The authority and rights of the keeper of the great seal declared to be the same as those of the lord chancellor, [c. 18].

The Bible and Book of Common Prayer ordered to be translated into Welsh, and divine service to be performed in that tongue in the places where it is commonly used, [c. 28]. The expenses of the royal household settled at £40,027 4s. 24d. per annum, [c. 32].

The Articles of King Edward' are modified in the convocation, and reduced to their present number, thirtynine, Jan. 29.

Edmund and Arthur Pole, and four others, are tried and convicted of high treason, Feb. 26.

The parties in France are reconciled, and the English garrisons are expelled.

The council of Trent holds its last session, Dec. 3.

The Romanists begin to withdraw abroad rather than attend the English service. The vestments and the cere

If the witchcraft was not directed against the life of any one, imprisonment for life was the extreme penalty.

• See A.D. 1551.

The Poles were nephews of the cardinal; and Arthur had in the year 1559 written to Cecil offering his services to the queen, which appear not to have been accepted. In their indictment the brothers were charged with a design to set Mary of Scotland on the throne, and to re-establish Romanism in England; Arthur was to be declared duke of Clarence, and Edmund was to marry the Scottish queen. Their associates were executed, but the Poles were imprisoned in the Tower until their deaths; their names occur several times on the wall of the Beauchamp tower, roughly cut, doubtless by the unhappy prisoners themselves, in one place at the end of a Latin inscription, importing, "He who sows in tears shall reap in joy.' From this source we learn that Edmund Pole was dive in 1568, and was then in his 27th year.

It had been in abeyance for the greater part of the time since its first assembling in 1545, and it at ength separated with little other result than drawng up a creed in which the articles that had been must objected to by the Reformers were systemaically and authoritatively put forth as matters of Laith. One decision of the council, condemning the ccasional conformity of the Romanists to avoid the nalties of the Act of Uniformity, had very important consequences, and its acts are thus conGected with English history.

See A.D. 1559. The hostages placed in Elizabeth's hands were set at liberty in exchange for me of her agents who had been seized when the war broke out.

They both belonged to Oxford. Sampson was dean of Christ Church; Humphrey was Regius

A.D. 1564.

The queen issues instructions to the archbishops and bishops to bring about a conformity, which they in vain attempt. The non-conformists gain the support of Dudley, earl of Leicester, and the bishops are unable to carry out their instructions.

Peace is concluded with France, in which no mention is made of the restoration of Calais, April 1.

A.D. 1565.

Sampson and Humphrey, two of the most considerable of the non-conformists, are deprived of their preferments, June.

Mary of Scotland publicly marries Henry, lord Darnley, after many attempts on the part of Elizabeth and her ministers to prevent it', July 29.

Mary drives Murray and his associates from Scotland. They repair to England, where they are received with apparent indignation by the queen.

Mary favours the Romanists, and

Professor of Divinity and president of Magdalen College. Humphrey eventually conformed, and died dean of Winchester; Sampson refused_compliance, but was allowed to receive some small preferment, (the Whittington lectureship, in the gift of a City company).

• He was the son of Matthew Stuart, earl of Lenox, and grandson of Queen Margaret of Scotland by her second husband, Archibald Douglas, earl of Angus. Darnley was a tall, handsome youth, but of a weak, inconstant, and profligate character. He alternately sided with, and deserted the Protestant leaders, and met his death at their hands. This is certain, but very different views have been put forth by many distinguished writers on the more obscure question of the guilt or innocence of Mary in the matter.

f They are said to have been privately married at Stirling, in the preceding April, in the chamber of David Rizzio, the queen's foreign secretary. As no priest is mentioned, it is probable that it was a mere betrothal.

One means was to imprison his mother. An inscription remains in the Bell tower in the Tower of London, dated May 20, 1565, which shews she was then confined there. From papers in the Public Record Office we learn that she remained a prisoner all through the year 1566. On the 12th March, 1567 (a month after the murder of her son) she was in the custody of Lady Dacre and Lady Sackville; but in the following July she was at liberty. On July 1 her husband writes to Cecil, saying that their estate is still withheld from them, and they are £3,000 in debt; he also asks for a loan of £1,000, but whether it was granted does not appear. The earl was killed in Scotland in 1571, but his wife survived until 1577, and was then buried in Westminster Abbey.

