announcing that King Richard is with them. They are defeated by Henry Percy (called Hotspur) at Homildonhill, near Wooler, Sept. 14, and the earl of Douglas and other nobles taken. Henry offends the Percies, and they meditate his overthrow.

A.D. 1403.

The Percies and the Mortimers confederate with Glyndwr to restore Richard, if alive, or to place the earl of March on the throne, in case of his decease.

The French make a descent on the Isle of Wight.

The Percies march to join Glyndwr, but are intercepted by Henry, and defeated at the place called Hateley-field, near Shrewsbury, July 23. Henry Percy is killed; his uncle, Thomas Percy, earl of Worcester, being taken, is beheaded, July 25.

A body of French land in Wales and burn Tenby, in July; they then join Glyndwr.

Plymouth is burnt by the Bretons; and at the same time Britanny is ravaged by English ships.

Minstrels or vagabonds" forbidden to make assemblies in Wales, [4 Hen. IV. c. 27] The Welsh in general ordered to be disarmed' [c. 28].

Richard Yonge, bishop of Bangor, is imprisoned and deprived of his see by Glyndwr ".

Glyndwr was at the time besieging Caermarthen, and was not hindered from joining his confederates by a flood in the Severn, as is commonly stated. The earl of Northumberland, who was on the way to support his son, hearing of his death, disbanded his army, made his submission, and was pardoned, (Aug. 11,) but being deprived of the Isle of Man, and his strongest castles, he withdrew into Scotland shortly after. The chief son killed on Henry's side was Edmund Stafford, earl of Buckingham, son-in-law of Thomas, duke of Gloucester.

1

per

Glyndwr, whose lands had been granted to the king's brother, the earl of Somerset (Nov. 8, 1400), was outlawed at this parliament, and was specially excepted from many graces and pardons issued subsequently by Henry.

This act of Glyndwr received at last the tacit sanction of the pope, as he at once promoted Yonge to the see of Rochester. Archbishop Arundel, however, refused to admit him by proxy, and he did not obtain possession until his release in 1407. By Glyndwr's wish Lewis Bifort was elected his successor, and was approved by the Pope (Innocent VII.), but as he could not obtain consecration from the archbishop of Canterbury, he is not included in the list of bishops of the see, though he held it till 1408, when the pope (Gregory XII.) translated him to another, naming Benedict Nicolls in his stead, but he bore the title of bishop of Bangor at the Council of Constance in 1414.

This was in the parliament held at Coventry,

A.D. 1404.

The commons propose to seize the temporalities of the Church, when the archbishop (Arundel) appeals to Henry, and the plan is dropped.

"The craft of multiplying gold or silver" (alchemy) declared felony, [5 Hen. IV. c. 4].

The countess of Oxford, several abbots and others, charged with spreading reports that King Richard is alive, are imprisoned".

The French ravage the Devonshire coast, and also besiege Calais; many of their vessels are burnt at Sluys by

the duke of Clarence and the earl of

Kent".

called the Laymen's Parliament, from the circumstance that men learned in the law (who were then commonly clergymen) were carefully excluded. The scheme was probably devised by Henry's ministers, who resorted to many strange expedients to raise money, as may be seen by the Records of the Council, but all who had anything to lose saw that it endangered all property, and it was of necessity abandoned.

y This statute remained unrepealed until the year 1690, [1 Gul. & Mar. c. 30].

The countess was the mother of Richard's late favourite, the duke of Ireland; she received a pardon (Dec. 5, 1404), but the fate of the rest does not appear. The confessions of some of the parties, which render it probable that Richard was then alive in Scotland, are preserved among the Public Records. • Edmund Holland, brother and heir of the earl killed in 1400. He held the post of High Admiral, and was killed at sea in 1407.

b It was negotiated by John Trevor, bishop of St. Asaph, expelled as a partisan of Glyndwr in 1402, though his see was not filled up whilst he lived. He died at Paris in 1410.

She was the widow of Thomas Despenser, earl of Gloucester (see A.D. 1400), and sister to the earl of Rutland, who by the death of his father had now become duke of York.

d He was on his voyage to France for security against the schemes of his uncle, the duke of Albany, who had put his elder brother David to death."

ham, Richard Scrope, archbishop of York, the carl of Northumberland, Lord Bardolfs, and others combine together to place the earl of March on the throne. The archbishop publishes a manifesto declaring Henry excommunicated, May 9.

Ralph Neville, earl of Westmoreland, gets the chief insurgents into his hands by treachery. The archbishop and the earl of Nottingham are beheaded, June 8, and Lords Hastings and Falconbridge soon after. The earl of Northumberland and Lord Bardolf escape to Scotland.

The French send succours to Glyndwr.

The guardianship of the seas from May 1, 1406, to Sept. 1407, committed to an association of merchants; the parliament assigns to them the taxes on wine, wool, and hides.

The Isle of Man granted to Sir John Stanley, April 6.

The earl of Northumberland and Lord Bardolf, fearing to be delivered up by the Scottish regent, flee to Glyndwr in Wales.

A.D. 1407.

England greatly afflicted by pestilence.

Henry, in crossing from Queenborough to Leigh, at the mouth of

A.D. 1406.

pirates, and narrowly escapes cap

ture.

A strong body of French auxiliaries join Glyndwr, who advances into England, and threatens Worcester, but at length retires.

A parliament held at Gloucester, in October, when severe statutes are passed against the Welsh, [9 Hen. IV. cc. 1, 2, 3, 4].

Louis, duke of Orleans, is murdered by the duke of Burgundy, Nov. 23.

