gonels, one of which was of such force, that what it hurled reached the market-place of the city, These engines were plied by night and day, and it is well known that a stone from one of them killed twelve men at a blow; King Richard had brought this stone from Messina, when he captured that city, and it was sent to Saladin that he might behold it. The engines hurled such stones and flinty pieces of rock that nothing could withstand them, for they shattered in pieces whatever they struck, and indeed ground it to powder."

Time thus wore on; the French made another attack, and attempted to scale the walls, but were driven back with great loss, among others of "a man of renown for his tried valour and excellence," Alberic Clement; on which King Richard, though still sick, assaulted the city, “being carried to the breach on a silken bed, to honour the Turks with his presence and to encourage his own men ;" he also employed his arbalest, and brought down a Saracen who was boastfully parading on the wall in the armour of Alberic. His sappers mined a tower, which was at the same time assaulted by the engines, and when it began to totter Richard offered first two, then three, then four pieces of gold for every stone torn from its walls :"Very many failed in this undertaking, while others were driven back by fear of death; for the Turks above manfully withstood them, and neither shields nor arms availed to protect them. The wall was high, and of vast thickness; yet the warriors tore many stones from it, and when the Turks rushed on them in clouds, and tried to cast them down, they strove to repel them, but many having in their eagerness left their arms behind, they were in a helpless condition, and at last were obliged to retreat, on which the enemy raised a loud shout."

Undismayed by this repulse, the "esquires of the army, eager for praise and victory, and equipped for war," now rushed forward, and forced their way into the tottering tower, but were driven back by the Greek fire, and the same ill-fortune attended a fresh assault by the Pisans. "The capture of the city would, however, have been that day accomplished, had the battle been fought with the whole army, but the greater part was at dinner at the time, and the attempt was too presumptuous, and therefore it failed.” It, however, had the effect of inducing the Turks to treat for the surrender of the city, and many of the besieged "threw themselves down from the walls by night, and sought

with supplications the sacrament of baptism. There was little doubt that they presumptuously asked the boon more from urgent fear than from any divine prompting, but there are different steps by which

men arrive at salvation."

At length the city was surrendered "on the Friday after the translation of St. Benedict," (July 12, 1191,) and

the crusaders, with the two kings at their head, with joy, and dance, and loud exclamations, glorientered through the open gates without opposition, fying God, and giving Him thanks that He had magnified His mercies to them, and had visited and redeemed His people. Then the banners of the city equally partitioned,. the kings were raised on the walls and towers, and as were also the captives and hostages. The king of France had for his share the stately house of the Templars, and King Richard had the royal palace, to which he sent the queens and their damsels and at

tendants. The army was distributed through the city, and gave itself up to indulgence; and on the following night Saladin retired from his camp and occupied a far-distant mountain."

Thus closed this memorable siege, and it is pleasing to find our author, who had fought against them, giving full credit to the valour of the defenders. "Never were there braver warriors of any creed; the memory of their actions excites both re"What can we spect and astonishment."

say of the unbelieving race that thus defended their city? Truly, they must be admired for their valour, and they were the glory of their nation; and had they happily known the true faith, they would not have had their superiors in the uni verse. They exhibited, too, a firmness in adversity which extorted his admiration, for he says,

"When the day arrived that the Turks, so renowned for valour, so active in war, so famous for magnificence, assembled on the walls ready to quit the city, our men went forth to look on them, and as they remembered the deeds that they had done they honoured them. They were greatly astonished driven naked and penniless from their stronghold, at the cheerful aspect of those who were now yet exhibited no change of demeanour; for though they had been compelled by dire necessity to allow they now came forth, exhibiting no marks of care themselves vanquished, and to sue for their lives, nor any signs of dejection at the loss of all their possessions; indeed by the firmness of their countenances and their courageous demeanour they still idolatry and their miserable state of error and sin seemed to be conquerors; but their superstitious dimmed their martial glory."

