Cam, Auguste Nicolas, ô-güst nik-ō-lä kän, French sculptor: b. Paris, 1822. He was a pupil of Rude; his first works represent small animals, but he later chose the large beasts and birds of prey for his subjects. Among his best-known works are Linnets Defending Their Nest Against Rats'; Tiger in Conflict with a Crocodile'; and Eagle and Vulture Wrangling over the Carcass of a Bear.' Cam, kän, or Cao, kän, Diogo, Portuguese explorer of the 15th century, who followed up the course of Prince Henry of Portugal, and in 1484 discovered the mouth of the Congo, near whose bank an inscribed stone erected by him as a memorial was found in 1887. He afterward examined the coast as far as lat. 22° S. Cam, kăm, an English river formed by the junction of two streams, one of which (the Granta) rises in Essex and flows northwest, while the other (the Rhee) rises in the north of Hertfordshire, and flows northeast. The united stream flows sluggishly northward through Cambridgeshire, and falls into the Ouse some four miles south of Ely after a course of about 40 miles. The university town of Cambridge is situated on its banks a few miles below the confluence of the head-streams. It is navigable to Cambridge. convents. They existed in Italy, France, Germany, and Poland. In the 18th century there were five independent fraternities of them, which are here mentioned in the order of their foundation: (1) at Camaldoli; (2) at Murano in the Venetian territory; (3) on Monte Corona, near Perugia; (4) at Turin; (5) the French fraternity, the first establishment of which was that of Notre Dame de la Consolation. They all had in common white garments, and the austere rules of the Benedictines. The hermits wore beards, and had still more severe rules than the monks in regard to fasting, silence, and penances. Their life was devoted to contemplation rather than to active work. A small branch of the order, consisting of nuns, was founded in mountain which takes its name from a convent 1086. There is in the vicinity of Naples a of the Camaldoli situated on its top, from which the traveler enjoys a prospect of remarkable grandeur and beauty. It is one of the most charming of all the beautiful views around Naples; yet the spot is not much visited by travelers. Camalig, kä-ma-leg', Philippines, a town in the southeast part of the island of Luzon, situated within a few miles of the city of Albay. Pop. 14,868. Cámara y Livermore, Manuel de la, ma'noo-el dā lä käʼma-rä é liv'er-mōr, Spanish naval officer: b. in Malaga in 1836, his father being a Spaniard of the middle class, his mother an English woman. In 1903 he was in command of the Escuadron de instruccion, or train Cam, in machinery, a simple contrivance for converting a uniform rotary motion into a varied rectilinear motion, usually a projecting part of a wheel or other revolving piece so placed as to give an alternating or varying motion to another piece that comes in contact with it and is free to move only in a certain direc-ing ships for cadets. During the Spanish-Amer tion. Cam and Isis, a familiar couplet by which the sister universities of Cambridge and Oxford are often mentioned. The allusion is to the rivers on which they are situated. "May you, my Cam and Isis, preach it long; THOMSON, "Castle of Indolence." Camaieu, ka-mi'ū, or Camayeu, a painting wherein there is only one color, and where the lights and shades are of gold, wrought on a golden or azure ground. When the ground is yellow the French call it cirage: when gray, grisaille. This kind of work is chiefly used to represent bas-reliefs. The Greeks called pieces of this sort povоxрúμата. The word is also applied to a painting in two or three different colors, which, however, do not represent the natural colors of the objects depicted. Camajuani, kä-ma-hwä’nē, Cuba, an inland city in the province of Santa Clara. It has rail connection with the capital and other northern cities. Pop. about 5,000. Camal'dolites, Camaldulians, or Camaldunians, a religious order established in 1012, by St. Romuald, a Benedictine of Ravenna, in the valley of Camaldoli, near Arezzo, in the Apennines, and confirmed afterward by Pope Alexander II. They were originally hermits living in separate cells, but as their wealth increased the greater part of them associated in ican war his name was associated with plans Spanish West and East Indies. First, in May for the relief of the provincial capitals of the manded by him as vice-admiral, might be sent 1898, it was suggested that a squadron, comfrom Spain for the relief of Havana. Second, a month later, he actually started to go to Manila, where Capt.