Charles VI. of France had several years before this fallen into a state of mental imbecility, and the dukes of Orleans and Burgundy contended for power with a degree of violence that proved fatal to their country, as well

The son of the duke of Norfolk, banished with Henry of Lancaster by Richard II.

f Brother of William Scrope, earl of Wiltshire, beheaded in 1399.

Thomas, Lord Bardolf, was born in 1367, and

Arms of Lord Bardolf. succeeded his father, William, in his seventeenth

as to themselves. The queen, (Isabella of Bavaria,) a woman of depraved character, allied herself with the duke of Orleans, but after his death she sometimes inclined to the opposite party, and at length even leagued with Henry V. against her own son, the dauphin. The duke of Burgundy was assassinated in his turn, in the year 1419.

year. He had large possessions in Norfolk, Suffolk, Lincolnshire, and Yorkshire, and served in France and in Ireland during the latter years of the reign of Richard II. He joined Henry of Lancaster at Shrewsbury, but afterwards espoused the cause of the Percies, and was mortally wounded at Bramham-moor. His head was set up at Lincoln, and his quarters at London, York, Lynn, and Shrewsbury, but his widow was allowed to remove them at the same time as Northumberland received Christian burial.

The campaign was brief, bad weather and want of provisions obliging the English to retire, after considerable loss, in November.

He was succeeded by his son Charles, who had shortly before married Isabella, the widow of Richard II.

Two dukes of Orleans and three dukes of Bargundy were concerned in the transactions which brought about the English rule in France; they were all descended from a king (John II.) who died a prisoner in the hands of Edward III. The following table shews their relationship to each

A.D. 1408.

The earl of Northumberland and Lord Bardolf again appear in the north, and take up arms; they are defeated by the sheriff of Yorkshire (Sir Thomas Rokeby) at Bramhammoor, Feb. 19, the earl being killed in the field, and Lord Bardolf mortally wounded.

A.D. 1409.

The council of Pisa deposes the rival popes, styled Benedict XIII. and Gregory XII., June 5; Peter of Candia elected, June 15 or 26, who takes the name of Alexander V.

A strong body of Welsh ravage Shropshire, but are defeated, and their leaders, Philip Dhu and Philpot Scudamore, captured, carried to London and executed. After this, the war languishes, but some of the marchers make private truces with Glyndwr.

A.D. 1410. The confiscation of the temporalities of the Church again proposed by the commons, but rejected by Henry.

The circulation of foreign money prohibited by statute [11 Hen. IV. c. 5].

Thomas Badby, a Lollard, is executed, in April.

A.D. 1411.

Henry sends a body of troops to assist the duke of Burgundy against

The giving of liveries again prohibited by statute [13 Hen. IV. c. 3]. the first and seventh years of Henry's The practice had been forbidden in reign, but the enactments had not been attended to.

Prince Henry is removed from the council. A D. 1412.

A six years' truce is concluded with the Scots, May 7.

the Orleans party, by treaty, May 18. Henry changes his policy, and joins

Henry falls ill, when his eldest son claims the regency, which is refused to him.

The parties in France are reconciled, and unite against the English, who in return ravage NormandyTM.

The first university in Scotland founded at St. Andrew's.

A.D. 1413.

Henry is seized with a fit while at his devotions in the chapel of St. Edmund at Westminster. He dies a few days after, March 20, and is buried at Canterbury ".

m

They were commanded by the duke of Clarence. At length they withdrew into Guienne, on the promise of a large sum of money, for which the duke of Orleans gave hostages.

The partisans of the House of York many years after asserted, with the view of blackening Henry's character, that, like Jonas, his body was thrown into the waves, on its passage to Faversham, in order to appease a violent tempest. The curious statement of one Clement Maydeston on the subject, which will be found in Wharton's Anglia Sacra, and also in Stothard's Sepulchral Monuments, was conclusively refuted in 1832, when the tomb was opened in the presence of Dr. Bagot, dean of Canterbury, and others, and the body of the king was found, the face especially being in excellent preservation.

HENRY, the eldest son of Henry of Bolingbroke and Mary de Bohun, (one of the co-heiresses of Humphrey, earl of Hereford,) was born at Monmouth, Aug. 9, 1388. He had for his governor the famous Sir Thomas Percy, (afterwards earl of Worcester,) and is said to have been educated at Queen's College, Oxford, under the care of his uncle, Henry Beaufort, eventually bishop of Winchester. He early shared in the fortunes of his father, being carried to Ireland, as a hostage, by Richard II. in his eleventh year, but apparently treated with kindness, and honoured with knighthood. On his father's accession to the throne, young Henry was created prince of Wales, was summoned to parliament, and intrusted with military command against Glyndwr. The earl of March was placed under his wardship, which gave him possession of the vast estates of the Mortimers; he was appointed lieutenant of Wales,

and also warden of the Cinque Ports, and captain of the castles of Dover and Calais. He was likewise for a while a member of the council, but was removed from it about the year 1412, having grievously offended his father by demanding the regency during the frequent illnesses of the latter, and being suspected of aspiring to the crown. So much active employment at so early an age renders it very doubtful that he could be guilty of much of the dissipation and violent conduct ordinarily ascribed to his youthful days.

Henry succeeded to the throne, March 21, 1413. Encouraged by the weakness to which the civil wars of the Orleans and Burgundian factions had reduced the country", he at once prepared to attack France, but at first professed to have in view only the recovery of the English provinces. The negotiations for this end were protracted until the summer of 1415, when