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Charles VII. takes Creil, in April, but is driven from Pontoise in August by the duke of York. He returns, and captures the town, putting the garrison

England is afflicted with plague and to the sword. famine.

The preamble states that these bodies oftentimes made unlawful and unreasonable ordinances "for their own profit and common damage to the people," and for remedy the justices are empowered to revoke and repeal such; those who afterwards endeavour to enforce them being liable to a fine of £10 for each transgression.

The chief conspirators were the earl of Athol, uncle to the king, and Robert Graham, uncle of the disinherited earl of Strathearn (see A.D. 1435); they were both tortured to death.

Arms of Douglas.

The duchess of Gloucester, accused

d His minority was disturbed by the struggles of the lords Crichton and Livingstone, the chancellor and the governor of the realm, who held, the one Edinburgh, the other Stirling, and contended for the possession of the king; by the intrigues of his mother and her second husband, Sir James Stuart, of Lorn; and by the turbulence of two successive earls of Douglas, who set all law at defiance, and made treasonable leagues with England and the lords of the Isles. The crowned heart in the Douglas arms is an augmentation in memory of the journey of Sir James Douglas to the Holy Land with the heart of King Robert Bruce. See A.D. 1328.

It had its name from being designed mainly to support a body of priests to pray for the souls of all who had perished or might perish in the French

war.

f John, Lord Beaumont, was the first person who received this new title, Feb. 12, 1440, accompanied by a grant of lands in France. He was killed at the battle of Northampton in 1460, on the Lancastrian side.

8 The duke of Gloucester entered a formal protest against his being liberated, June 2, but his opposition was disregarded. One condition of his release was that he should endeavour to bring about a peace, in which case the heavy ransom (134,000 crowns) imposed on him was to be remitted.

of witchcraft, is sentenced to imprison- in the parliament for his services in ment for life h. negotiating the truce with France.

A.D. 1442.

The French gain several towns in the south of France; the duke of York ravages the north.

A.D. 1443.

The duke of Gloucester accuses the bishop of Winchester of treason; the bishop produces a general pardon from the king.

The truce with Burgundy is renewed, April 23.

King's College, Cambridge, founded by Henry VI.

A.D. 1444.

A truce is concluded with France, May 28. It was to endure to May 1, 1446, and was afterwards prolonged to April 1, 1450.

The duke of York is recalled from France, and succeeded by the marquis of Dorset (Edmund Beaufort, afterwards duke of Somerset).

A.D. 1445.

The king marries Margaret of Anjou, April 22; Margaret is crowned, April 30.

A.D. 1446.

A.D. 1447.

A parliament held at Bury St. Edmund's, Feb. 10. The duke of Gloucester is charged with treason, Feb. II, and is found dead a few days after *.

Cardinal Beaufort dies, April 11. All former statutes made against Welshmen confirmed [25 Hen. VI. C. I]. By this act all grants of markets, &c., to them in North Wales were made void; and all villeins of the king were to be constrained to do all such labours and services as they

used to do of old time.

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The French, alleging the truce to be thus broken, invade Normandy at several different points, and achieve its conquest with little trouble'.

Queens' College, Cambridge, founded by Queen Margaret, March 30m.

The duke of York is appointed lieutenant of Ireland, July 5. He conciliates the people, and his friends "

The marquis of Suffolk is thanked bring forward his claim to the throne.

The place of her confinement appears to have been often changed. Notices in the Public Records, which only style her "Eleanor Cobham," prove her to have been imprisoned at Chester, Kenilworth, and Calais. She was at last removed to the Isle of Man, where she was confined in the crypt under the cathedral of St. German, within Peel Castle. Robert Bolingbroke, a priest, and Margaret Jourdain, called the witch of Eye, her presumed confederates, were executed, and another (Thomas Southwell, a canon of St. Stephen's) died in the Tower.

It was negotiated by the earl of Suffolk, and he was in consequence created a marquis, Sept. 14, 1444. On June 2, 1448, he was raised to the duke

dom.

The

The marriage was negotiated by Suffolk, who had before concluded the truce with France. contract stipulated for the surrender of several of the remaining English possessions in France, and hence was opposed by the duke of Gloucester, but the influence of his rival, the bishop of Winchester, prevailed.

He was suspected of a design to make himself master of the government by force, but his death prevented any formal inquiry; and in 1455 a parliamentary declaration of his innocence was made. Local tradition places his death on Feb. 24.

