bits articles of treason in the House of Lords against Lord Kimbolton and five members of the Commons", Jan. 3, and demands that they be delivered up. Meanwhile the Commons pass a vote empowering their members to stand on their defence against any arrest; the parties retire into the city, under the protection of the trained bands, but their lodgings are searched, and their papers seized.

The king comes to the House, attended by a guard, and demands the delivery of the five members, Jan. 4. "At his unexpected coming into the House," says Whitelock, "they were in a very great amazement, but upon his going away, and so as he might hear them, the House was in a great disorder, crying aloud, many of them together, 'Privilege! privilege!""

The Commons vote the king's coming "in a warlike manner" a high breach of privilege, declare the order for the apprehension of the five members "false, scandalous, and illegal," assert that they cannot safely sit without a guard, which the king has refused them, and adjourn the House, Jan. 5, after appointing committees to sit in the city.

The king goes into the city, Jan. 5, and explains his proceedings and intentions regarding the five members.

The parliamentary committee collects evidence as to the king's coming to the House, Jan. 6, 7. The citizens petition the king, complaining of neglect of the affairs of Ireland, and also of his attempt to seize the members, Jan. 7.

The king issues a fresh proclama

Lord Kimbolton (Edward Montagu) became earl of Manchester, and a general in the parliamentary army, but was displaced by the Self-denying Ordinance. The commoners were, John Hampden, the opponent of ship-money; Pym, the leader of the proceedings against Strafford; Sir Arthur Hasilrigge, afterwards a regicide, and who died in the Tower in 1661; Denzil Holles, afterwards earl of Clare; and William Strode, a Spanish merchant, and son of one of the members imprisoned in 1629. One was charged with the affairs of Ireland; the other was to concert measures for the safety of the accused members. The first sat in the Guildhall, the other occupied sometimes Grocers'-hall, sometimes Merchant Taylors'-hall.

He was received with sullen silence, the only exception being that one man (Henry Walker, an ironmonger) raised the ominous cry, "To your tents, O Israel!" Skippon, the sergeant-major-general of the London trained bands, was the commander.

tion to arrest the members, Jan. 8. The parliamentary committee arranges for protecting them in their return to the House.

The king, alarmed at the preparations in the city, retires to Hampton Court, Jan. 10, and removes on Jan. 12 to Windsor.

The parliament reassembles, Jan. 11. The five members are brought back in triumph, attended by an armed force both by land and water".

Lord Digby, Colonel Lunsford, and others, appear in arms for the king at Kingston, Jan. 12; the parliament votes them traitors. Lunsford is captured and committed to the Tower, but Digby escapes to the continent.

A large body of Buckinghamshire freeholders repair to the king at Hampton Court, and complain of the accusation against their member (John Hampden), Jan. 12. The king informs them that he has abandoned the charges.

The Commons pass votes to secure possession of the Tower, Portsmouth, and Hull, Jan. 12; impeach Herbert, the attorney-general, Jan. 15; and draw up a declaration of their privileges, Jan. 17.

The king sends a message, Jan. 20, desiring the parliament to digest all their demands and grievances into one body, and promising his favourable consideration of whatever they may propose.

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The Commons express their thanks (Jan. 26), but desire, as a sure ground of safety and confidence," that the king will place the militia in the hands of

Sir Edward Dering, then one of their party, though their number was given out as 4,000; but systematic exaggeration was a part of their terrorizing system.

b There was an idea that the king had received the promise of a force from France, which was to land at Portsmouth. Goring, the governor, held the town for a while, but was driven out by the earl of Essex. The Tower had a large quantity of stores, which the king had endeavoured to remove, but which was now prevented by a blockade, under Skippon; and in Hull was 16,000 stand of arms, placed there on the recent disbandment. Through the activity of Sir John Hotham, the king was prevented from entering Hull, and an attempt to besiege that town was the first operation of the unhappy civil war.

He escaped to the king, went abroad on the ruin of the royal cause, and received the nominal office of lord-keeper from Charles II. in 1653. He was soon displaced by Hyde, and died in poverty at Paris in 1657.

such persons only as they shall recommend to him. The king declines to comply.

An act passed to disable persons in holy orders to exercise any temporal jurisdiction or authority, [16 Car. I. c. 27]. They were not to have place in parliament, or in the privy council, neither were they to act as justices of the peace, or to execute any commission under the crown; any acts as such done by them were to be void".

