lord chancellor, dies at Whitehall, Nov. 12. A.D. 1556. The archbishop of York (Nicholas Heath) is appointed lord chancellor, Jan. 1. William Chamberlain, or Constable, a youth who had personated the deceased king, Edward VI., is executed, March 13. Cranmer is tampered with in prison, and recants. He however is ordered for execution by writ dated Feb. 24; after a further delay he is burnt at Oxford, March 21. His body was wrapped in lead and placed in a vault in the church of St. Mary Overy, Southwark, where it remained until near the end of February, 1556, when it was removed with much pomp and buried at Winchester. Whilst it rested in St. Mary's, the rich velvet pall was stolen from the coffin. y Some persons were examined by the council as long back as Nov. 1553, for spreading a report of Trinity College, Oxford, founded by Sir Thomas Pope', March 18. Cardinal Pole is consecrated archbishop of Canterbury, March 22". He publicly assumes the functions of papal legate, March 28. Richard Uvedale, governor of Yarmouth castle, in the Isle of Wight, is convicted of treason, April 21, and executed April 28. A commission granted to Bonner and others (Sept. 23) to search for and collect all records of the visitations of the monasteries, and deliver them to the cardinal, " that they might be disposed of as the queen should order "." King Edward being alive. Chamberlain was the son of a miller in the north, and had been in the service of Sir Peter Meautys, who was himself imprisoned in 1555; he had before confessed his imposture, and been dismissed with a whipping, on a promise of repairing to his own country, which it seems he had not done. This deserves notice, as the first college founded in either University by an individual since the Re Tomb of Sir Thomas Pope, in Trinity College Chapel. formation. On its site were some ruined buildings | of Durham college, a foundation of the latter part Arms of Trinity College, Oxford. of the 13th century, which had been shortly before granted to Dr. George Owen and William Martyn, and were purchased from them by Sir Thomas Pope. He had been educated at Eton, was a lawyer, and had held many important offices. He became clerk of the Star-chamber, then a privy councillor; also treasurer of the Court of Augmentations, master of the jewels, and warden of the mint. He was for awhile the keeper of Princess Elizabeth, and dying in January, 1559, soon after her accession, he was buried in the chapel of his college. He had been appointed by the pope, by a bull dated Dec. 11, 1555. b He had agreed not to oppose a threatened landing of Henry Dudley and others who had formerly fled to France, and to whom the plunder of the Exchequer (see A.D. 1555) was intended to be sent. John Throckmorton was tried and executed with him. They are presumed to have been destroyed, as very few are now known to exist. The abbey of Westminster formally re-established, Nov. 21; John Feckenham, or Howman, late dean of St. Paul's, is installed as abbot. A.D. 1557. Cardinal Pole holds a visitation of the Universities, when English Bibles and books containing "heretical opinions" are destroyed. The body of Peter Martyr's wife is removed from its grave at Oxford, but re-interred through defect of legal evidence as to her creed. At Cambridge the bodies of Bucer and Fagius are taken up, their teaching testified to, and their remains then burnt, Feb. 6. A commission issued, Feb. 8, to Bonner and others, to inquire rigorously concerning "devilish and clamorous persons," who spread seditious reports or brought in "heretical and seditious books." They had also full power over those who neglected or contemned the Church ceremonies, and "vagabonds and masterless men " f Osep Napea, the first ambassador 4 She could not speak English, and therefore testimony as to her religious opinions was not procurable. This revolting act seems to have been forced on Pole's commissioners by the bigotry of the bishop of Chester (Cuthbert Scott) and some members of the University. They were empowered to fine, imprison, or "otherwise punish," at their pleasure; but charges of "heretical acts or opinions" they were to remit to the spiritual courts. These commissioners became exceedingly odious, as they were looked on as the precursors of the establishment of the Inquisition. He had left Archangel, July 28, 1556, in a ship belonging to the English merchants (see A.D. 1553), but suffered shipwreck on the coast of Scotland, when Richard Chancellor, his conductor, was drowned. He was a Muscovy merchant, who had been twice lord mayor of London, and was knighted for Arms of St. John's College, Oxford. his services in suppressing Wyatt's rebellion. His foundation occupies the site of St. Bernard's College, an educational establishment of the Cistercians, founded by Archbishop Chicheley. Sir Thomas White died in 1567, and was buried in the from Russia, arrives in London, Feb. 28%, and makes a commercial treaty. St. John's College, Oxford, founded by Sir Thomas White", March 5. The queen declares war against France, in support of her husband Philip', June 7. The Spaniards