A.D. 1566. Darnley is gained over to the party of the Reformers.

David Rizzio is murdered by Darn

signed.

A.D. 1567.

Mary and Darnley are apparently reconciled, Jan. He lies ill at a lone house, near Edinburgh, called the Kirk of Field, which is blown up, early in the morning of Feb. 10.

land.

Murray and his friends are allowed

to return to Scotland.

Mary pardons the murderers of Riz

zio on the intercession of the earl of Bothwell'.

The Puritans publish books against the vestments and ceremonies; the circulation of the works is forbidden under heavy penalties *.

The Parliament meets, Sept. 30. The consecration of archbishops and bishops, as practised since the queen's accession, declared "good, lawful, and perfect," [8 Eliz. c. 1].

The corporation of the Trinity House empowered to erect and maintain beacons and sea-marks", [c. 13].

Darnley again quarrels with Mary, and leaves the court. He refuses to be reconciled with her. Murray and others propose to procure a divorce,

He held the office (with the exception of three years, 1571-1574) until 1578, and laboured zeaIously to advance the cause of the Reformation, but his efforts had little success. O'Neal in the north, and the earl of Desmond in the south and west of Ireland, carried on an almost perpetual war, and received supplies of both men and money from the king of Spain and the pope. At length O'Neal was assassinated, but Desmond protracted the contest for several years after the final recall of Sidney.

Among them were the lords Ruthven, Lindsay, and Morton.

J James Hepburn, the grandson of the first earl of that name (see A. D. 1491), was one of the very few Scottish nobles who under all circumstances had adhered to Mary.

He was warden of the marches, and of a most ambitious and daring character; he had become the queen's chief adviser, and he exercised a most unhappy influence over her.

The Stationers' company were directed to search for and seize such works. The authors were to be dealt with by the High Commission Court; booksellers were to forfeit zos. for each copy, and printers to suffer imprisonment and be forbidden to follow their occupation any longer. These enactments utterly failed, and the press continued to be obnoxious, and even formidable, to the government.

This statute was occasioned by an altercation between Horne, bishop of Winchester, and Bonner, the deprived bishop of London, then a prisoner in the Marshalsea. Horne indicted him for refusing

promising, in general terms, to support His partisans draw up a new bond, his views, April 19; when he seizes the queen, April 24, and compels her to marry him", May 15.

conformists is seized at Plumbers' hall, A congregation of Protestant nonin London, June 19.

The Scottish nobles take up arms. Bothwell flees the country", and Mary is obliged to resign the crown to her Lochleven, and Murray is made reson, July 24. She is imprisoned at gent.

A.D. 1568.

Mary escapes from her prison of Lochleven, May 2; she raises some troops, which are defeated at Langside (near Glasgow) May 13. She escapes into England, landing at Workington, in Cumberland, May 16'.

the oath of supremacy; Bonner, on his trial, denied that Horne had been regularly consecrated, and as the rulers in those times declined to allow such matters to be canvassed in the law courts, the proceedings were stayed, and Bonner was allowed to end his days in prison.

Removing any steeples, trees, or other seamarks, is rendered an offence punishable by a fine of £100, or outlawry.

To prepare for this step, which Bothwell had long plotted for, he had, on the plea of consanguinity, divorced his wife, (Jane Gordon, sister of the earl of Huntley).

The party consisted of about roo, 15 of whom were seized and sent to prison for the night. Oa the following day they were examined before Bishop Grindal and others, who failed to reduce them to conformity.

P He lurked awhile on the Scottish coast, and then retired to Norway, where he was seized as a pirate. After a long confinement he died a madman in the castle of Draxholms in Zealand, April 14, 1578.

In this document, which has a pathetic tone not common in state papers, the unhappy queen describes herself as "vexed in spirit, body and senses, and at length so wearied, that her ability and strength of body is not able longer to endureTM* her calamities.