-Gen. Augustin was shut in by Admiral Dewey and the insurgents. On 16 and 17 June the Cadiz reserve squadron under Admiral Cámara left port and sailed eastward through the Mediterranean. His fleet included of the men-of-war, except those with Cervera troopships convoyed by the Pelayo and the best in the West Indies. The United States consul at Port Said protested against permitting the Spanish fleet to refill its bunkers with coal there nevertheless Cámara received orders to proceed through the Suez Canal. At this juncture an offi cial bulletin of the navy department at Washing ton announced that Commodore Watson would "take under his command an armored squadron with cruisers and proceed at once to the Spanish coast." That was on 27 June. As though to emphasize the threat, came Cervera's defeat on 3 July. On 6 July Cámara's squadron was recalled to protect the Spanish coast; and so Watson's fleet, which had scarcely begun to exist, had yet completely fulfilled its destiny. Admiral Cámara's advancement to the grade he held in 1898 was very honorably won by service in Mexico, South America, Cuba (during the Ten Years' war), and the Philippines. Camarasaurus, kăm-a-ra-sor'us, a genus of amphibious dinosaurs (see DINOSAURIA), resembling the brontosaurus (q.v.), but of more massive proportions, with heavier fore limbs and shorter tail. An incomplete skeleton found in CAMARGUE-CAMBACERES the Jurassic strata near Cañon City, Col., was the first of these gigantic animals discovered in America. It was deposited in the American Museum of Natural History, New York. The length of this animal was estimated by Prof. Cope at 75 feet; its name was suggested by the hollow-chambered vertebræ of the back and neck. The atlantosaurus, of which the femur is over six feet long and two feet across at the head, was probably the same animal. Camargue, La, la ka-märg', France, an island in the department of Bouches-duRhône, formed at the mouth of the river by its two principal branches. It has an area of about 300 square miles. It is protected from the inundations of the river by dykes, and is mostly an unhealthy tract of pools and marshes, only a small portion of its being culivated. Horses and cattle are raised on the island. Camarilla, a word first used in Spain, but now in other countries also, to express the influence of certain persons in obstructing the operation of the official organs of government. When Ferdinand VII., in 1814, returned to Spain, he was surrounded by flatterers, who prevailed upon him to violate his promise of giving the people a constitution. They were called camarilla either from the room where they remained in waiting, or in allusion to the Council of Castille (Camara de Castilla). Until the revolution of 1820 the camarilla consisted mostly of men without talent, but passionately opposed to everything new; but when the king recovered his power in 1823 they became more influential and have since repeatedly interfered with the ministers. The thing itself is old enough; priests, favorites, and women have often formed camarillas in monarchies and other governments. Camarina, kä-ma-re'na, Sicily, an ancient town on the southern coast of the island, founded by a colony from Syracuse, about 600 B.C. Its first overthrow, which occurred 553 B.C., was the result of a revolt from the parent city. On its reduction it was razed to the ground, but was afterward rebuilt. It was in an exposed position in the Roman and Carthaginian wars, and was several times taken, retaken, and destroyed. Scarcely any vestiges of the ancient town remain. portation; but the chief occupation of the inhabitants of the Camarines is the culture of the pineapple, and the manufacture of pina cloth (q.v.). The women of the Camarines are esteemed the most skilful embroiderers in Luzon of the delicate pina. The skill of the women of these provinces is also singularly displayed in the working of gold and silver filigree. All the artificers in precious metals are women; and some articles of jewelry, especially their neck chains, are very beautiful. The agriculture of the Camarines indicates in some respects a degree of progress beyond that of the other provinces of the island. The ox, and occasionally the horse, are used in plowing, instead of the slow, unwieldy buffalo, so generally preferred by the native East Indian farmer. The Camarinians have also discarded the primitive plow, formed from a single piece of crooked timber, with a point hardened by fire; and have substituted in its place a more modern style of implement. The provinces have wellconstructed roads; and many of the rivers are traversed by substantial stone bridges. The Naga