of Savoy, but the arrangement was broken soon after; he afterwards married his cousin Isabel (or Hawise, as she is sometimes called), grand-daughter of the celebrated Robert, earl of Gloucester, receiving with her the earl

accession, on the plea of consanguinity b, to marry Isabel, daughter of the count of Angouleme, although she was already betrothed, if not married, to Hugh de Lusignan, or le Brun, count of La Marche. His legitimate

1. HENRY, who became king. 2. RICHARD, earl of Cornwall, born

Arms of Richard, Earl of Cornwall. in 1209. He served with reputation and success both in France and the Holy Land, and he was in many respects a perfect contrast to his brother the king, being wise, valiant, and rich, and he often acted the part of a mediator between him and his subjects. Richard was induced to aspire to the imperial dignity, and bore the title of King of the Romans, but derived little else from his profuse expenditure of money abroad. He fought on his brother's side at Lewes, and was made

b She afterwards married Geoffrey FitzPeter, who became earl of Gloucester in her right; and subsequently Hubert de Burgh, earl of Kent.

After John's death she married Hugh, and had by him a numerous family, who were so greatly favoured by their half-brother Henry as to cause much discontent among his people. She also induced Henry to go to war with Louis of France in support of her husband, who had rebelled, and caused so much mischief by her intrigues that the French turned her name of Isabel into Jezebel. Hugh, after acting most treacherously by his English allies, was obliged to submit to Louis and to accompany him to Egypt, where he was killed,

his manor of Berkhampstead, Dec. 12, 1271, and died there April 2 of the next year. He married first Isabel, daughter of William Marshall, earl of Pembroke; secondly Sanchia, sister of his brother's wife, Eleanor of Provence; and thirdly, Beatrice, niece of the archbishop of Cologne. He had several children, of whom one, Henry, was murdered in a church at Viterbo, by his fugitive cousins the Montforts, in 1271, and another, Richard, was killed at the siege of Berwick in 1296.

John left three daughters, of whom Joan was married to Alexander II. of Scotland; Isabel, to the emperor Frederick II.; and Eleanor, first to William Marshal the younger, earl of Pembroke, and next to Simon de Montfort.

This king had many illegitimate children, of whom may be mentioned, Richard, who put to death Eustace the Monk; Oliver, who served at Damietta in 1249; and Joan, married to Llewelyn II. (ap Jorwerth), prince of North Wales.

being, as his contemporaries assure us, purposely placed in the front rank as a suspected man. His widow took the veil, and dying soon after was buried at Fontevraud.

Much of this wealth, however, was discreditably acquired. Beside plundering the Jews, who were considered fair prey for all, he gained large sums by purchasing from the pope the power to release from their vows, on his own terms, such as wished to be excused from going on the crusade: "from one archdeaconry only," says Matthew Paris, "he is said to have carried off £600." William Longespee also raised money by like means, but he expended it in the holy war.

Arthur was sent to Falaise, and thence to Rouen, and, although the particulars are not known, there can be no reasonable doubt that he soon came to an untimely end, probably in April, 1203. His sister was removed to England, and kept sometimes at Salisbury, sometimes at Corfe castle, sometimes at Bristol, until her death in 1241; from entries on the Rolls she appears to have been treated as became her rank. Many of the other prisoners were confined in Corfe castle, where they are believed to have been starved to death; and there is proof on the Patent Rolls that Hugh de Lusignan was long kept in fetters at Caen.

He was a natural son of Godred, the last king, and had expelled Olaf, the true heir, who sought assistance from his feudal lord, the king of Norway.

He was consecrated at Viterbo by the pope (Innocent III.) June 17, 1207.

m He died in exile in Normandy, Dec. 18, 1212. It was not removed until the year 1215. • This caused a division among the clergy, some obeying the pope, others the king. Popular tumults followed, which the king endeavoured to check by issuing a proclamation from Marlborough, April 11, threatening hanging on the nearest oak to any one who injured religious persons or clerks.