Several statutes passed for "the speedy and effectual reducing of the rebels in His Majesty's kingdom of Ireland." A body of soldiers was ordered to be pressed [c. 28], and contributions were solicited [c. 30]; but these being uncertain, a levy of £400,000 was decreed, to be paid into the chambers of London and York [c. 32]; beside which, as "divers worthy and wellaffected persons had perceived that many millions of acres of the rebels' lands of that kingdom which go under the name of profitable lands would be confiscate and to be disposed of," 2,500,000 acres were at once offered to persons who would adventure money; the sums were to be paid into the Chamber of London, in four instalments, and corporations were allowed to subscribe, [cc. 33, 34, 35]. Very large sums were thus raised, but they were mainly applied by the parliament in England to carry on war with the king, and the settlers in Ireland were left almost entirely to their own resources.

The queen passes over to Holland', where she sells or pawns the crown jewels, and buys arms and military stores for the king, February.

The king was with much difficulty induced to give his consent to this act, and its repeal was one of the earliest measures at the Restoration, [13 Car. II. c. 2).

They were divided into lots of 1,000 acres each, "all according to the English measure, and consisting of meadow, arable, and profitable pasture; the bogs, woods, and barren mountains being cast in over and above." The sum paid was different for each province. In Ulster the price was £200; in Connaught £300; in Munster £450; in Leinster £600.

The pretext for this journey was the marriage of her daughter Mary to William, prince of Orange, son of the Stadtholder.

Though styled a petition, their communication was more like a threat, as they told the king that if he should not be pleased to follow their humble advice, they should be constrained, to prevent future fears and jealousies, to settle that necessary business of the militia without him. They acted up to this by ordinances, Feb. 26, and March 5, 1642, which appointed fifty-five persons commissioners of

The king retires to Theobalds, Feb. 28. The parliament again desire the control of the militia, and beg that he will not withdraw from London, March 1. He declines compliance".

The parliament direct the earl of Northumberland, lord high admiral, to take the command of the fleet', in order to prevent the landing of supplies from the queen *.

The earls of Pembroke and Holland, and some members of the Commons, are sent to the king at Newmarket, March 9, to remonstrate with him on his proceedings; an angry conference ensues. On their return the Houses vote that the king's absence is fatal to the affairs of Ireland, and that those who have advised it are justly to be suspected as favourers of the rebellion there.

The parliament vote that their ordinance for the defence of the kingdom is to be obeyed, and that the king's commissions of lieutenancy are illegal and void, April 15.

The king sends a message to the parliament from Huntingdon, offering to proceed to Ireland, and informing them that he has prepared a bill concerning the militia; they return no answer.

The king is refused entrance into Hull, by Sir John Hotham", April 23. He complains to the parliament, but they justify Hotham, and remove the arms and stores to London.

The king and the parliament exchange their bills about the militia, but no agreement can be effected.

The parliament direct their ordinance for the militia to be carried

The king journeyed on, by easy stages, to York: he reached Royston, March 3: Newmarket, 7: Huntingdon, 14; Stamford, 15; Newark, 17; Doncaster, 18; York, 19.

The

The earl of Warwick was his lieutenant. king sent Sir John Pennington to obtain possession of the fleet, but he failed.

A ship-load of stores sent by her was captured, but several vessels arrived safely, and an ordinance was passed, Dec. 10, 1642, for fitting out a fleet of cruisers.

The king's character suffers from his conduct on this occasion. To the well-founded charge of consenting to Jermyn's design of bringing in the army to coerce the parliament (see p. 416), he an swered, "It is false;" and when taxed with the treason of Captain Legg, "That's a lie."

In Hotham had only of late joined the parliamentary party. A few years before he had been strenuous in urging the payment of ship-money.

out", May 5. The king denounces it as illegal, and summons the gentry of York to form a guard for the protection of his person, May 12. The parliament vote this treason, and order all sheriffs and others to oppose it, May 28.

The king in return declares the ordinance for the militia treasonable, and summons the people of Yorkshire to repair to him; the parliament forbid them to do so.

Lord Falkland, (Lucius Cary,) Mr. Hyde, and several other moderate members of the parliament, withdraw, and repair to the king. In consequence, all the members are ordered to attend the Houses, on pain of forfeiting 100 towards the expenses of the Irish war P.

