After this the king subdued the whole of Normandy, and governed it according to his own will, intelligence of which he sent by letters to archbishop Anselm.

A.D. 1107. Eadgar, king of Scots, died on the 8th of the ides of January [6th Jan.], and his brother Alexander succeeded him. Peace having been established in Normandy under the rule of the king, and Robert, earl of Normandy, and William, earl of Moreton, having been sent on to England in custody, the king returned to his kingdom before Easter [14th April]. In the kalends of August [1st Aug.] an assembly of all bishops, abbots, and nobles of the kingdom was held in London in the king's palace, and for three days, in the absence of archbishop Anselm, the question of ecclesiastical investitures was fully entered into between the king and the bishops, many striving to persuade him to act according to the custom of his father and brother, and not in obedience to the precept of the apostolic see; for pope Paschal, standing firm to the sentence which had been published upon this point, had conceded all those things which pope Urban had interdicted, together with investitures. By this means the pope had brought the king to an agreement with himself upon the question of investitures. At a later period, in the presence of Anselm and of a multitude of the people, the king granted and ordained that from that time forth no person should ever be invested, by the giving of the pastoral staff or the ring, with any bishopric or abbey in England, by the king, or indeed by any layman whatever. Anselm, on his part, conceded that no bishop elect should be deprived of consecration by reason of the homage which he had done to the king. Gerard, archbishop of York, placing his hand in the hand of Anselm, in accordance with his wish, promised, on his fealty, that he would show to him and his successors in the archbishopric, the same submission and obedience as the bishop elect of Hereford had promised to himself before his consecration to the church of Hereford. The following bishops elect, namely, William of Winchester, Roger of Salisbury, Reignelm of Hereford, William of Exeter, and Urban of Glamorgan, in Wales, came at the same time to Canterbury; and on Sunday, the 3d of the ides of August [11th Aug.], all these individuals were consecrated by Anselm. The suffragan bishops of the same see, namely, Gerard, archbishop of York, Robert, bishop of Lincoln, John of Bath, Herbert of Norwich, Robert of Chester, Ralph of Chichester, and Ranulph of Durham, all assisted him in the service. There was certainly no person of that day who remembered in past times the election and ordination at one time of so many bishops in England, except in the time of Eadward the elder, when archbishop Pleigmund ordained in one day seven bishops to seven churches. In this year Maurice, bishop of London, Richard, abbot of Ely, Robert, abbot of St. Edmund's, Miles Crispin, Robert Fitz Haimon, Roger Bigod, and Richard de Redvers, the king's councillors, departed this life.

A.D. 1108. Gundulf, bishop of Rochester, died, on the nones of March [7th March]. Henry, king of England, having established peace, enacted a law that if any man were caught in theft or robbery,

he should be hanged. He also enacted that debased and false money should be corrected with great severity; condemning those who were caught in the making of false coin, to lose, without the possibility of bail or ransom, their eyes and the lower parts of their bodies. And since it frequently happened that coin, upon examination, was found to be bent, broken, and therefore rejected, he enacted that no penny or halfpenny (which he also ordained should be round), and even no farthing should be entire.' From which edict great advantage followed to all the kingdom, for the king caused these secular changes to be made for the relief of the burdens of the land. Gerard, archbishop of York, died, and Thomas, the cousin by the father's side, of his predecessor Thomas, succeeded him.

These following statutes were made concerning archdeacons, priests, deacons, subdeacons, and canons of whatever rank, by Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, and Thomas, archbishop elect of York, with him, and all the bishops of England, in presence of the glorious king Henry, by assent of his barons, in the year 1108. "It is enacted that priests, deacons, and subdeacons shall live chastely, and shall not have any women in their houses, except those connected with them by the closest relationship, according to what the holy Synod of Nice has declared. Those priests, deacons, or subdeacons, however, who, after the interdict of the Council of London, have retained their wives, or married others, if they be desirous of again celebrating mass, are to separate from them entirely, and neither to suffer them to enter their own houses, nor are they themselves to visit these women; they are not knowingly to meet in any house, nor are such wives to reside within the boundary of the church; and if it be necessary, for any legitimate purpose, to hold converse with them, they are to meet out of doors in the presence of two lawful witnesses.

