought much discredit on the royal cause. In 1662 he succeeded his father as earl of Norwich, and he died in 1671, when the title became extinct.

He, however, remained, and assisted in the defence of Oxford.

They were held to be Irish rebels, quarter to whom was expressly forbidden by an ordinance of the English parliament (Oct. 24, 1644). Some women, even, who were taken several days after the battle, were drowned by direction of the

The king attempts in vain to relieve Chester (Sept. 23); passes through Shropshire to Newark, but after a brief stay there, shuts himself up in Oxford, Nov. 5.

A body of the royal cavalry penetrate as far as Dumfries, in order to join Montrose, but, on the news of his flight, return to Carlisle, and disband themselves.

Rinuccini, the papal nuncio, arrives in Ireland", Oct. 23.

The king opens secret negotiations with the Scots and the Independents, and also seeks terms of peace from the parliament*.

Fairfax and Cromwell continue to capture the royal castles and posts in the south and west.

Persons coming from the king's quarters ordered to declare themselves, or to be treated as spies, Nov. 13.

A.D. 1646.

The king renews his applications to the parliament for an accommodation, but they decline to entertain them. The Scots and the Independents, however, carry on negotiations with him, though with evident in sincerity.

preachers. Sir Robert Spottiswoode, Col. Nathaniel Gordon, and some others, who had escaped from the field, being afterwards captured, were beheaded on Jan. 20, 1646, in accordance with the express desire of the commission of the General Assembly, the synod of Galloway, and other ecclesiastical bodies. The Galloway synod craved most earnestly of the Estates of Parliament "that which your late oath of Covenant and Parliament, your place and the bleeding condition of your native country do require, that the sword of justice may be impartially drawn against those persons now in bonds who have lifted up their hands against the Lord, the sworn Covenant, and this afflicted Kirk." The Parliament replied to the commission of the General Assembly, certifying them of the Estates' faithful and best endeavours for executing justice upon delinquents impartially and speedily.

John Baptist Rinuccini, bishop of Fermo. The Kilkenny Assembly applied to the pope (Innocent X.) for assistance in money, arms, and men, which was granted. Rinuccini was sent in the same vessel with them, and narrowly escaped capture by a parliamentary cruiser. On his arrival he at once assumed the sole direction of affairs, but this was displeasing to many of the Assembly, and factions were formed against him. He, however, held his position for awhile, but on the return of Ormond to Ireland in 1648, he peremptorily ordered the nuncio to withdraw, and Rinuccini returned to Italy.

Chester surrenders to the parliament, Feb. 3, after a long siege. Prince Charles retires to Scilly, and in April removes to Jersey.

Fairfax, having entirely subdued the west, approaches Oxford. The king, after applying, without success, to Ireton, leaves the city in disguise, in the night of April 26.

The king approaches London, then travels to the coast of Norfolk, but being unable to procure a ship, at length repairs to Southwell, where he puts himself into the hands of commissioners sent from Kelham, (near Newark,) the head-quarters of the Scottish army, May 5. He is received with outward respect, but is at once required to give orders for the surrender of Newark, with which he complies.

The parliament consider themselves deceived by the Scots, and threaten hostilities. The Scots vindicate themselves, but retire to Newcastle, taking the king with them. He here consents to order Montrose to lay down his arms, and is himself urged to take the Covenant".

The royal garrisons yield in quick succession, and the war is for the present ended.

* The intercourse with the Scots was managed by Montreuil, the French ambassador; Major Huntingdon was the agent with Cromwell. The parliament insisted on harder terms than those demanded at Uxbridge (see p. 429), with which the Scots declared themselves contented; Cromwell and his friends professed an intention of restoring the king to his authority, but probably they already meditated his destruction, which they afterwards accomplished.

Lord Hopton, the royal general, agreed (March 14, at Truro) to disband his forces, delivering up his arms and ammunition.

He eventually did so, and Montrose in consequence embarked for Norway, with a few friends, Sept. 3.

He, while in their hands, maintained a controversy on Church matters with Alexander Henderson, the chief Presbyterian divine already mentioned (see p. 414) and the papers which passed between them satisfactorily prove not only the king's sincere attachment to the Church, but also his intimate knowledge of the apostolical principle of ecclesiastical discipline.

The king issued his orders to that effect from Newcastle, June 10. Oxford surrendered June 24, Worcester, July 22, Pendennis Castle, Aug. 17 and Raglan Castle, Aug. 19. On the Visitation of Oxford, in violation of the articles of its capitulation, see Note.