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Wallace is captured near Glasgow, | Bruce's adherents a, and commits those in August, brought to London, and who surrender to close custody. executed as a traitor, Aug. 24.

A council held at London, in September, when regulations for the government of Scotland, now considered as conquered, are drawn up. John of Bretagne the younger is appointed guardian, Oct. 26.

Robert Bruce leaves the English court, and repairs to Scotland.

A.D. 1306.

Bruce, failing to induce Comyn to join him in throwing off the English yoke, kills him in the Minorite convent at Dumfries".

He is joined by numbers, drives out the English justiciaries and garrisons, who flee to Berwick, and ravages the lands of the adherents to the king.

Bruce is crowned king (Robert I.) at Scone, March 25, in presence of the bishops of St. Andrew's and Glasgow, five earls, and many knights; the ceremony is repeated on Palm Sunday, March 27.

Aymer de Valence appointed lieutenant and commander-in-chief in Scotland, April 5.

The Prince of Wales and many young nobles are knighted with great ceremony, May 22; when the king takes an oath to conquer the Scots or die in the quarrel.

De Valence defeats Bruce, and obliges him to flee to Cantyre, and thence to the Isles.

The king marches into Scotland, in July. Little opposition is made to him, but he captures and executes many of

John de Dreux, earl of Richmond, the king's nephew, being the son of John II. duke of Britanny and Beatrice, daughter of Henry III.

He had incurred the displeasure of the king by complaining of the execution of Wallace, and was only saved from imprisonment by a hasty flight.

The date is uncertain: Jan. 29, or Feb. 10. Son of William de Valence, half-brother of Henry III.

Among them were his brother Nigel Bruce, his brother-in-law Seton, the earl of Athol, and Simon Fraser. His wife, his daughter, his two sisters, and the countess of Buchan, were captured, and most of them remained prisoners until after the battle of Bannockburn.

Among these were the bishops of St. Andrew's and Glasgow (William Lamberton and Robert Wychard) and the abbot of Scone, who (Aug. 7, 1306) were ordered to be kept in chains at Winchester, Porchester and Mere; Malise, earl of Strathearn, was confined at Rochester, but not in fetters, Nov. 16, 1306; and the king of Norway was requested to deliver up the bishop of Moray, who had sought refuge in the Orkneys, March 6, 1307. The bishop of St. Andrew's was released

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Bruce suddenly issues from his retreat, at the end of September. He besieges Henry de Percy in Turnbury castle (near Girvan, in Ayrshire), but an English force puts him again to flight.

The king passes the winter in the north.

A.D. 1307.

A party of Scots, headed by Alexander and Thomas Bruce, land in Galloway, Feb. 10. They are captured by Duncan Macdonald, a partisan of the English, and sent to the king, who has them all executed, February 17.

Peter of Spain, the papal legate, excommunicates Bruce, Feb. 22o.

Piers Gaveston, a favourite of the king's son Edward, is banished from England, Feb. 26.

A parliament meets at Carlisle, March 12.

Bruce again appears, (about the end of March,) defeats Aymer de Valence, and besieges the earl of Gloucester in Ayr. The king raises the siege, and Bruce retires.

The king summons his army to assemble at Carlisle at the beginning of July.

He commences his last march against Scotland, leaving Carlisle July 3; reaches Burgh on the Sands (five miles distant), July 5; dies there, July 7. His body is brought to Westminster, and buried, Oct. 27.

from his close confinement May 23, 1308, in consequence of the remonstrances of the pope; he took the oath of fealty, August 11, and appears to have been set at liberty soon after. The earl of Strathearn was released, Nov. 18; and the bishop of Glasgow was delivered over to the papal legate, Dec. 1. The fate of the abbot does not appear; but if then released, he was again in prison at Porchester in Dec. 1312, and he did not regain his liberty till after the battle of Bannockburn.

The papal bull authorizing this is dated May 18, 1306; it is grounded on the murder of Comyn in a church.

He was the son of Sir Arnold Gaveston, a strong supporter of the English cause in Gascony, who was unjustly put to death by the king of France, his wife also being burnt as a witch. Queen Eleanor compassionately took the orphan as a companion for her son, who seems to have entertained the affection of a brother for him.

His dying injunction was thus disregarded, as he had desired that his remains should be carried about with the army, and not deposited in the grave until the entire conquest of Scotland had been achieved.

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A CURIOUS poem, bearing this title, is ascribed to Walter of Exeter, a monk of the fourteenth century, who also wrote a celebrated History of Guy of Warwick; it is in Norman French, but a translation was published in 1828 by the late Sir Harris Nicolas. It narrates in a lively manner the siege and capture of the castle of Carlaverock in Nithsdale, at which both Edward I. and his son were present, and, which constitutes its chief claim to interest, describes the arms, the characters, and the exploits of nearly a hundred of the nobles and knights who accompanied them. These notices are all of a complimentary cast, but the citation of a few of them may not be uninteresting.

The army, by the king's command, assembled at Carlisle on St. John's day, in the year 1300. It was divided into four squadrons, commanded by the earls of Lincoln and Warrenne, the king himself, and his son and successor, Edward of Caernarvon. The castle was assaulted and captured between the 6th and the 12th of July, and among the assailants are mentioned Alexander Balliol, Simon Fraser and the earl of Dunbar, who afterwards more commend ably took arms in defence of Scotland.