"If, by the testimony of two or three lawful witnesses, or the common report of his parishioners, any of the clergy be accused of the violation of this statute, he shall purge himself in the presence proper witnesses of his own order: six if he be a priest, four if a deacon, two if a subdeacon. He who fails in this purgation shall be judged a transgressor of the sacred statute.

of

"Those priests who, contemning the sacred altar and holy orders, shall prefer to live with women, are to be removed from their divine office, deprived of all ecclesiastical preferment, placed without the choir, and declared infamous.

"Those rebel and contumacious persons who have not left their wives, and yet presumed to celebrate mass, shall be called to satisfaction; and if they neglect to appear in eight days, they shall be excommunicated.

"The same sentence, including the relinquishment of women, the avoidance of their conversation, and the imposition of censure, if the statute be transgressed, embraces all archdeacons and canons.

"All archdeacons shall swear that they will not receive money to overlook the infraction of this law, nor allow priests whom they 1 This sentence is obscure, and possibly is corrupt; although the MSS. afford no means of correcting it by giving it a different interpretation.

329 know to have wives, to sing mass or to appoint substitutes. Deans shall do the same.

"The archdeacon or dean who refuses to swear to this, shall lose his archidiaconate or his deanery.

"Priests who decide to leave their wives and to serve the holy altar of God, shall be suspended for forty days, during which time they shall appoint substitutes, and shall suffer a penance prescribed by their bishops."

Philip, king of France, died, and his son Louis succeeded him. Henry, king of England, crossed the sea. Archbishop Anselm, in accordance with the request of the king, consecrated Richard, the elect of London, as bishop of that diocese in his chapel at Paggaham, William, bishop of Winchester, Roger, bishop of Salisbury, Ralph, bishop of Chichester, and William, bishop of Exeter, assisting him in the service; the accustomed profession of obedience and submission being first of all made from the said bishop. After this he came to Canterbury, and consecrated Ralph, abbot of Seez, to the church of Rochester, in place of Gundulf, on the 3d of the ides of August [11th Aug.], William, bishop of Winchester, Ralph, bishop of Chichester, and Richard, bishop of London, assisting him. This Richard, after the custom of his ancestors, honoured on the same day his mother-church of Canterbury with a magnificent gift.

A.D. 1109. Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, died at Canterbury on Wednesday the 11th of the kalends of May [21st April], and was buried with due honour on the following day, being Holy Thursday. Henry, king of England, returned about rogation week to England, and held his court at Westminster in Whitsuntide [13th June]. Thomas, archbishop elect of York, was consecrated by Richard, bishop of London, at London, on the 5th of the kalends of July [27th June], and afterwards on Sunday, being the kalends of August [1st Aug.], he received at York the pall which the pope had sent to him; and on the same day consecrated Turgod, prior of Durham, to the bishopric of St. Andrew's, in Scotland, which is called Cenrimunt. In the same year the king changed the abbey of Ely into an episcopal see, and appointed Hervey, bishop of Bangor, to that church. A comet was seen about the milky way in the month of December, its tail being directed to the north.

A.D. 1110. Henry, king of England, gave his daughter to Henry, king of the Germans. In the same year many signs appeared throughout England. A severe earthquake was felt at Shrewsbury. The river called Trent was dried up at Nottingham from the morning up to the third hour of the day, for the space of a mile, so that men walked dry-foot on its bed. A comet appeared on the 6th of the ides of June [8th June], and was visible for three weeks. Henry, king of the Germans, came to Rome, took pope Paschal, and put him in confinement, but afterwards made peace with him at the bridge of the Via Salaria, where they celebrated the feast of Easter in the Campus.

In this form the reconciliation between the king and the pope was made; and this is the oath of the king:-

"I, king Henry, will set free, on next Thursday or Friday, the lord pope; and the bishops and cardinals, and all the captives and hostages who have been taken for or with him, I will cause to be safely conducted within the gates of the city beyond the river Tiber: I will never again take or permit to be taken those who remain in the allegiance of the lord the pope Paschal, and I will keep peace and security with the Roman people, and of the city beyond the Tiber and island, through me and mine, in persons and in things, provided they keep peace with me. I will faithfully aid the lord the pope to keep his position as pope quietly and securely. I will restore the patrimonies and possessions of the Romish church which I have taken away, and I will faithfully aid her to recover and keep all which she ought to possess, as my ancestors have done; I will obey our lord the pope, having regard to the honour of my kingdom and empire, in the same manner as catholic emperors have obeyed catholic Roman pontiffs. All these things will I faithfully observe without fraud or deceit."