She wrote at once to Elizabeth, wishing to he allowed to come to the court, but this was refused,

The English College at Douay is founded by William Allen.

Conferences held at York, before the duke of Norfolk, the earl of Sussex', and other commissioners, at which the charges and counter-charges of Mary and the Scottish lords are brought forward, but nothing is determined. Mary, however, remains a prisoner, and plots begin to be formed for her liberation.

A.D. 1569.

The duke of Alva (Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo), governor of the Netherlands, seizes the goods of the English merchants; they remove their trade to Hamburgh.

The pope (Pius V.) sends agents into England, who denounce the queen as a heretic, and "fallen from her usurped authority."

The duke of Norfolk intrigues with them, and also corresponds with Mary.

as was her next request, that she might be permitted to depart out of England. She was instead kept a prisoner, first at Carlisle, subsequently at Bolton, Tutbury, and other places; and she was so much an object of suspicion that a warrant for her execution was drawn up in 1569. This fact appears from a letter of Leicester to Walsingham, dated October 10, 1586.

Thomas Howard, son of the accomplished earl of Surrey, executed by Henry VIII. (see A.D. 1547). Mary's agents interested the duke in her favour, and led him afterwards into a plan of marriage with her, which eventually cost him his head.

He was the great-grandson of Lord Fitzwalter, executed in 1494. His father was one of the first to declare in favour of the Princess Mary, and he him

Arms of Radcliff, earl of Sussex.

self was employed in embassies by her. He held the office of deputy of Ireland, as also that of president of the Council of the North, in which capacity he repressed the insurrection of the earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland, and ravaged the lands of their Scottish partisans. He was a very important person in Elizabeth's court, where he was lordchamberlain, but lived in a constant rivalry with the earl of Leicester, against whom he warned his friends on his death-bed. "Beware of the Gipsy," he said, "for he will be too hard for you all; you know not the beast so well as I do." Sussex died

He is summoned to court, and sent to the Tower, Oct. 11.

The earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland (Thomas Percy and Charles Neville) are also summoned to appear; instead, they take up arms, and proclaim their design of restoring the old religion.

They enter Durham, destroy the Bibles and Prayer-books in the cathedral, and set up the mass there and in other places. They advance southward into Yorkshire, but are obliged to retire before the royal forces under the earl of Sussex, and soon abandon their enterprise. The earls escape', but their followers are punished with extreme severity.

The rebellion commenced in the middle of November, and was completely crushed by the end of the year. Sir George Bowes, who had been obliged to surrender Barnard Castle to

July 9, 1583, and was buried at Boreham, in Essex, where he had raised a stately monument, to which the bodies of several of his ancestors were removed. He was twice married, (one of his wives was aunt to Sir Philip Sidney,) but leaving no issue, he was succeeded by his brother Robert.

Alva was a bitter persecutor of the Protestants, thousands of whom sought shelter from his tyranny in England. A large sum of money sent to him from Spain being carried into English ports to escape capture from the French, a dispute arose about it; he ill used and drove out the English merchants, and afforded a refuge to the queen's enemies; she retaliated by assisting the Netherlanders to establish their independence.

The most considerable of these was Nicholas Morton, formerly prebendary of York, but who had long held an office in the papal court. Philip of Spain was concerned in the plot, and placed large funds in the hands of Ridolfi, a Florentine merchant settled in London; and the duke of Alva sent the marquis of Cetona, an experienced soldier, under pretence of a commercial negotiation, to prepare for a projected invasion.

y On their banners were painted the five wounds of Christ, or a chalice, and Richard Norton, "an old gentleman with a reverend grey head," bore a cross with a streamer before them. The queen of Scots, whom they intended to release, was hastily carried from Tutbury to Coventry.