The duke of Somerset was accused of surrendering Caen to secure the safety of his wife and children, who were besieged there.

It was at first called St. Bernard and St. Mar

garet's College, but being further endowed by the queen of Edward IV., it obtained its present appellation.

The most influential of these parties was Richard Neville, a son of Ralph, earl of Westmoreland, who was born in the year 1400, and obtained the earldom of Salisbury by marriage with Alice, the heiress of Thomas Montacute, killed at Orleans, in 1429. He served in France

Arms of Neville, earl of Salisbury.

under the duke of York, who was his brother-in-law, became warden of the West Marches, in conjunction with his eldest son, ("king-making Warwick,") and rendered himself famous by his strenuous opposition to the surrender of the English provinces in France. When the civil war broke out, he took

A war breaks out with Scotland. | constable of the Tower, (John HolThe English burn Dumfries, and the land, duke of Exeter). Scots destroy Alnwick; the earl of Northumberland is defeated in Annandale. A truce for an unlimited period is concluded, Nov. 15.

A.D. 1450.

Insurrections break out in various parts of England, directed against the duke of Suffolk and his partisans. The chancellor (Archbishop Stafford) retires, and Cardinal Kempe is recalled.

Adam Moleyne, bishop of Chichester, is murdered at Portsmouth early in January.

The duke is impeached by the Commons, Jan. 28, and committed to the Tower.

He is brought before the parliament, March 17, and without trial sentenced to five years' banishment. He embarks at Ipswich May 3, but is overtaken and beheaded at sea, by order of the

the field, and gained a victory over the Lancastrians at Bloreheath; owing to a sudden change of fortune, he was soon after obliged to flee to Calais, and was attainted. He returned the next year, and accompanied the duke of York into the north against Queen Margaret, but being taken at Wakefield, (where his son Thomas was killed, as well as the duke,) he was beheaded, and his head placed on the wall of York, whence it was removed in February, 1461, and buried with his wife at Bisham, in Berkshire, where he had prepared a place of sepulture before the battle of Bloreheath. He left three sons: Richard earl of Salisbury and Warwick, and John marquis of Montacute, both killed at Barnet, in 1471; and William, lod Falconbridge and earl of Kent, who died in 1403. Of his daughters, Margaret was the wife of John de Vere, earl of Oxford, a staunch Lancastrian; and Katherine married first Lord Bonville, and afterwards Lord Hastings.

See A.D. 1432.

P He was unpopular, as having been concerned, under Suffolk, in negotiating the king's marriage, and on Dec. 9, 1449, he had licence to go on a pilgrimage; hence, perhaps, his presence at Portsmouth.

He was an Irish soldier of fortune, "a young man of a goodly stature and pregnant wit," and was supposed to be put forward by the duke of York, in order to ascertain the feeling of the nation towards his claim; hence his assumed name of Mortimer.

The council refused to receive the statement of grievances, but it has been preserved, and may be seen in Stowe's Annals, (p. 388). It shews that the people had many very serious grievances to Complain of, and that the picture given of Cade and his followers by Shakespeare does them great injustice.

He was the grandson of Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester. He served in France in the wars of Henry V. and VI., and was present at the coronation of the latter at Paris. In 1440 he was appointed captain of Calais, and on Sept. 14, 1444, he was created duke of Buckingham. A fierce

John Cade (calling himself Mortimer 9) raises an insurrection in Kent, in May. He encamps on Blackheath, June 1, and, as "captain of the great assembly of Kent," requires the dismissal of evil councillors and the redress of grievances'.

Sir Humphrey Stafford (cousin of Humphrey, duke of Buckingham") is sent against him, but is defeated and killed at Sevenoaks, June 27.

William Ascough, bishop of Salisbury, is murdered by insurgents at Edington, in Wiltshire, June 29.

Cade enters London, July 3. He beheads Lord Say, and Crowmer the sheriff of Kent, July 4, after which his followers begin to plunder. The citizens resist, and after a fierce fight on London bridge, the insurgents are driven out, July 5.

