An act "for the advancement of true religion" passed', [34 & 35 Hen. VIII. c. 1). Wales divided into twelve counties, [c. 2) By this act a president and council are appointed for Wales; also justices of the peace, with power to hold sessions as in England. By another statute, a code of ordinances was drawn up for Wales, [c. 26]. The king makes a treaty with the emperor, Feb. 11, and prepares for a war against France. The king releases the chief Scottish prisoners, on condition of their en- | deavouring to procure a marriage between his son and their infant queen. The proposal is favourably received in Scotland, and a treaty on the subject is concluded, July 1. The king marries his sixth queen (Katherine Parr "), in July. The queen-mother of Scotland and Cardinal Beaton gain over the earl of Arran to their party, and endeavour to set aside the marriage treaty. The king in return ravages their borders, and seizes Scottish ships. The Scots form a new alliance with France, and declare the treaty with England null and void, Dec. 11. A.D. 1544. The succession to the throne a third time regulated, under the penalties of treason, [35 Hen. VIII. c. i]. The king's style set forth both in Latin and English3, it being declared treason to object to it, [c. 3]. An English army and fleet, under the earl of Hertford and Lord Lisle, The liberty formerly granted of reading the Bible was abridged by this act; and the King's Book was shortly after published, as containing all that the laity needed of Christian doctrine; the clergy, it was allowed, were bound to "search the Scriptures." So she is usually called, but it is her maiden name; she had been married twice before, and was then the widow of Lord Latimer. Her brother, William Parr, was created marquis of Northamp. ton; he was a man of bad character, who complied with every change of religion and government, and held office in all circumstances. He died in 1571. It is worded thus in the original act :-"Henricus Octavus Dei gratia Anglie Frauncie et Hibernie Rex, fidei defensor et in terra Ecclesie Anglicane et Hibernice supremum caput" and "Henry the Eight, by the grace of God Kyng of Englonde Fraunce and Irelande Defendor of the faithe, and of the Churche of Englonde, and also of Irelande in earthe the supreme Hedde." Afterwards the Protector Somerset, and his rival Dudley, duke of Northumberland. capture and burn Edinburgh and Leith, and devastate the surrounding country, in May. The wages of members of parliament settled at 4s. a-day for knights of the shire, and 2s. a-day for burgesses, [c. 11]. The king's debts remitted, and any sums that he had paid ordered to be returned to him, [c. 12]. The earl of Lenox makes a treaty with the king, engaging to forward his views on Scotland, May 17. In return he receives the hand of Lady Margaret Douglas, the king's niece". The king invades France, in July. He besieges Boulogne, which surrenders Sept. 14 The emperor and the king of France suddenly conclude a peace, Sept. 19, when the English army is obliged to withdraw. The king returns to England, Sept. 30. A.D. 1545. The French make several unsuccessful attempts to retake Boulogne ; ford and Lord Lisle. they are foiled by the earl of Hert The king raises a large sum by "benevolence," which is very unwillingly paid b. The French fleet attempts to invade England. They have an indecisive action off Portsmouth with the English ships, July 18. The French ravage the marches of Calais, and also send assistance to the Scots. The earl of Hertford overruns and plunders the south of Scotland. • Matthew Stuart; he was, like the regent Arran, descended from James II. ⚫ She had, some years before, been contracted to Lord Thomas Howard (see A.D. 1536). Her portion from the king was Temple Newsam, forfeited in the Pilgrimage of Grace, and some abbey lands. She was the mother of Darnley, the husband of Mary queen of Scots. a Hence the name was changed, and the next involuntary gift in the following year was styled, loving contribution made by the subjects' free will." Richard Read, a London alderman, who declined to contribute in 1545, was sent as a common soldier to the army in Scotland, where he was taken prisoner at Jedworth, being, by the king's order, exposed to special danger. e Two days after the action one of the largest of the English ships, the Mary Rose, was upset in a squall in Portsmouth harbour, and of her crew of 700 men, only 35 were saved. The wreck was not removed until 1836, when several brass guns were recovered in good condition; one of them may be seen mounted on the Platform at Southampton, All colleges, chantries and hospitals dissolved and granted to the crown, [37 Hen. VIII. c. 4]. A law made against usury, which limited interest to 10 per cent., [c. 9]. Persons dispersing slanderous libels declared guilty of felony, [c. 10]. Tithes in London fixed at the rate of 25. 