Northumberland fled to Scotland, and was sheltered awhile on the borders, but was afterwards given up by Morton for a payment of £2,000, and was executed at York, Aug. 22, 1572. Westmoreland escaped to the Netherlands, and lived on a pension of 200 crowns a month from the Spaniards. Egremond Radcliff, the half-brother of the earl of Sussex, was concerned in the rebellion, but escaped. After several years' wanderings he ventured to return to England, when he was imprisoned in the Beauchamp tower, where the inscription, "EAGREMOND RADCLYFFE, 1576," still remains. At length he was released, and again went abroad. He was soon after executed in the Netherlands for an attempt on the life of the Spanish governor, Don John of Austria, and declared to the last that he had been set at liberty by the influence of the secretary Walsingham for that purpose.

them, carried out martial law against the insurgents. An alderman and a priest, and above sixty others, were hanged by him in Durham alone, and, according to his own boast, many others suffered in every market town between Newcastle and Wetherby. Several gentlemen were executed at York, and others in London, but not, apparently, by martial law; and the earl of Sussex made a fierce inroad on Scotland, early in 1570, advancing as far as Dumfries on one side and Hawick on the other, burning and destroying the castles and towns of those who had given shelter to the fugitives. Another party was sent, later in the year, under Sir Drew Drury, which marched as far as Glasgow and Dumbarton, and supported the partisans of the young king against the friends of his mother. In this expedition some English fugitives were captured and executed.

A.D. 1570.

Leonard Dacre takes up arms in the north, but is defeated.

The regent Murray is assassinated at Linlithgow, Jan. 23. He is succeeded by the earl of Lenox, the father of Darnley. Mary's adherents ravage the English border.

The pope (Pius V.) publishes a bull or "sentence declaratory against Elizabeth, queen of England, and the heretics adhering unto her," April 25.

claratory sentence of the said bishop of Rome, in which he assumes and usurps power and authority within this kingdom of England; and the bishop of Rome, amongst other false and impious matter, declared that the queen was never at any time true queen of this kingdom of England, but only the pretended queen, and that she had been lawfully deprived of her royal authority. And by the said bull the pope absolved all the proceres, subjects, and people of the realm of all oaths of fidelity and allegiance to the queen." A copy of it was fixed on the English ambassador's house in Paris, and another copy, "printed upon paper," was posted on the gate of the bishop of London's palace, about eleven at night, on the 24th May, by John Felton, a gentleman, and Cornelius Irishman, a priest. Felton, from whose indictment the foregoing account is taken, was tried for high treason at Guildhall, August 4, and executed August 8.

Some gentlemen of Norfolk endeavour to raise an insurrection to release the duke. John Throckmorton and two others are executed.

The duke of Norfolk is set at liberty, Aug. 4, and sent to reside in his own house (the Charter-house, London) under the keeping of Sir Henry Neville.

The earl of Sussex makes another inroad in Scotland, burning and destroying the houses of the queen of Scotland and her friends".

He was the uncle of Lord Dacre of Greystoke, who had been killed by accident shortly before. He offered his services against the insurgent earls, but they were declined, and after the insurrection had been crushed, he gathered some 3,000 desperate borderers around him in Yorkshire, under the pretext of defending himself from the vengeance of their friends. He was summoned to lay down his arms, but refused, and was subdued with extreme difficulty by Lord Hunsdon. Dacre fled to Scotland, and ultimately to the Netherlands, where he died in poverty.

b The cause of issuing it is said to have been, the failure of the late insurrection. Many of the northern gentry who were favourable to that rising excused their not joining in it on the plea that the pope had not given a formal sanction to a war on the queen; this now was done in the most explicit

occupation of a clerk. He returned on the accession of Elizabeth, and became a fellow of Trinity, but, disappointed as to further promotion, he soon after went to Geneva. He came back about 1568, thoroughly imbued with Calvinism, and receiving the appointment of Margaret Professor in 1570, declaimed with such vehemence not only against the vestments, but the hierarchy, that he was expelled in the same year. As the acknowledged head of the Puritan party, Cartwright carried on an angry controversy with Whitgift and others; but in 1573 he thought it prudent to withdraw to the continent. He passed several years as chaplain of the English factory at Antwerp, and returning without permission, in 1585, was arrested, but soon released. He was now presented with the mastership of an hospital at Warwick by the earl of Leicester, and grew wealthy from the gifts of his friends and the prac tice of usury. He, however, did not refrain from preaching and praying against the bishops; and, having presided as moderator at Puritannational synods," he was in 1590 brought before the High Commission Court. He steadily refused to take the oath ex-officio, and was in consequence imprisoned until April, 1593, when he was released on a general promise of peaceable behaviour. He returned to

A.D. 1571.