The chancellor (Archbishop Kempe) and the bishop of Winchester (Wayneflete) meet Cade in the church of St.

quarrel as to precedence ensued between himself and Henry Beauchamp, duke of Warwick and king of the Isle of Wight, but on Warwick's death soon after, he was declared first peer of the realm, and was also made constable of Dover and Warden of the Cinque Ports. He was killed at the battle of Northampton in 1460, and was succeeded by his grandson, his eldest son, Humphrey, having fallen at the first battle of St. Alban's, where he himself was wounded; his second son, Henry, became the second husband of Margaret, countess

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Arms of Stafford, duke of Buckingham.

of Richmond. A frightful succession of calamities befel both the ancestors and the descendants of this potent noble, as well as himself. His grandfather was murdered at Calais, his father killed at Shrewsbury, his son at St. Alban's, and himself at Northampton; his grandson and great-grandson were both executed as traitors, and the greatgrandson of the last was in 1637 compelled by abject poverty to relinquish the rank of Lord Stafford, to which he had become entitled, his sister being at the time the wife of a carpenter.

He was treasurer of England, and had been a devoted adherent of the duke of Suffolk. He was also lord-lieutenant of Kent, and was accused by Cade of greatly oppressing the people in concert with William Crowmer, the sheriff, who was his son-in-law.

Margaret, Southwark, receive his statement of grievances, and consent to grant pardons for himself and his followers", who thereupon begin to disperse, July 6.

A.D. 1453.

Talbot is defeated and killed at

Castillon, July 23. Bordeaux is invested by the French, Aug. I; taken by them, Oct. 17.

The king falls ill, and is totally incapacitated for the government, November.

Cade retires to Rochester with his booty. Quarrels arise among his followers, and he flees from them, July 11. He is killed in Sussex, shortly after, when his body is brought to Lon-forward, is admitted into the king's The duke of York again comes don, and his head set on the bridge, July 15.

Cherbourg is taken by the French, Aug. 12.

The duke of Somerset, late governor in Normandy, returns to England, and takes the direction of affairs. The University of Glasgow founded by papal bull.

A.D. J451.

The French overrun Gascony. The last town that holds out is Bayonne, which is taken Aug. 25.

Truce for three years with Scotland, Aug. 14.

A.D. 1452.

The duke of York takes up arms, and demands that Somerset shall be brought to trial. Being prevailed on to lay down his arms, he is imprisoned, but is shortly released, and retires to his castle of Wigmore.

Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, is sent to reconquer Gascony. Bordeaux surrenders to him, Oct. 23.

William, earl of Douglas, (cousin of the preceding earl,) is murdered by James II. of Scotland, Feb. 22. The Douglases proclaim the king a perjured murderer, and declare themselves subjects of England.

They take up arms, but being unsuccessful, are reconciled with the king.

"These pardons remain on the Patent Roll 4 Henry VI. part 2, and they shew that many rons of good position and property had taken a it in the rising, in Kent, Surrey, Sussex and + ex Thus for Kent alone, one knight (Sir hn Cheyne, of Eastchurch in Shepey), 18 squires, 474 gentlemen are pardoned, as well as the f of Folkestone, the mayor of Quenborough, the whole communities of Canterbury, Roester, Chatham, Maidstone and Sandwich. The that of sympathy with the insurgents may be torred from the fact, that the heads and quarters Cade and others were sent to such widely distant traces as Norwich, Gloucester, Colchester, Salisbury, Stamford, Winchester, &c.

On the same day a grant of 1000 marks out of the rebels' goods was made to Alexander Iden, heriff of Kent, and others, who had brought the orpse to London.

This, which was considered the virtual extincun of the English rule in France was for ages

council, and procures the imprisonment of Somerset, Dec.

A.D. 1454.

The parliament meets, Feb. 14. The king's incapacity being fully certified, the duke of York is appointed protector and defender of the kingdom," during the minority of Prince Edward, April 3.

Somerset is deprived of his offices, and accused of treason, but the charge is not followed up.

James, earl of Douglas, rebels, but being defeated, flees to England".

A.D. 1455.

The king recovers his health. He revokes the duke of York's commission as Protector, and releases Somerset from the Tower, Feb. 5.

The dukes of York and Somerset enter into bonds of 20,000 marks each to submit their disputes to arbitration, March 4.

The duke of York, being, only two days after, deprived of the captainship of Calais, takes up arms; Somerset advances against him. The armies meet at St. Alban's, May 23, when Somerset is killed, and the duke of York gains a complete victory.

The parliament meets, July 9, when

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a declaration is made of the innocence of the duke of Gloucester, and a general pardon issued.

The captainship of Calais bestowed on the earl of Warwick ".

The earl of Douglas invades Scotland; he is defeated, and two of his brothers killed.