River, which drains the lakes Bato, Baao, Buhi, and Iryga, and empties into the Bay of San Miguel, is navigable about 40 miles for vessels drawing not more than 13 feet of water. The industrial development of these provinces has been accompanied by a notable increase in small exception, of the brown race of the Philippopulation; and this being composed, with but pines, which has yielded so readily to the influences of Christian civilization. The Camarines have not had their progress retarted, like other provinces of Luzon, by the troublesome presence of the wild negrito race. Camass-rat, ka-mås-răt, a pocket-rat of the northwestern United States, similar to the gopher (q.v.). Its chief food is the camass (Camasia esculenta). Cambacérès, Jean Jacques Régis, zhon zhāk rā-zhē kän-ba-sā-rās, Duke of Parma, French statesman: b. Montpellier, 18 Oct. 1753; d. Paris, 8 March 1824. His zeal and talents soon obtained him distinction, and the office of a counselor at the cour des comptes at Montpellier. At the beginning of the Revolution he received several public offices, became in September 1792 a member of the Convention, and Cam'arines, North and South, Philippines, labored in the committees, particularly in the two provinces in the southeastern part of the committee of legislation. On 12 Dec. 1792 he island of Luzon. The name is also ap- was commissioned to inquire of Louis XVI. plied more vaguely to the whole of the whom he desired for his counsel, and it was on southeastern peninsula of the island. The his motion that the counsel was allowed to Camarines provinces are bounded north by communicate freely with the king. In January the province of Tayabas; south by the prov- 1793 he declared Louis guilty, but disputed the ince of Albay, which forms the southern extrem- right of the Convention to judge him, and voted ity of the peninsula; east by the Pacific Ocean; for his provisory arrest, and in case of a hosand west by the great Bay of Ragay. The for- tile invasion, death. On 24 January he was mation of the peninsula is volcanic; the Caraval- chosen secretary of the Convention. As a memlos range of mountains extends its whole ber of the Committee of Public Safety he relength, from north to south, and seven of its ported, in the session of 26 March, the treason peaks are active volcanoes. One of them, of Dumouriez. In August and October 1793 which is continually emitting smoke and flame, he presented his first plan for a civil code, in is well known to mariners coming from the which his democratical notions were displayed. east, and forms a kind of natural lighthouse. He was a member of the Council of the Five The most important product is rice. The Hundred, where he presented a new plan for a soil of the two provinces possesses the code civil. This Projet de Code Civil, 1796, besame remarkable fertility which accompa- came subsequently the foundation of the nies all the volcanic formations through- Code Napoléon. On 20 May 1797 he left out the archipelago. Tobacco, sugar, coffee, his seat in the council. A year afterward cocoa, and indigo, are largely produced for ex- he appeared among the electors of Paris; CAMBALUC-CAMBODIA and after the revolution of the 30th Prairial, VII. (19 June 1799), was made minister of justice. On the 18th of Brumaire he was chosen second consul, and in that office made the administration of justice the chief object of his attention. After Napoleon had ascended the throne, Cambacérès was appointed arch-chancellor of the empire, and after obtaining many high distinctions, became in 1808 Duke of Parma. During the campaign against the allied powers in 1813, Cambacérès was made president of the council of regency. At the approach of the allies in 1814 he followed the government to Blois, and from that place sent his consent to the abdication of the emperor. When Napoleon returned in 1815 Cambacérès was again made archchancellor and minister of justice, and subsequently president of the Chamber of Peers. After the second fall of Napoleon he was banished, as a regicide, but in 1818 was permitted to return. Cambaluc, käm-ba-look', the name by which the city we now know as Pekin became known to Europe during the Middle Ages. It was the form given by Marco Polo (q.v.) to the Tartar word, Khambalu. Cambay, kăm-bā', British India, a seaport of Hindustan, Bombay presidency, the chief town of a native state of the same name, at the head of the Gulf of Cambay, 82 miles northnorthwest of Surat. It was once a place of importance, but owing to the silting-up of the harbor, has greatly declined. The tides rush in with violence, and rising from 30 to 40 feet, enable the largest