"Edward, king of England and Scotland, lord of Ireland, prince of Wales and duke of Aquitaine, conducted the third squadron at a little distance, and managed the order of march so closely and

signify that like them the king is dreadful, fierce, and proud to his enemies, for his bite is slight to none who are envenomed by it; not but his kindness is soon rekindled when they seek his friendship again, and are willing to return to his peace. Such a prince must be well suited to be the chieftain of noble personages."

"The fourth squadron, with its train, was led by Edward, the king's son, a youth of seventeen years of age, and bearing arms for the first time. He was of a well-proportioned and handsome person, of a courteous disposition, and intelligent; and de

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"Thomas was earl of Lancaster: this is the description of his arms; those of England with a label of France, and he did not wish to display any others.

"Those of Henry I do not repeat to you, whose whole daily study was to resemble his good father, for he bore the arms of his brother, with a blue baton, without the label."

A fortunate private gentleman was also in the royal host, who is thus noticed :

"He by whom they [the royal youths] were well supported acquired, after great doubts and fears until it pleased God he should be delivered, the love of the countess of Gloucester, for whom he a long time endured great sufferings. He had only a banner of fine gold with three red chevrons. He made no bad appearance when attired in his own arms, which were yellow with a green eagle. His name was Ralph de Monthermer.'

The uncle of Roger, the favourite of Queen Isabella.

See A.D. 1255i See A.D. 1310. Known as Henry of Monmouth; he obtained restoration of his brother's honours, and died in 1345. The arms of his wife's first husband. Monther

Arms of Aymer de Valence, earl of Pembroke.

The other was Pembroke's uncle, the earl Warrenne and Surrey ". He had fled from the field at Lewes, and had more recently been totally defeated by the Scots at Stirling, but the poet is judiciously silent on these points :

"John, the good earl of Warrenne, held the reins to regulate and govern the second squadron, as he who well knew how to lead noble and honour

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of a famous churchman, the "proud Anthony Bek "," "the noble bishop of Durham, the most vigilant clerk in the kingdom, yea, verily, of Christendom."

"Wise he was and well spoken, temperate, just, and chaste. You never came near a rich man who better regulated his life. Pride, covetousness, and eavy he had quite cast out. Not but that he carried a lofty heart for the maintenance of his rights, so that he suffered not tamely any conspiracy of his enemies."

He had accompanied the king in former wars "with a great and expensive retinue," though he could not appear here, owing to some lawsuit,—

"but being well informed of his expedition, he sent him of his people one hundred and sixty men at arms, Arthur, in former times, with all his spells, had not so fine a present from Merlin. He sent there his ensign, which was gules with a fer du moulin of ermine.

Walter is usually laudatory in his mention of each person, but occasionally a

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Banner of Anthony Bek.

slight touch of satire, like the following, escapes him :

Our author's heraldry is at fault, as the bishop's seal shews that he bore, not a fer du moulin, but a cross cerclée, as here perishable, bore bezants on his red banner; for I represented.

He was a younger son of Walter, baron Bek of Eresby, and held at the same time the office of archdeacon of Durham and constable of the Tower of London. In 1283 he was chosen bishop of Durham, but engaging in an attempt to reduce the prior and monks there to his authority he was withstood, and venturing to leave the country without licence in order to appeal to the pope, his vast temporal possessions were seized. He after a time regained them, but they were twice more seized; still he was eventually triumphant, was apparently a personal favourite of Edward I., and attended him on his death-bed. He received from the pope the title of patriarch of Jerusalem, bought

"Alan de la Zouche, to shew that riches were well know that he has spent more treasure than is suspended in his purse.'

also the sovereignty of the Isle of Man, and at length died (March 3, 1311) the richest subject in Christendom. Yet he had been famous for the magnificence of his household, and he had built many castles, some colleges and chantries, and the noble manor-house of Eltham in Kent, which afterwards became a royal palace. Under him the power and dignity of the bishops of Durham, as counts palatine, were carried to their highest pitch, and he also was the first of their number who was buried in the cathedral, none before him deeming themselves, or being deemed, worthy of sepulture in the same edifice with St. Cuthbert.

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EDWARD, the fourth son of Edward I. and Eleanor of Castile, was born at Caernarvon, April 25, 1284. By the death of his brother Alphonso in the August following he became heir to the throne, and in 1301 he received the title of Prince of Wales.

Piers Gaveston, the son of a Gascon knight who had been put to death by the French, was chosen as the companion of the young prince, and this circumstance exercised a most unhappy influence on the destiny of both. Edward, whose disposition was too light and gay to please his father, was frequently embroiled with him in consequence of his own misconduct as well as that of his favourite, and one of the last acts of the dying king was an endeavour to perpetuate the banishment of the latter.

A roll of the prince's letters in the Public Record Office shews that he was harshly treated by the king, but found a warm friend in his stepmother, Queen Margaret. On occasion of a quarrel with Bishop Langton, theprince's lands were seized

Edward became king July 8, 1307, being then on the border of Scotland, but he at once abandoned the contest, recalled his favourite, and imprisoned or banished many of his father's ministers. Gaveston, to whom all affairs were committed, was created earl of Cornwall, and married to the king's niece, Margaret de Clare; his insolence was intolerable to the nobles, and after being more than once banished and recalled, he was put to death by them in the year 1312, the king having in the meantime been stripped of power, by his cousin, Thomas earl of Lancaster, and his associates.

In 1314 Edward invaded Scotland at the head of a large army, but, being ill supported by his nobles, he was signally defeated by Robert I. at

and his household broken up, when his sisters sent him money and placed their property at his dis posal, and the queen never ceased to intercede for him until he was restored to favour.

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