The parliament meets April 2. Severe laws were passed against the Romanists; calling the queen heretic, schismatic, or usurper, was made treason, [13 Eliz. c. 1]; as was the introduction of papal bulls, [c. 2]. Sending relief to the fugitives over sea was prohibited, [c. 3]; and the earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland, and several other parties to the late rebellion, were attainted, [c. 16].

The Puritans bring forward a bill for the abrogation of various religious ceremonies; they also propose a new confession of faith. The queen manifests her displeasure, and imprisons the mover (Mr. Strickland). At length an act is passed [c. 12] "to redress disorders touching ministers of the Church'."

An act for the attaint of jurors giving corrupt verdicts made perpetual, [c. 251

The universities of Oxford and Cambridge incorporated by act of parliament, [c. 29].

Dr. John Story is executed for treason, June 1.

Injunctions issued by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, forbidding "reading, praying, preaching, or administering the sacraments in any place, public or private," without licence, June 7.

Sampson and other Puritan leaders are summoned to Lambeth, and exhorted to conformity, but without effect.

Warwick, and died there, in 1602, expressing on his death-bed regret for the dissensions he had been instrumental in occasioning.

⚫ Some attempts were made to defeat this act by fraudulent conveyances, against which a special law was passed in 1576, [18 Eliz. c. 4).

This act was in some measure one of concession to the Puritans, as it allowed clergymen already beneficed, but questionably ordained, to hold preferment by subscription to such of the Articles of 1563 "as only concern the profession of the true Christian faith, and the doctrine of the sacraments" in the same spirit, a portion of the twentieth Article ("The Church hath power to decree rites and ceremonies, and authority in controversies of faith" was omitted in a new edition of the Thirty-nine Articles prepared by Bishop Jewel, but probably not published until after his death. Such unwarrantable tampering with public documents gave occasion to the Puritans of a later day to charge the bishops with forging the clause in question; but it exists in a Latin edition printed in 1563, as well as in some English ones of 1571.

See A.D. 1497.

He was a civilian, and was conspicuous in parliament for opposing the changes in religion effected under Edward VI. Under Mary he was employed in restoring the ornaments in churches (see A.D. 1555) and made himself otherwise obnoxious to the Protestants. On the queen's death he with

The duke of Norfolk is tried and convicted of treason, in conspiring to dethrone the queen, and to marry Mary, "late queen of Scots k," Jan. 16. He is executed, June 2, on Tower-hill.

The parliament meets, May 8, and sits till June 29. Its most important acts were, one declaring conspiracy to seize, detain, or destroy castles, felony, and holding them against the queen, treason [14 Eliz. c. 1], and another against attempts to rescue prisoners [c. 2], both having reference to the proceedings of the partisans of Mary

drew to the Netherlands, where he obtained an office in the customs, which often brought him into collision with the English merchants, and they, in the year 1570, seized him when searching one of their ships, and brought him to England. Some curious letters respecting the cost of his capture, and his treatment, remain in the Public Record Office. He was confined awhile in the Tower, and was at length executed, at the age of seventy, for refusing the oath of supremacy. The inscription,

1570 IHON. STORE DOCTOR,' on the wall of the Beauchamp tower, indicates the place of his imprisonment.

A prediction had been some time before industriously spread, in spite of the penalties risked (see A.D. 1563), that the queen would not reign longer than twelve years. This was the thirteenth anniversary, and therefore a practical confutation of the invidious fancy.

He was also charged with sending money to the earl of Westmoreland (his brother-in-law), and the countess of Northumberland, then in exile in Flanders. The earl of Shrewsbury was lord high steward of the court, which consisted of himself and twenty-six other peers, Leicester and Burghley being among the number. Norfolk had been educated by John Foxe, the Martyrologist; and, though he leagued with Romanists, he lived and died professedly a Protestant.