9d. in the £1 on rent, [c. 12]. Laymen empowered to exercise ecclesiastical jurisdiction, [c. 17]. The council of Trent, called professedly for the reformation of manners and discipline, but really directed against the Reformation, holds its first session, December 13. A.D. 1546. retake Boulogne. The earl of Surrey, the governor, being defeated by them, is recalled to England. He gives vent to his resentment in violent speeches, which are reported to the king. Cardinal Beaton is killed, in his castle of St. Andrew's, May 28. A peace is concluded with France, June 7. It provides for the restoration of Boulogne in eight years, and also for a peace with the Scots. Anne Askew and three other persons are burnt as Sacramentarians, July 16. Christ Church, Oxford", and Trinity College, Cambridge', founded by the king. The duke of Norfolk and the earl of Surrey are committed to the Tower, The French continue their efforts to Dec. 7. and others are in the Artillery Museum at Woolwich. From the terms employed, the universities considered themselves in danger, but Henry condescended to assure them of safety. The occasion of this act was that papal decrees denounced excommunication against laymen who ventured to judge in ecclesiastical causes, as marriages and wills. In its preamble, "all ecclesiastical power" is said to be derived from the king as the" undoubted Supreme Head of the Church. The murder had been proposed by Lord Cassilis a year before, and was sanctioned by Henry, though he declined to appear openly in it: a fact established by a letter of the English council to Lord Hertford, dated May 30, 1545, to be found in the State Papers of Henry VIII., vol. v. p. 449. In the same collection (p. 560) is a letter giving the particulars of the murder. The party consisted of Norman Leslie, James Melvin, and 15 others: they first killed the perter and threw his body into the ditch, then drove out the workmen and servants; the cardinal, hearing the tumult, came from his chamber to the blockhouse, and was there killed. "The common bell of the town rang, the provost and town gathered, to the number of 300 or 400 men, and came to the castle, when Norman Leslie and his company came to the wall-head, and asked what they desired to see a dead man? Incontinent they brought the cardinal dead to the wallhead, in a pair of sheets, and hung him over the wall by the one arm and the one foot, and bade the people see there their God. This John of Douglas of Edinburgh.... shewed me... who was in St. Andrew's, and saw the same with his own eyes." The castle was held for some time by Norman Leslie and his party, who were in the pay of Henry; but at length it was captured by a body of French troops, and destroyed, as having been polluted by the blood of a cardinal. 8 Anne Askew was an intimate of some of the ladies of the court, and she had been racked in the Tower, for the purpose of finding matter of accusation against the Queen, who was believed to hold similar opinions. Katherine, however, had the tact to avert Henry's suspicions by alleging that she only raised doubts to have them solved by his learning, particularly as she saw that the Occupation diverted his mind from the pains of disease under which he suffered. In 1524 Cardinal Wolsey had obtained permission to convert the priory of St. Frideswide into Arms of Christ Church, Oxford. at Oxford was re-established as King Henry's College, Sept. 27, 1532; fourteen years after it was more fully endowed, and the name again changed to its present one. i To form this college several smaller halls were added to King's Hall, founded by Edward III. in 1346; Queen Mary was also a benefactor. If a man coming of the collateral line to the heir of the crown, who ought not to bear the arms of England but on the second quarter, with the difference of their ancestor, do presume to change his right place, and bear them in the first quarter, leaving out the true difference of the an cestry, and, in the lieu thereof, use the very place only of the heir male apparent, how this man's intent is to be judged; and whether this import any danger, peril, or slander to the title of the prince, or very heir apparent; and how it weigheth in our laws." Such is the first sentence of a remarkable paper of charges against the duke, drawn up apparently for the opinion of the judges, and corrected in many places by the king himself, preserved in the Public Record Office. Others relate to "presuming to take an old coat of the crown" (the arms of Edward the Confessor; see p. 64), 'which his ancestor never bare, nor he of right ought to bear;" giving arms to strangers; holding pleas, and exercising free warren in his grounds, without licence; "depraving of the king's council;" "compassing to govern the realm;" and, which seems to shew that the jealousy of the Seymours had inspired these proceedings, there is a charge THIS edifice, which is the second tower on the western side of the Tower-green, has been restored of late years, and is now open to public inspection. It derives its name from its having been the scene of the imprisonment of Thomas Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, in 1397, and the walls are almost covered with records of the abode there of many persons well known in history; indeed, on entering, the eye at once falls on the name of Robert Dudley, afterwards the favourite Leicester. The tower consists of three stories of one room each, beside some small cells, but the inscriptions are found chiefly in the room on the first floor; on the basement, however, we have the following distich :"The man whom this house cannot mend, Hath evil become, and worse will end a it is the work of Charles Bailly, an agent of Mary Queen of Scots. In the great room on the first floor each of the four loopholed recesses, as