vessels to approach the shore; but again, at ebb, leave them dry. Among the buildings are several mosques and Hindu temples, and many religious structures of the Jains. The natives are expert jewelers and goldsmiths, and agate, carnelian, and onyx ornaments are exported. The trade is chiefly in cotton, ivory, and grain; the latter product being shipped to Bombay. Pop. 31,390. The state has an area of 350 square miles, and a population of 89,722. Cambert, Robert, rō-bãr kän-bãr, French musician: b. Paris, about 1628; d. London, 1677. He founded the Royal Academy of Music, now the Paris Grand Opera. He was the first French opera composer, his works including 'La Pastorale (1659), the first French opera; Pomone (1671); Ariadne'; and Adonis. For 22 years he was associated with the Abbe Perrin in the conduct of French opera, and going to England subsequently became "Master of the Music" to Charles II. Cam'berwell, England, a parliamentary and municipal borough of London, on the south of the Thames, in Surrey, between Lambeth and Deptford. Its three divisions, North Camberwell, Peckham, and Dulwich, each return one member. Pop. (1901) 259,258. See LONDON. Camberwell Beauty, the common English name of the Vanessa antiopa, a large and beautiful butterfly found in Great Britain, but much more common on the continent of Europe and in North America, where it is called Mourning Cloak (q.v.). It measures three inches or more between the extremities of its extended wings, which are of a dark-brown color, with a broad light-yellow border, and a row of blue spots near the edge. The caterpillar feeds on the leaves of the birch, willow, and poplar. When fully grown the caterpillar is black, with brightred spots along the back, and small spines over the whole body. Cambiaso, käm-be-ä'sō, Luca (called LUCHETTO ᎠᎪ GENOVA), Italian painter: b. Moneglia, 1527; d. Madrid, 1585. His best works are the Martyrdom of St. George'; and the Rape of the Sabines.' Late in life, at the invitation of Philip II., he visited Madrid, and executed a fine composition, representing the Assemblage of the Blessed,' on the ceiling of the Escurial. Cambier, kän-bē-ā, Ernest, Belgian explorer: b. Ath, 1844. He entered the army, serving as adjutant on the general's staff, and in 1877 went as geographer on the first expedition of the International African Association, under the leadership of Crespel. The latter died in Zanzibar in 1878, and Cambier became leader. Accompanied by Wauters and Dutrieux, he started for the interior from Bagamoyo, and after a difficult journey reached Unyamwezi; after the death of Wauters and Dutrieux's return to Europe, he went on to Karema on Lake Tanganyika. Here, in September 1879, he established the first post and scientific station of the association, and remained there till 1882. He published Rapports sur les Marches de la première Expédition de l'Association internationale.' thin-walled cells separating the wood from the Cam'bium, in botany, the layer of delicate bast in a great many stems and in a cross section appearing as a ring. The growth of the side of the wood, of new wood-layers formed stem takes place by the deposition on the outfrom the cambium, and on the inside of the bast, of new layers of bast formed from the outer cells of the cambium layer. In conifers and dicotyledonous woody perennials the primary bundles are arranged in a circle, and their cambium layers are thus made to form a more or less continuous ring of cambium in the stem. By the deposition of new layers of wood and bast regularly taking place, especially in spring. at the inner and outer surfaces of this cambiumring, the stem is caused to increase in thick ness. Cambles, a gluttonous king of Lydia, who is said to have eaten his own wife, and afterward killed himself for the act. Cambo'dia, or Camboja, Indo-China, nominally a state under a French protectorate, but practically a French dependency, situated on the northeast to southwest, and 150 miles broad. lower course of the Mekong, 220 miles from comprising an area of 40,530 square miles. It is bounded on the southeast and south by French Cochin-China; on the southwest by the Gulf of Siam; on the north by Siam; on the east, toward Anam, where the frontier traversing imperfectly explored territories is vague, by the territories of independent Mois tribes. The coast, 156 miles long, indented about the middle by the Bay of Kompong-Som, offers but one port, Kampot. Among the numerous islands along the coast are Kong, Rong, Hon-NanTrung, etc., most of them inhabited. The principal river, the Mekong (in Cambodian. Tonlé Tom, "Great River"), flows through Cambodia |