defeat the French at St. Quentin, Aug. 10, being assisted by some English troops. The French incite the Scots to invade England. The English fleet defeated, and Sir John Clere, the admiral, killed, in an attack on the Orkneys, Aug. 13. The order of Knights of St. John of Jerusalem re-established; Sir Thomas Tresham made lord prior of England', Nov. 30. A.D. 1558. The French, under the duke of Guise, invest Calais. The castles of Newenham bridge and Ruysbank are abandoned, Jan. 3; the duke then besieges the castle of Calais, which surrenders, Jan. 6m; the town capitulates the next day". The French then ad chapel of his college; his funeral oration was delivered by Edmund Campion, afterwards the celebrated Jesuit. Philip had long before endeavoured to induce the queen to take this step, but she declined it until her states were attacked by a force fitted out by the refugees in France. Thomas Stafford landed with a party in Yorkshire, and seized Scarborough castle, April 25; he also issued a proclamation reviling the queen, and styling himself protector of the kingdom. He was soon captured and brought to London, where, with five of his associates, he was tried, May 22 and 25; they all pleaded guilty (one, John Sherlles, a Frenchman, at first pleaded not guilty, but retracted his plea). Stafford was beheaded on Tower-hill, and three others (Stowell, Proctor, and Bradford) executed at Tyburn, May 28; Sherlles and Saunders were pardoned. k See A.D. 1540. As he was a skilful soldier, the defence of the Isle of Wight was committed to him. m Troops were hastily assembled at Dover for the relief of Calais, but, owing to tempestuous weather, they were unable to cross over in time to save it. n Lord Wentworth and fifty others were to remain as prisoners; the rest of the English, about 4,000 in number, were to go where they would. The French at once entered the town, "and forthwith," says Grafton, "all the men, women, and children were commanded to leave their houses, and to go unto certain places appointed for them, there to remain till order were further taken for their sending away. The places appointed for them to remain in were chiefly four, the two churches of Our Lady and St. Nicholas, the deputy's house, and the Staple, where they rested part of that day, the night following, and the next day till the afternoon. And while they were thus in these four places, proclamation was made in their hearings, straitly charging them that were inhabitants of the town of Calais, having about them any money, plate, or jewels, to the value of fourpence, to bring measures with so much address that | tries; their arts were retorted by men all opposition was borne down, and an apparent conformity brought about with very little trouble; but it needed all the firmness of three successive primates (Parker, Grindal, and Whitgift), to prevent the Church being reduced to a mere creature of the State, -a scheme most agreeable to the arbitrary temper of the queen, who entertained as high ideas of her ecclesiastical supremacy as Henry VIII. had ever done. as unscrupulous as themselves, and many determined attempts were made both against her government and her life, but all these efforts were signally unsuccessful". Elizabeth sent aid to the French Protestants on several occasions, but without any very important results. Her interference in Scotland was of a more decided character, the affairs of that country being in reality directed by her ministers. Mainly by their intrigues Elizabeth's relations with foreign the ill-advised, unhappy, but probably powers were, during the whole course not guilty Mary, was driven from her of her reign, surrounded with difficul- throne. She sought shelter in Engties connected with the subject of reli- land; and though she found instead gion. At her accession the reigning a prison, and eventually a violent pope (Paul IV.) refused to acknowledge death, her coming had most imher title; Philip of Spain professed portant consequences, for the Ropersonal regard, but gave it to be un-manists, who had hitherto accepted derstood that he could only continue in friendship with her if she continued a Catholic; and the king of France (Henry II.) induced his daughter-inlaw, Mary of Scotland, to assume the style and arms of queen of England; on the other hand, the Protestants of France, Scotland, and the Netherlands looked to her for support against the tyranny of their sovereigns, as well in civil as religious matters. Whatever her own intentions may have been, the Machiavel-governance" c" of her ministers, not confined to secret dealings with Romanists and Puritans at home, aggravated the troubles of other coun 66 mitted to her "a device for alteration of religion," in which he recommended a systematic discouragement of all who had been in authority under Queen Mary, and supplying their place with "men meaner in substance and younger in years," the involving the clergy in a præmunire, and "a sharp law" against popular assemblies. The plan was adopted, and at first seemed successful; but many men were found, both Romanists and Puritans, who