well as the fireplace and the recess now occupied by a modern window, presents a mass of inscriptions and devices, among which those of Philip, earl of Arundel, Lords Thomas Fitzgerald, John and Robert Dudley, Drs. Abel, Cook, and Story, Geoffrey, Arthur a cross fleury between five martlets gold,' whic! belonged to the king in right of his kingdom, and might not be borne by any subject." His life was saved by the death of the king early on the following morning, but he was imprisoned in the Tower until the accession of Mary. The spelling of the inscriptions cited has been modernized. • The device of John Dudley, earl of Warwick, is very handsome and elaborate. It comprises the lion double quevée and the bear and ragged staff within a floral border, composed of roses, geraniums, honeysuckles and acorns, to indicate the initials of his four brothers, Robert, Guilford, Henry and Ambrose. The inscription runs thus: "You that these beasts do well behold and see, May deem with ease wherefore here made they be, With borders eke wherein [there may be found! Four brothers' names who list to search the ground." In another recess is the name "Jane," doubtless Lady Jane Grey, and probably inscribed by her husband Guilford Dudley, "Ado and Edmund Poole, may be traced, as well | despondency. Spera in Dio;" as many others by persons less known. ramus Te;" "En Dieu est mon espeMany of the devices are of a religious cha- rance ;" "Dolor patientia vincetur ; racter, others are heraldic; some present "Hope to the end, and have patience;" skeletons and other emblems of mortality. and similar thoughts, are plentifully inThe inscriptions are in a variety of lan- scribed. There are but two of a contrary guages-English, Latin, French, Spanish nature, and these appear the production of and Italian. Many are passages of Scrip- one person, William Tyrrel, who was a ture, others are "the sorrowful sighing of knight of St. John, imprisoned in 1541, the prisoner," as,probably in connexion with the suppression of his order in the preceding year. In one inscription he exclaims, in Italian, "Oh ! unhappy man that I think myself to be !" and in the other he expressses himself still chosen that my hope should go to the wind to more despondingly: "Since Fortune hath complain, I would that Time were no more, my star being ever sad and unpropitious.' Such are a few of the painfully interesting inscriptions to be seen in the Beauchamp tower. Many other parts of the fortress have been formerly used as "prison-lodgings P," and they also have their memorials, as the Salt tower, where may be seen the curious sphere cut by "Hew Draper of Bristowe" in 1562, a reputed alchemist, but they are now occupied as dwellings, or in other ways which prevent their being readily accessible. "Thomas Miagh, which lieth here alone, self: "The most unhappy man in the world is he that is not patient in adversities; for men are not killed with the adversities they have, but with the impatience which they suffer." The great majority of the inscriptions are expressive of hope or pious resignation, and few breathe either impatience or P "A Particular of the names of the Towers," of the date of 1642 (printed in the Appendix to Bayley's History of the Tower, p. xxxiii.) mentions as such, beside the Beauchamp, the Bell, Broad Arrow, Constable, Cradle, Lantern, Martin, Salt, Wakefield and Well towers, and the Nun's bower, over Cold Harbour-gate, adjoining the White tower. He was the eldest son of the Dudley of Henry VII.'s reign, and was born in 1502. Soon after his father's death he was restored in blood, and he early distinguished himself in arms, being Arms of Dadley, duke of Northumberland. knighted for his prowess in 1524. He accompanied Cardinal Wolsey on his embassy to France, and was appointed master of the horse to Anne of Cleves. In 1543 he was, in consequence of his maternal descent, made Lord Lisle; and was soon youth, his influence on its transactions was very limited. The real rulers were, first, his uncle Somerset, and afterwards John Dudley, duke of Northumberland", both men of little principle. From merely political motives, after appointed lord high admiral, when he took Leith, and the next year defended Boulogne, and ravaged the French coast. He was named one of the executors of the will of Henry VIII., was created earl of Warwick, bore the principal part in the Scottish campaign of 1547, and is accused of sowing the dissension between the Protector and his brother which caused the ruin of both. He became on Somerset's fall the real ruler of the kingdom, obtained the high offices of lord steward and earl marshal, and was created duke of Northumberland, receiving at the same time the county palatine of Durham, the see being suppressed. By a feigned zeal for Protestantism he gained a great ascendancy over Edward VI., and prevailed on him to bequeath the crown to his cousin, Lady Jane Grey; but this enterprise failed in the execution. Northumberland was deserted by his adherents, was, in spite of his abject submission, tried, condemned, and executed as a traitor, and he owed Christian burial to the gratitude of an old servant (John Cock, Lancaster herald), who begged his remains from the queen, and interred them in the chapel of the Tower. He had married Jane, daughter of Sir Edward Guilford, warden of the Cinque Ports, |