The king again falls ill, when, at the desire of the parliament, the duke of York is a second time constituted Protector, to remain until dismissed by the parliament, Nov. 19.

A.D. 1456.

The king recovers, and again revokes the duke's commission, Feb. 25. The duke and his chief adherents retire to their estates ".

e See A.D. 1447.

d Richard Neville was the eldest son of Richard Neville, earl of Salisbury, and was born in the year 1428. Like his father he married an heiress, and thus became earl of Warwick. He acquired vast property with his wife, and he acted so liberally with it, making all comers welcome to his board, wherever he had an estate, and whenever he came to London, that he was a popular favourite. He espoused the cause of the duke of York, led the van at the battle of St. Alban's, where Somerset, his brother-in-law, was slain, and soon after received the appointment of captain of Calais, which important post he retained, through many vicissitudes of fortune, until his death. An attempt was made to assassinate him in the year 1458, which occasioned the Yorkists again to take arms. Though successful at first, they were eventually dispersed; the earl,' among others, was attainted, and the young duke of Somerset, his nephew, was sent to dispossess him of Calais. Warwick, how

X

Arms of Neville, earl of Warwick.

ever, foiled him, and, being well used to service at sea, maintained his forces by a piratical warfare, in which he sometimes seized wealthy Lancastrians on the English coast and put them to ransom; at others, captured rich Spanish ships; then, returning to England, he gained the battle of Northampton, but was defeated by Queen Margaret at St. Alban's. Edward IV. now succeeded, and Warwick was for a while all-powerful. He gained the victory of Towton, was made captain of Dover, (Calais was already in his keeping), warden of the Scottish marches, lord chamberlain and lord steward, and had grants of forfeited lands to the amount of 80,000 crowns annually, while one brother was made earl of Northumberland, and the other archbishop of York: He at length found

Donald, lord of the Isles, invades Scotland, in concert with the Douglases. He burns Inverness, but soon retires.

A.D. 1457.

The French and Bretons ravage the English coast; they plunder Sandwich, Aug. 28.

The truce with Scotland renewed for four years, Dec. 31.

A.D. 1458.

The queen and the duke of York are formally reconciled', March 25.

Magdalen College, Oxford, founded by William Wayneflete 8, bishop of Winchester, July 18.

rivals in the Woodvilles, the relatives of Edward's queen; quarrels and slight insurrections ensued, and in 1470 he suddenly espoused the Lancastrian cause, drove out Edward and restored Henry, from whom he received a confirmation of all his offices and acquisitions, and the post of admiral. Edward returned, and the earl was defeated and killed, together with his brother, at Barnet, April 14, 1471; their bodies were brought to London, exposed to the public gaze in one coffin, and afterwards buried at Bisham, with their father. Richard left two daughters Isabella, who married the duke of Clarence; and Anne, first married to Edward, son of Henry VI., and afterwards to Richard, duke of Gloucester. His widow took sanctuary for a while at Beaulieu, and afterwards lived in poverty until the time of Henry VII., who made a show of restoring her estates, but she at once conveyed them to him, and received one manor (Sutton, in Warwickshire) for her support. She was living in 1490, but how long after is uncertain.

John Neville, the younger brother of Richard, defeated the Lancastrians at Hexham, and was created earl of Northumberland; this was afterwards changed for the title of marquis of Montagu. He followed his brother's steps, and fell with him at Barnet. His son George, a child, who had been created duke of Bedford, was stripped of his estates, then deposed for his poverty, and imprisoned with the young earl of Warwick at Sheriff Hutton, where he died, May 4, 1483.

The earl of Warwick repaired to Calais, the garrison of which adhered to him through all the subsequent changes.

f They repaired to St. Paul's church to a solemn service, the duke leading the queen by the hand, and the chiefs on each side followed them, in a similar amicable fashion. "But," says Halle, "though their bodies were joined, their hearts were far asunder," as became evident enough not long after.

His father's name was Richard Pattyn, but the son was usually styled William Wayneflete, from the place of his birth. Like Chicheley he was a Winchester scholar, and like him he imitated Wykeham by founding a college. He was for a while master of Winchester School, was in 1443 appointed provost of Eton, and in 1447 succeeded Cardinal Beaufort as bishop of Winchester. He soon after commenced his academical foundation by procuring licence to found St. Mary Magdalen Hall (May 6, 1448), but did not obtain the foundation charter of his college until 1458. He held the post of chancellor from 1456 to 1460, and was with

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