The parliament send propositions of peace to the king, June 2. He rejects them.

The lord-keeper, Lyttelton, sends the great seal to the king, and shortly after leaves the parliament and joins him, early in June.

The king makes a solemn declaration before his peers and councillors at York of his intention to exercise a legal government, June 13. The assembly in general signify their adhesion to him.

The king invites his people to supply him with money, horses, and arms, pledging his parks and forests for their repayment.

In pursuance of this, the parliament mustered six regiments of the London trained bands, under Skippon, in Finsbury-fields, May 10. On hearing of it, the king assembled a troop of 200 horse, and one regiment of 700 foot; the horsemen were gentry who served at their own charge, but the foot were paid weekly by the king.

They had before held correspondence clandestinely with him. Lord Falkland became secretary of state, and was killed at Newbury; Mr. Hyde was made chancellor of the exchequer.

Edward Hyde was born in Wiltshire in 1608, and was educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford. On the decline of the royal cause he found shelter in Jersey for awhile, and was a valued adherent of Charles II. in exile. At the Restoration he was made lord chancellor, and earl of Clarendon, but soon became unpopular, being accused of corruption; a charge to which the sale of Dunkirk and his own magnificent style of living, gave an appearance of probability. He was in 1667 deprived of office, and banished by act of parliament, [19 & 20 Car. II. c. 2); he passed through France to Montpellier, and then back to Rouen, where he died, Dec. 9, 1674. His daughter Anne became the wife of the duke of York, and the mother of two queens. Lord Clarendon's History of the Rebellion, and his Life, though in some places partial and in others inaccurate, are indispensable to the historical student.

The king visits Lincoln and Nottingham, in July, and makes a similar declaration to that at York.

The earl of Leicester (Robert Sydney) is appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, June 14. He does not go there, and the office is bestowed (Nov. 13) on the marquis of Ormond.

The Houses vote that an army shall be raised "for the defence of the king and parliament," appointing the earl of Essex captain-general, and the earl of Bedford (William Russell) general of the horse, July 12.

The king proclaims Essex and his officers guilty of treason, (Aug. 2,) and orders the marquis of Hertford, (William Seymour,) his lieutenant-general, to march against them.

The parliament vote the king's commissioners of array to be traitors, Aug. 9.

The king sets up his standard at Nottingham, Monday, August 22.

The king sends propositions of accommodation to the parliament, Aug. 25. They decline to entertain them, while his standard continues spread, and they are denounced as traitors. He sends a fresh message (Sept. 3), offering to recal his proclamation against Essex and others, if they will do the same. They vote a reply, "that the arms of the parliament for religion, laws, and liberties of the kingdom, shall not be laid down till delinquents be left to justice, that their

P Many of the absentees were by another vote deprived of their seats.

They were nineteen in number, and of such a nature as they could not expect him to accept. They desired that the king's council should not consist of less than fifteen, or more than twentyfour members; that these and the great officers of state should be subject to the approval of parliament; that an oath should be taken by them for the maintenance of the Petition of Right; that the education and marriages of the royal family should be subject to the consent of parliament; the militia and the castles of the kingdom placed in their hands; delinquents left to justice; the laws against Romanists executed, and Romish Peers excluded from parliament, firm alliance made only with Protestant states; reparation made to any who had been deprived of office, or prosecuted (as the earl of Essex, Lord Kimbolton, the five members, &c.), and a general pardon granted, with such exceptions as the Houses might require; which was only another version of their constant demand, that all delinquents" should lie at their mercy.

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A committee was associated with him, "to take subscriptions of loans, and order matters concerning malignants, and consider of the good of the army." His pay of £10,000 a-year, was to be raised from "delinquents' estates.

estates may discharge the debts of the commonwealth."

Portsmouth surrendered to the parliament by Colonel Goring, Sept. 9. Sir John Hotham sallies from Hull, and obliges the king's forces under the earl of Lindsey (Robert Bertie) to withdraw.

The king collects a considerable force, and makes his head-quarters at Shrewsbury, Sept. 20. The parliamentary forces march towards him, under the command of the earl of Essex.

The parliament send Walter Strickland as their resident to Holland, to induce the States to prohibit assistance being given to the king.

The king marches from Shrewsbury towards London, when the parliament order the city to be fortified.