refused to follow his example of adapting their consciences to every change of government; nor could the many sharp laws" that were devised by him bring them to conformity. In the midst of the cares of state, Cecil was far from neglectful of his own interest. He was ennobled, as Lord Burghley, in 1571, and afterwards made lord high treasurer; and he succeeded in raising a vast estate, great part of it, as was too usual with the courtiers of the later Tudors, wrung by way of inequitable exchange from the Church. He died Aug. 4, 1598. Such is the term used by Archbishop Parker, in letters to Cecil, as fittest to describe the secret favour given by members of the government to both Romanists and Puritans, whilst the bishops were compelled to coerce them, making both themselves and their order odious. Most of these plots were foiled by the sagacity of Sir Francis Walsingham, who was for many years secretary of state, and who, by foreign travel, Elizabeth as queen, now began to look to foreign powers for support, which they hoped to obtain by her means, and in return many shewed themselves ready to accept her as their sovereign. The Romanists had, indeed, some time before begun to decline attendance at church, moved by the exhortations of William Allen, and of priests who had gone abroad on the re-establishment of the English Liturgy, but about 1563 had ventured to return, and who then spread among them a censure of the Council of Trent on such conformity. Allen, too, founded a se had imbibed much of the dark and dangerous policy of his opponents. He was born at Chiselhurst, in Kent, in 1536; was educated at King's College, Cambridge; went abroad on the accession of Mary, thus became an accomplished linguist, and was employed on the most important embassies to France and Scotland. He was rewarded with the chancellorship of the duchy of Lancaster, but he was not a favourite with Elizabeth, for he belonged to the Puritan party, and, unlike his patron Burghley, he remained a poor man. He died April 6, 1590. The guilt or innocence of the Scottish queen has frequently been made almost a national question, and innumerable writers have employed their powers upon it; all their researches, however, only confirm the propriety of the remark of a contemporary (Camden), who says, "There are many suspicions, but no proofs." He was born in Lancashire in 1532. He studied at Oxford, was principal at St. Mary's Hall there in the time of Mary, and withdrew to the continent on her death. He resided principally in Flanders, and is accused of being deeply engaged in the various plots against Elizabeth. He was made a cardinal in 1587, wrote an Admonition in favour of the projected Spanish invasion, and was rewarded by Philip with the archbishopric of Mechlin. He died in 1594. minary at Douays, to which the young | more eminent of them of their prefermen of their best families were sent, ments; but this only induced them where many became priests, and where to form separate congregations, which all appear to have imbibed opinions cer- at length became the objects of the tainly hostile to the queen's ecclesias- rigour of the laws equally with the tical supremacy, and little favourable Romanists. Many of the Puritans, to her civil government. Severe laws as they came to be contemptuously were in consequence enacted, but they termed, who had been exiles in the rather irritated than subdued the body time of Mary, had imbibed abroad against which they were directed; and, a democratic spirit, which soon exthough near 200 Jesuits and other tended itself among their party, and priests and their adherents suffered as rendered them willing to proceed to traitors, the enterprise they had set any lengths against the Church. They before themselves, of endeavouring to were favoured, from interested motives, restore Romanism, was never aban- by the unprincipled Leicester and doned b. others, but repressed by the queen, who perceived that, humanly speaking, the Church and the State must stand or fall together. Troubles had before arisen in another direction, and, being unwisely met, grew every day more serious. Many learned and pious men (especially some who had been exiles in Germany or at Geneva) expressed themselves dissatisfied with certain points in the discipline of the Church, which to them savoured too much of Romanism, though fairly defensible on the grounds of decency and order. It was attempted to overcome such scruples by depriving some of the The college was dedicated to St. Thomas Becket. It subsisted till the first French revolution, when the members removed to England, and established a house which still subsists at Old Hall Green, near Standon, in Hertfordshire; the patron saint, however, was changed to Edmund, archbishop of Canterbury. Other seminaries for the English were in the course of a few years established at Reims, St. Omer, Rome, Paris, Madrid, and elsewhere, the members of which took an oath to return to England, when ordered by their superiors, "to convert the souls of their countrymen and kindred." Campion, the Jesuit, one of the earliest papal