These are the jurors on the part of the king: Frederic, archbishop of Cologne, Gebehard, bishop of Trent, Burchard, bishop of Munster, Bruno, bishop of Spires, Albert, chancellor, earl Herman, Frederic, count palatine, earl Berengar, earl Frederic, marquis Boniface, Albert, earl of Blandry, earl Frederic, earl Godefrid, marquis Warnerius.

A second convention between the pope and the king:-" Our lord the pope Paschal, being the one hundred and fifty-sixth pope, is willing to concede to king Henry and his kingdom, and will confirm and corroborate this his privilege under anathema, that it shall be lawful for the king, after the election of a bishop or abbot without simony, with the royal assent, to invest him with a ring and staff. And the bishop or abbot so invested by the king, shall freely accept consecration from the bishop to whom the right shall pertain. If any be elected by the clergy and people, except he be invested by the king, he shall not be consecrated; and archbishops and bishops shall have the liberty of consecrating those invested by the king. In none of these things shall the lord the pope molest king Henry, nor his kingdom, nor his empire."

This is the oath on the part of the pope :

'Our lord the pope Paschal shall not molest our lord the king Henry, nor his empire, nor his kingdom, touching the investiture of bishoprics or abbacies, nor for any injustice done to himself and his people, nor shall he do any evil to him or any other person in this cause; and he shall by no means pronounce an anathema against the person of the king, nor shall it remain in the power of the pope to refuse him coronation, as is contained in the agreement; and he shall aid to the best of his power the kingdom and empire of the king by the influence of his office : and this the pope shall do without fraud and treachery."

These are the names of those bishops and cardinals who, by the command of the pope, have confirmed the privilege and agreement by oath to the emperor Henry: Peter, bishop of Porto, Centius, bishop of Sabina, Robert, cardinal of St. Eusebius, Boniface,

cardinal of St. Mark, Anastasius, cardinal of St. Clement, Gregory, cardinal of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul; also Gregory, cardinal of St. Chrisogonus, John, cardinal of St. Potentiana, Risus, cardinal of St. Lawrence, Rainer, cardinal of Sts. Marcellus and Peter, Vitalis, cardinal of St. Balbina, Duuzo, cardinal of St. Martin, Theodbald, cardinal of John and Paul, John, deacon of St. Mary in Schola Græca.

This is the privilege of the lord the pope, which he granted to the emperor concerning the investitures of bishoprics :

"Paschal the Bishop, Servant of the servants of God, to his most beloved son in Christ, Henry, the glorious King of the Germans, and by the grace of God august Emperor of the Romans, greeting, and the apostolic benediction. God's providence has decreed that a singularly close attachment should exist between your kingdom and the holy Roman church; your predecessors, in consequence of their honour and more abundant prudence, obtained the crown and empire of the city of Rome; to which dignity, dearest son, the Divine Majesty has advanced you by the ministry of our holy office. The prerogative of that dignity, which our predecessors have conceded to the catholic emperors, your predecessors, and have confirmed by writing, we also concede to you, our beloved friend, confirming it by this instrument; to wit, that you are permitted to confer upon the bishops or abbots of your kingdom, who have been elected without violence or simony, the investiture of the staff and ring; and that after the investiture they may canonically receive consecration from the bishop to whom that office may pertain. If any be elected against your assent, except he be invested by you, let him not be consecrated. Let bishops or archbishops have liberty from you of consecrating bishops or abbots canonically. For your predecessors out of their royal possessions have so amply endowed the churches of their kingdom, that it is absolutely necessary that the same kingdom should be defended by abbots or bishops, and that the popular riots, which often happen in elections, should be subdued by the royal authority. Wherefore, by God's assistance, you ought to rely on your own prudence and carefulness to preserve the eminence of the Roman church and the safety of the rest by benefits and services. If any person, ecclesiastical or secular, shall audaciously attempt to pervert the import of this concession, let him be bound by the chain of an anathema, except he repent, and suffer the loss of his honours and dignities; and may the Divine Mercy preserve those who observe it, and grant you happily to reign to his honour and glory."

With these conventions and oaths between the lord the pope and the king, peace was made in the feast of Easter. Then the king came to Rome in the ides of April [13th April], and the pope having celebrated mass in the church of St. Peter, consecrated him emperor, and gave him and all his people absolution, and pardoned all the injuries which he himself had received. Henry, king of England, transferred into Wales the Flemings, who inhabited Northumberland, with all their furniture, and commanded them to inhabit the land called Ros. And he also commanded that the new monastery, which