Essex garrisons Northampton and other towns, and recovers Worcester from Prince Rupert ". He then follows the king's army, and overtaking it at Edgehill, (near Kineton, in Warwickshire,) a bloody, but indecisive,

The day before he mustered his forces at Wellington, and made a solemn protestation of his intention to respect the rights and liberties of his people, and to abide by the various laws to which he had recently consented.

"It was wonderful," says Whitelock, "to see how the women and children and vast numbers of people would come to work, about digging and carrying of earth, to make their new fortifications.'

"

The prince had seized the city shortly before, and on Sept. 25 defeated a strong party of the parliamentary horse, under Colonel Sandys, who was mortally wounded.

Prince Rupert, born in 1619, was nephew of the king, and a man of distinguished talent and bravery. His conduct, however, was rash and overbearing, and having surrendered Bristol too readily, he was desired to leave the kingdom. In 1648 he commanded a part of the fleet that had abandoned the parliament; he was chased from sea to sea by Blake, but escaped his pursuit, and lived in retirement until the Restoration. He returned with Charles II., again served at sea, and died Nov. 29, 1682. His elder brother Charles Louis associated himself with the parliamentarians, but his younger brother Maurice served the king, and accompanying Rupert in his cruises, perished at sea in 1650.

Sir Edmund Verney, the king's standard bearer, was killed, and the standard taken, but it was recovered by Robert Welch, an Irish gentleman, who was in consequence knighted, and afterwards received a gold medal, struck in his honour.

The widows, orphans, and wounded of their party received a solemn promise of relief, Oct. 25; and on March 6, 1643, an ordinance was made for an assessment on each parish for their support.

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On Nov. 15 it was determined to appoint agents 'to be employed to his majesty, hereby to inform his majesty's highness of the motives and causes of raising this holy war, and other the grievances of this kingdom at this present."

A regiment of his horse was quartered at Fawley Court, the property of Whitelock, whose description of their proceedings may give some idea

battle, is fought there, Sunday, Oct. 23. The king moves to Oxford, of which he takes possession, Oct. 26; Essex returns to London with his forces, Nov. 7, and receives a gratuity of £5,000 from the parliament.

The parliament invite the assistance of the Scots; their application is favourably received.

A General Assembly of Irish Catholics meets at Kilkenny, Oct. 24. It invites partisans, makes a seal, levies money for the support of an army, orders an oath of association to be taken, and commits the government to a Supreme Council of 24, of which Viscount Mountgarret is the president'.

The civil war had now.commenced in earnest. In Wales, Cornwall, and Yorkshire, the king had strong bodies of troops; he himself possessed Oxford, and Prince Rupert kept the whole country between that city and .London in constant alarm". The king resolved to march on London, when proposals of peace were sent to

of the miserable state of the land, when such or worse outrages were perpetrated by both parties in every quarter:

"Sir John Biron and his brother," he says, commanded those horse, and gave order that they should commit no insolence at my house, nor plunder my goods; but soldiers are not easily governed against their plunder, or persuaded to restrain it; for there being about 1,000 of the king's horse quartered in and about the house, and none but servants there, there was no insolence or outrage usually committed by common soldiers on a reputed enemy which was omitted by these brutish fellows at my house. They spent and consumed 100 load of corn and hay, littered their horses with sheaves of good wheat, and gave them all sorts of corn in the straw; divers writings of consequence, and books which were left in my study, some of them they tore in pieces, others they burnt to light their tobacco, and some they carried away with them, to my extreme great loss and prejudice in wanting the writings of my estate, and losing very many excellent manuscripts of my father's and others, and some of my own labours.

"They broke down my park pales, killed most of my deer, though rascal and carrion, and let out all the rest, only a tame young stag they carried away and presented to Prince Rupert, and my hounds, which were extraordinary good. They ate and drank up all that the house could afford; broke up all my trunks, chests, and places; and where they found linen, or any household stuff, they took it away with them, and cutting the beds, let out the feathers, and took away the ticks. They likewise carried away my coach, and four good horses, and all my saddle horses, and did all the mischief and spoil that malice and enmity could provoke barbarous mercenaries to commit, and so they parted.

"This," he concludes, "is remembered only to raise a constant hatred of anything that may in the least tend to the fomenting of such unhappiness and misery."