missionaries, wrote thus to the queen's council: "Be it known unto you, that we have made a league, all the Jesuits in the world, whose succession and multitude must overreach all the practices of England, cheerfully to carry the cross that you shall lay upon us, and never to despair your recovery, while we have a man left to enjoy your Tybura, or to be racked by your torments, or to be consumed by your prisons. Expenses are reckoned, the enterprise is begun; it is of God, it cannot be withstood. So the faith was planted, so must it be restored." The principal matters objected to at first were the vestments, the use of music, and bowing and kneeling: but afterwards episcopacy was attacked, and attempts were perseveringly made to substitute the presbyterian form of Church government. | The Puritans had no support from abroad, and, though violent in language, were then too weak to do more than inspire uneasiness, though Archbishop Parker clearly pointed out the dangerous political consequences that naturally flowed from their opinions. The Romanists, on the other hand, had the active help of successive popes (particularly Sixtus V. ), and of Philip sent, with almost regal powers, into the Low Countries, but greatly injured their cause by his inso lence and incapacity; yet in 1588 he was made generalissimo of the army raised to oppose the Spaniards. He died in the same year (Sept. 4), not without suspicion of poison. He professed adherence to the rigid doctrines of the Puritans, but was an execrable character, who removed his opponents by poison. He was three times married. He was suspected of murdering his first wife (Amy Robert Dudley, born in 1532, was a younger Robsart), whom he wedded June 4, 1550; and he son of the duke of Northumberland. He joined in disowned the second (Lady Douglas Howard), but the attempt to set Lady Jane Grey on the throne, left by her a son, Sir Robert Dudley, who lived seized the town of King's Lynn, and proclaimed abroad, and, being a favourite of the emperor, her there, for which he was tried, Jan. 22, 1554. Ferdinand II., styled himself duke of NorthumberHe pleaded guilty, but his life was spared, and he land; he died at Florence in 1650. His third wife, received a pardon the following year, (Easter term, who survived him, was Lettice, widow of the earl 1555). He then went abroad, and served at the of Essex, and mother of another royal favourite. battle of St. Quentin. By Elizabeth he was created Pius V. issued a bull (April 25, 1570), pronouncLord Denbigh, Sept. 28, 1563, and earl of Leicestering the queen excommunicated and deposed, the Z vance to Guines, which, after a stout | July 13, by the Spaniards, assisted by defence by Lord Grey of Wilton, is an English fleet. taken, Jan. 21, and the only remaining fort in Hammes being abandoned the same night, the English are entirely expelled from France. The loss of Calais occasions great discontent. Philip offers to assist in recovering it, but the queen's council, though greatly urged by herself", plead inability to bear the expense of the attempt. The parliament meets, Jan. 20, and sits till March 7. The French defeated at Gravelines, A fleet sent against France, under Lord Clinton, burns Conquet, in Brittany, (July 29,) but though joined by some Spanish ships, does not venture, as was intended, to attack Brest". Conferences for peace between England, France, and Spain opened at Cambray, in October. The queen, who had been long in bad health, dies at St. James's, Nov. 17. She is buried in Henry VIII's chapel, Westminster abbey, Dec. 13'. EVENTS IN GENERAL HISTORY. The Emperor, Charles V., abdicates The pope, Paul IV., claims the disposal of the empire. A.D. 1556 Commerce established between Eng- 1556 the same forthwith, and lay it on the high altars of the said churches upon pain of death, bearing them in hand they should be searched. By reason of which proclamation there was made a sorrowful offering; and while they were at this offering in the churches, the Frenchmen rifled their houses, where they found inestimable riches and treasure." After this the English were expelled from the town, in several parties, but they were kindly treated by the Scottish horsemen in the duke's army, who guarded them through the French camp, and protected them from the insolence of the victors. This event was the cause of great rejoicings in France, and the district is to the present time popularly known as the Reconquered Country. A.D. 1557 She pleaded personally with them, styling Calais "the chief jewel of our realm," but to no purpose. P It was hoped to capture it, and exchange it for Calais when peace should be made. Cardinal Pole lay ill at the same time, and died the day after her. The bishop of Winchester (John White) preached her funeral sermon; his text was, "I praised the dead which are already dead more than the living which are yet alive;" and giving offence by speaking warmly in her praise, and condemning the projected alterations in religion, he was confined to his house until the meeting of parliament. He was deprived in 1559, and died Jan. 12, 1560. |